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Automation
Automation is a word derived from automatic, which
means
operating in a manner essentially independent of
external influence or control
Automation is the use of control systems and
information technologies to reduce the need for human
work in the production of goods and services. In the scope
of industrialization, automation is a step beyond
mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular
requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the
need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.
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Need of Automation
To reduce human work: With the useof automation human work can be greatly
reduced.
Reliability and precision: Automationresults increase in reliability and precision.
Flexibility: Another major shift inautomation is the increased demand for
flexibility and convertibility in
manufacturing processes. Manufacturers are
increasingly demanding the ability to easily
switch from manufacturing Product A to
manufacturing Product B without having to
completely rebuild the production lines.
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Advantages of Automation
Replacing humans in tasks done indangerous environments: By using
automation replacement of humans in tasks
done in dangerous environment. (I.e. fire,
space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater,
etc.)
Performing tasks that are beyondhuman capabilities: By using automation
more output can be obtain beyond human
capabilities.
Economy improvement: Automationmay improve in economy of enterprises,
society and humanity.
For example, when an enterprise invests in
automation, technology recovers its
investment; or when a state or country
increases its income due to automation
likeGermanyorJapanin the 20th Century.
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Disadvantages of Automation
Unemployment: Unemploymentrate increases due to machines
replacing humans and putting those
humans out of their jobs
Unpredictable development costs:The research and development cost ofautomating a process may exceed the
cost saved by the automation itself.
High initial cost: The automation ofa new product or plant requires a huge
initial investment in comparison with
the unit cost of the product, although
the cost of automation is spread in
many product batches.
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Engineering Tools
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmablecontroller is a digital computer used for automation of
electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on
factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs
are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose
computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output
arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical
noise, and resistance to vibration and impact
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a category of
software application program for process control, the gathering of
data in real time from remote locations in order to control
equipment and conditions. SCADA is used in power plants as well
as in oil and gas refining, telecommunications, transportation, and
water and waste control.
SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The
hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA
software installed. The computer then processes this data and
presents it in a timely manner. SCADA also records and logs all
events into a file stored on a hard disk or sends them to a printer.
SCADA warns when conditions become hazardous by sounding
alarms.
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HMI (Human Machine Interface)
A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which
presents process data to a human operator, and through which the
human operator controls the process.
An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases and
software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and
management information such as scheduled maintenance
procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a
particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting
guides.
Distributed Control System
A type of automated control system that is distributed throughout
a machine to provide instructions to different parts of the machine.
Instead of having a centrally located device controlling all
machines, each section of a machine has its own computer that
controls the operation. For instance, there may be one machine
with a section that controls dry elements of cake frosting and
another section controlling the liquid elements, but each section is
individually managed by a DCS. A DCS is commonly used in
manufacturing equipment and utilizes input and output protocols to
control the machine
Drives:
The main power components of an AC drive have to be able tosupply the required level of current and voltage in a form the motor
can use. The controls have to be able to provide the user with
necessary adjustments such as minimum and maximum speed
settings, so that the drive can be adapted to the user's process
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PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)
INTRODUCTION
Control engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main methods for controlling a
system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on
relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to
use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought
the most recent revolution, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in
the 1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls. PLCs have been gaining
popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this
is because of the advantages they offer.
Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.
Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.
Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.
Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.
The term SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. A SCADA system is a common
process automation system which is used to gather data from sensors and instruments located at
remote sites and to transmit and display this data at a central site for either control or monitoring
purposes. The collected data is usually viewed on one or more SCADA Host computers located at the
central or master site.
A real world SCADA system can monitor and control hundreds to hundreds of thousands of I/O points. A
typical Water SCADA application would be to monitor water levels at various water sources like
reservoirs and tanks and when the water level exceeds a preset threshold, activate the system of pumps
to move water to tanks with low tank levels.
Common analog signals that SCADA systems monitor and control are levels, temperatures, pressures,
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flow rate and motor speed. Typical digital signals to monitor and control are level switches, pressure
switches, generator status, relays & motors.
1. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines, basic relay control, motion
control, process control is done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic
controller (PLC). This is actually a control device that consists of a programmable microprocessor, and is
programmed using a specialized computer language.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for
automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines,
amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging
and semiconductor machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs
and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to
vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or
non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced
in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
A modern programmable logic controller is usually programmed in any one of several languages, ranging
from ladder logic to Basic or C. Typically, the program is written in a development environment on a
personal computer (PC), and then is downloaded onto the programmable logic controller directly through
a cable connection. Programmable logic controllers contain a variable number of Input/output (I/O) ports
the programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the status of multiple sensor inputs, which control
output.
Programmable logic controller (PLC)
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3.1 HISTORY
1.1.1 Origin
The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing
industry. Programmable controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry wheresoftware revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models
changed.
Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles
was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and
dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model
change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as the relay systems needed to be rewiredby skilled electricians.
In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued arequest for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems.
The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC,
designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result.
Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and
servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of thepeople who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the
PLC. The Modicon brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German
Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner.
One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North
Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired afternearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its
product range until the 984 made its appearance.
1.1.2 Programming
Early PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels orspecial-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing
the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges.
Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity.The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic core memory.
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1.1.3 Functionality
The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control,
motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling,storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are
approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remoteI/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain
applications
1.2 ARCHITECTURE OF PLC
Fig 3.2) Architecture of PLC
1.2.1 PARTS OF PLC
1.2.1.1POWER SUPPLY: PLC requires 24V switch mode power supply for its operation.
1.2.1.2 MCU: Its full form is microcontroller unit. It is the processor of PLC. It is basically the
brain of PLC. It performs various control operations of PLC.
1.2.1.3 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS: PLC has a set of isolated inputs and isolated outputs.
Different PLCs have different number and different type of inputs and outputs. Like in
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Micrologix 1000 we have total number of 6 inputs and 4 outputs whereas in Micrologix 1100 we
have 10 inputs and 6 outputs.
1.2.1.4 EXPANSION PORT: In PLC there is an expansion port which is used for the additionof any other equipment with PLC. For example analog cards.
1.2.1.5 MEMORY MODULE: The memory module in PLC is used for the storage ofprogram in PLC for future use.1.2.1.6 COMMUNICATION PORT: The communication ports are used in PLC to
communicate with the computer. In PLC there are two types of communication ports i.e.
RS 232 comport and Ethernet port.
1.2.1.7 DISPLAY: In some of the PLCs there is display screen which is available on the PLC.This display screen is used as human machine interface i.e. it provides good visualization
of operation running on PLC.
PIN DIAGRAM:-
PLC Pin Diagram.
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INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF PLC
PLC programs are made up of a combination of the "gates" together with inputs, outputs, timers,
counters, internal memory bits, analog inputs, analog outputs, mathematical calculations, comparators
etc.
3.3.1 INPUTS
These are the physical connections from the real world to the PLC. They can be limit switches, push
buttons, and sensors, anything that can "switch" a signal on or off. The voltages of these devices are
usually, but not always, 24 Volt DC. Manufacturers make inputs that can accept a wide range of voltages
both ac and dc. It should be remembered that an input will be ON, "status 1", when the voltage is
present at the input connection and OFF, "status 0", when the voltage is no longer present at the input
connection.
1.3.1.1 TYPES OF INPUTS OF PLC
USER TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are physically present and are practical tothe inputs and outputs of the PLC.
BIT TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are not physically present and are functionalin the PLC only. These inputs/outputs are basically used to drive each other in the ladder logic
programming.
XIC (Examine if closed):
XIO (Examine if open):
I/P O/P
0 0
1 1
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1.3.2 OUTPUTS
These are the connections from the PLC to the real world. They are used to switch solenoids, lamps,
contactors etc on and off. Again they are usually 24 Volt DC, either relay or transistor, but can also be
115/220 Volt AC.
1.3.2.1 TYPES OF PLC OUTPUTS
Relay type output
Transistor type output TRIAC type output
I/P O/P
0 1
1 0
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1.4) PLC MANUFACTURES
SIEMENS
ALLEN BRADLEY
GENERAL ELECTRICAL
MITSUBISHI
SCHENIDER
ABB
Here we have done programming of two PLCs of Allen Bradley i.e. Micrologix 1000 and
Micrologix 1100.
1.4.2.1 Micrologix 1000 Controllers 1761
Micrologix 1000 brings high speed, powerful instructions and flexible communications to applications
that demand compact, cost-effective solutions.
The Micrologix 1000 programmable controller is available in 10-point, 16-point or 32-point digital I/O
versions. Analog versions are also available with 20 digital I/O points, with 4 analog inputs (two voltage
and two current) and 1 analog output (configurable for either voltage or current).
This little powerhouse is both inexpensive and compact, with footprints as small as 120mm x 80 mm x
40 mm (4.72" x 3.15" x 1.57"). The analog I/O circuitry is embedded into the base controller, not
accomplished through add-on modules, providing compact and cost-effective analog performance
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1.4.2.2.2) Features of Micrologix 1000
Preconfigured 1K programming and data memory help ease configuration (bit, integer,timers, counters, etc)
Fast processing allows for typical throughput time of 1.5 ms for a 500-instructionprogram
Built-in EEPROM memory retains all of your ladder logic and data if the controller losespower, eliminating the need for battery back-up or separate memory module
RS-232 communication channel allows for simple connectivity to a personal computerfor program upload, download and monitoring using multiple protocols, including DF1 Full
Duplex
RTU slave protocol support use DF1 Half-Duplex Slave, which allows up to 254 notes tocommunicate with a single master using radio modems, leased-line modems or satellite
uplinks
The Micrologix 1000 family provides small, economical programmable controllers. They are
available in configurations of 10 digital I/O (6 inputs and 4 outputs), 16 digital I/O (10 inputs and
6 outputs), 25 I/O (12 digital inputs, 4 analog inputs, 8 digital outputs, and 1 analog output), or
32 digital I/O (20 inputs and 12 outputs) in multiple electrical configurations of digital I/O. The
I/O options and electrical configurations make them ideal for many applications.
Fig 3.4.2.1) Micrologix 1000
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1.4.2.2.3) Benefits
Compact designLets the MicroLogix 1000 controller thrive in limited panel space. Choice of communication networksAn RS-232-C communication port is configurable for: DF1
protocol for direct connection to a programming device or operator interface; DH-485
networking through a 1761-NET-AIC converter; DeviceNet networking through a 1761-NET-DNI
interface; EtherNet/IP networking through a 1761-NET-ENI interface; or for half-duplex slave
protocol in SCADA applications.
Simple programming with your choice of programming deviceYou can program thesecontrollers in familiar ladder logic with MicroLogix 1000 A.I. Series Software
, PLC 500 A. I. Series
Programming Software, RSLogix 500 Windows Programming Software, or the MicroLogix
Hand-Held Programmer (1761-HHP-B30). This symbolic programming language is based on relay
ladder wiring diagrams that simplify the creation and troubleshooting of your control program.
Comprehensive instruction setOver 65 instructions including simple bit, timer, and counterinstructions, as well as instructions for powerful applications like sequencers, high-speed
counter, and shift registers.
FastExecution time for a typical 500-instruction program is only 1.56 ms. Choice of languagesSoftware and documentation are available in 5 languages. The hand-held
programmer has 6 languages built in.
1.4.2.2.4) Micrologix 1100 Controllers
With online editing and a built-in 10/100 Mbps Ethernet/IP port for peer-to-peer messaging the
MicroLogix 1100 controller adds greater connectivity and application coverage to the MicroLogix family
of Allen-Bradley controllers. There are 10 digital inputs, 6 digital outputs, and 2 analog inputs on every
controller, with the ability to add digital, analog, RTD, and thermocouple modules to customize the
controller for your application. On versions of the controller with DC inputs, there is a high-speed
counter, and on the DC output version, two PTO/PWM (pulse train outputs and pulse width modulated)
outputs, enabling the controller to support simple motion applications.
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1.4.2.2.5) Features
The MicroLogix 1100 has 10 digital inputs, 2 analog inputs and 6 digital outputs, and supports expansion
I/O. Up to four 1762 I/O modules (also used on the MicroLogix 1200) may be added to the embedded
I/O, providing application flexibility and support of up to 80 digital I/O.
One embedded 20 kHz high-speed counter (on controllers with DC inputs)The built-inindependent high-speed counter uses 32-bit integers for extended range, features 8 modes of
operation, and supports direct control of outputs independent of program scan.
Two 20 kHz high-speed PTO/PWM outputs (on controllers with DC outputs). Digital trim potentiometersAllow quick and easy adjustments of timers, counters, set points,
and more.
Program data securityData file download protection lets a program be reloaded into thecontroller without overwriting protected data.
Floating Point Data FilesYou can create data files that can contain up to 256 IEEE-754 floatingpoint values.
Memory modulesMemory backup provides protection and transportability for programs anddata.
Four interrupt inputsInterrupt inputs let the controller scan a specific program file(subroutine) when an input condition is detected from a sensor or field device.
Real-Time Clockembedded in every controller.
Fig 3.4.2.2) Micrologix 1100 with Analog Card
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1.4.2.2.6) Benefits
Online Editingmodifications can be made to a program while it is running, making fine tuning ofan operating control system possible, including PID loops. Not only does this feature reduce
development time, but it aids in troubleshooting.
Built-in LCDlets you monitor data within the controller, optionally modify that data and interactwith the control program. The LCD displays status for embedded digital I/O and controller functions,
and acts as a pair of digital trim pots to allow a user to tweak and tune a program.
Ethernet/IP Portfor peer-to-peer messaging offers users high-speed connectivity betweencontrollers and the ability to access, monitor and program from the factory floor to anywhere an
Ethernet connection is available.
Isolated RS-232/RS-485 combo portprovides a host of different point-to-point and networkprotocols.
Embedded Web Serverlets you custom configure data from the controller to be displayed as aweb page.
1.4.2.2.7)Expansion I/O modules
If an application requires more I/O than the built-in I/O provided by the MicroLogix
1100 controller, you can connect up to four 1762 expansion I/O modules to the MicroLogix
1100 controller to provide expanded I/O capacity. You can use digital and analog I/O modulesin many combinations. The current loading capacity of the controllers built-in power supply
may limit the number of I/O modules that can be connected to the controller. MicroLogix
1100 expansion I/O modules include an integral high-performance I/O bus. Software keying
prevents incorrect positioning within the system.
You may install expansion I/O modules to the right of the MicroLogix 1100 controller either on
a panel with two mounting screws or on a DIN rail. Each expansion I/O module includes
finger-safe terminal blocks for I/O wiring and a label to record I/O terminal designations.
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PROGRAMMING OF PLC
PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then
downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The program is stored in
the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory. Often, a
single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays.
Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming
languages. A graphical programming notation called Sequential Function Charts is available on
certain programmable controllers.
Recently, the International standard IEC 61131-3 has become popular. IEC 61131-3 currently
defines five programming languages for programmable control systems: FBD (Function block
diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the Pascal programming
language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC (Sequential function
chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.
While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers,
differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC programs
are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line
of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.
In Allen Bradley PLCs the logic used for the programming is ladder logic. Ladder logic is a
programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit
diagrams of relay-based logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is
based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails
and a series of horizontal rungs between them.
An argument that aided the initial adoption of ladder logic was that a wide variety of engineers
and technicians would be able to understand and use it without much additional training, because
of the resemblance to familiar hardware systems. This argument has become less relevant given
that most ladder logic programmers have a software background in more conventional
programming languages, and in practice implementations of ladder logic have characteristics
such as sequential execution and support for control flow featuresthat make the analogy to
hardware somewhat imprecise.
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Ladder logic is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control of a process or
manufacturing operation is required. Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control
systems, or for reworking old hardwired relay circuits. As programmable logic controllers
became more sophisticated it has also been used in very complex automation systems.
Simple ladder logic
The language itself can be seen as a set of connections between logical checkers (contacts) and
actuators (coils). If a path can be traced between the left side of the rung and the output, through
asserted (true or "closed") contacts, the rung is true and the output coil storage bit is asserted (1)
or true. If no path can be traced, then the output is false (0) and the "coil" by analogy to
electromechanical relays is considered "de-energized". The analogy between logical propositions
and relay contact status is due to Claude Shannon.
Ladder logic has contacts that make or break circuits to control coils. Each coil or contact
corresponds to the status of a single bit in the programmable controller's memory. Unlike
electromechanical relays, a ladder program can refer any number of times to the status of a single
bit, equivalent to a relay with an indefinitely large number of contacts.
So-called "contacts" may refer to physical ("hard") inputs to the programmable controller from
physical devices such as pushbuttons and limit switches via an integrated or external input
module, or may represent the status of internal storage bits which may be generated elsewhere in
the program.
Each rung of ladder language typically has one coil at the far right. Some manufacturers may
allow more than one output coil on a rung.
--( )-- a regular coil, energized whenever its rung is closed
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--(\)-- a "not" coil, energized whenever its rung is open
--[ ]-- A regular contact, closed whenever its corresponding coil is energized
--[\]-- A "not" contact, open whenever its corresponding coil is energized
The "coil" (output of a rung) may represent a physical output which operates some device
connected to the programmable controller, or may represent an internal storage bit for use
elsewhere in the program.
FIG 3.5.1) PLC TRAINER KIT
The above figure shows the view of PLC trainer kit. On this kit various operations are
performed. It has following components mounted:
PLC MicroLogix1000
SMPS (220V AC-24V DC)
A Contactor Relay
An Electromechanical Relay
Normally open Switch (4)
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Connections of trainer kit using micrologix 1000
Connections of trainer kit using micrologix 1100
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COMMUNICATION OF PLC WITH PC
To make communication of PLC with PC following steps are noted down:
Connect PC and PLC via RS232 comport or Ethernet.
Then click on RS Linx icon, a window will appear as shown in fig below
RS Linx classic window
In this window add drivers i.e. whether it is RS232 comport or Ethernet and configure the drivers
and closes the window.
Then click on icon RS who on the RS Linx classic window, another window will appear as
shown in fig
After opening the RS who window click on AB DF1-1 DH-485, the PLC is running is shown on
the window. Then close this window and double click on RS Logix 500 starter.
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RS WHO window
When we double click on RS Logix 500 starter a window will appear as shown in fig.
RS Logix 500 window
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PLC INSTRUCTIONS
There are various instructions which are useful for making ladder logic for PLC programming.
These are as follows:
XIC (Examine if closed):
Use the XIC instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is ON. When the instruction is
executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is
executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as false.
XIC (Examine if closed):
Examples of devices that turn on or off include:
A push button wired to an input (addressed as I:0/4). An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/2). A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).
I/P O/P
0 0
1 1
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XIO (Examine if open):
Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is OFF. When the instruction is
executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is
executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false.
Examples of devices that turn on or off include:
Motor overload normally closed (N.C.) wired to an input (I:0/10).
An output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/4).
A timer controlling a light (addressed as T4:3/DN).
I/P O/P
0 1
1 0
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Output Energize (OTE):
Use the OTE instruction in your ladder program to turn on a bit when rung conditions are evaluated as
true. An example of a device that turns on or off is an output wired to a pilot light (addressed as O:0/4).
OTE instructions are reset when:
The SLC enters or returns to the REM Run or REM Test mode or
Power is restored.
The OTE is programmed within an inactive or false Master Control
Reset (MCR) zone.
Output Latch (OTL) and Output Unlatch (OTU):
OTL and OTU are retentive output instructions. OTL can only turn on a bit, while OTU can only turn off a
bit. These instructions are usually used in pairs, with both instructions addressing the same bit. Your
program can examine a bit controlled by OTL and OTU instructions as often as necessary.
Latch output and Unlatch output
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Timers:
Timers are used to perform the timing operations. Time base is the minimum value of time in second
that can be taken by the timer. Preset value is the total number of the seconds for which the timing
operation has to be done Accumulator starts increasing the time in seconds upto the preset value. Upto
the preset value of the accumulator the enable bit of timer is high & the timer runs. When accumulator
reaches the preset value then the timer stops and the done bit of the timer becomes high.
The timer has following bits and these bits are useful in the operation of timer:
EN- Enable- This bit will high when the input is given to the timer TT - Timer timing bit - This bit will be high during the timing process. It remains high till
accumulator value becomes equal to preset value
DN Done This bit will be high when the timing process is ended. It set to high when theaccumulator value becomes equal to preset value.
In Micrologix 1000 and 1100 PLC there are three types of timers i.e.
TON Timer
T-OFF Timer
Retentive timer ON (RTO)
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TON Timer:
Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a preset time
interval. The TON instruction begins to count time-base intervals when rung conditions become true. As
long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its accumulated value (ACC) each evaluation until
it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go false,
regardless of whether the timer has timed out
TON timer
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T-OFF Timer:
Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset time interval.
The TOF instruction begins to count time base intervals when the rung makes a true-to-false transition.
As long as rung conditions remain false, the timer increments its accumulated value (ACC) based on the
time base for each scan until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when
rung conditions go true regardless of whether the timer has timed out.
T-OFF timer
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Retentive Timer (RTO):
Use the RTO instruction to turn an output on or off after its timer has been on for a preset time interval.
The RTO instruction is a retentive instruction that begins to count timebase intervals when rung
conditions become true.
The RTO instruction retains its accumulated value when any of the following occurs:
Rung conditions become false.
You change processor operation from the REM Run or REM Test
Mode to the REM Program mode
The processor loses power (provided that battery backup is maintained)
A fault occurs
When you return the processor to the REM Run or REM Test mode and/or rung conditions go true,
timing continues from the retained accumulated value. By retaining its accumulated value, retentive
timers measure the cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.
Retentive Timer (RTO)
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Counter UP (CTU):
The CTU is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can be caused by
events occurring in the program (from internal logic or by external field devices) such as parts traveling
past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When rung conditions for a CTU instruction have made a
false-to-true transition, the accumulated value is incremented by one count, provided that the rung
containing the CTU instruction is evaluated between these transitions. The ability of the counter to
detect false-to-true transitions depends on the speed (frequency) of the incoming signal. The
accumulated value is retained when the rung conditions again become false. The accumulated count is
retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as the counter reset.
Counter UP (CTU)
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Counter Down (CTD):
The CTD is an instruction that counts false-to-true rung transitions. Rung transitions can be caused by
events occurring in the program such as parts traveling past a detector or actuating a limit switch. When
rung conditions for a CTD instruction have made a false-to-true transition, the accumulated value is
decremented by one count, provided that the rung containing the CTD instruction is evaluated between
these transitions. The accumulated counts are retained when the rung conditions again become false.
The accumulated count is retained until cleared by a reset (RES) instruction that has the same address as
the counter reset.
Counter Down (CTU)
EQU (equal to)
Equal to
This input instruction is true when source A becomes equal to source B. The EQU instruction compares
two user specified values if values are equal, it allows rung continuity. The rung goes true and output
energies.
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GEQ (greater than equal to)
Greater than Equal to
This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to or
greater than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.
LEQ(less than equal to)
Less than Equal to
This instruction compares two values and will be high when the counted value becomes equal to or less
than the fixed value and will energize everything that is connected next to it.
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GRT (greater than)
Greater Than
Use of the GRT instruction to test whether one value (source A) is greater than another (source B). If the
value at source A is greater than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at
source A is less than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically false. Source A must be
an address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address. Negative integers are stored in
twos complement form.
LES (less than)
Fig 3.5.4.11) Less than
Use of the LES instruction is to test whether one value (source A) is less than another (source B). Ifsource A is less than the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at source A is
greater than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically false. Source A must be an
address. Source B can either be a program constant or an address. Negative integers are stored in twos
complement form.
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LIM (Limit):
Limit
Use the LIM instruction to test for values within or outside a specified range, depending on how you set
the limits.
SCP (Scale with parameter):
SCP (Scale with parameter)
Use the SCP instruction to produce a scaled output value that has a linear relationship between the
input and scaled values. This instruction supports integer and floating point values. Use this instruction
with SLC 5/03 (OS302), SLC 5/04 (OS401), and SLC 5/05 processors. The Input Minimum, Input
Maximum, Scaled Minimum, and Scaled Maximumare used to determine the slope and offset values.
The input value can go outside of the specified input limits and no ordering is required. For example, the
scaled output value is not necessarily clamped between the scaled minimum and scaled maximum
values.
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RES (Reset):
Reset
Use a RES instruction to reset a timer or counter. When the RES instruction is enabled, it resets the
Timer ON Delay (TON), Retentive Timer (RTO), Count UP (CTU), or Count Down (CTD) instruction having
the same address as the RES instruction.
When resetting a counter, if the RES instruction is enabled and the counter rung is enabled, the CU or
CD bit is reset. If the counter preset value is negative, the RES instruction sets the accumulated value to
zero. This in turn causes the done bit to be set by a count down or count up instruction.
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PLC PROGRAMS
Program no. 1:
A bottle takes 7 sec to be completely filled, if the filling is interrupted then it should resume from the
same level. When the filling of one bottle is completed the motor should run for 2 sec for changing the
bottle.
Sol:
In this program we have used two inputs and two outputs of PLC i.e. I:0/0 & I:0/1 as inputs and O:0/0 &
O:0/1 as outputs. We have used a RTO as timer and compare instructions LEQ and LIM. When input I:0/0
is ON the RTO will start and conveyor motor is started for 7 sec by using LEQ instruction and after 7 sec
conveyor motor is stopped and then the valve is operated for 2 sec using LIM instruction. Then after 2
sec the conveyor motor again starts automatically.
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when RTO and conveyor motor runs by pressing start push button
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when the valve operates and conveyor motor stops
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after filling bottle the valve stops and conveyor starts again
Program no. 2:
When a momentary start push button is pressed, a lamp goes ON. If again same start push
button is pressed first lamp goes off and it remains off for the next 20 seconds. If start push button is
pressed again in between these 20 seconds, lamp should not go ON. It should go ON again on pressing
start push button only after completing 20 seconds.
Sol:
In this program one input and one output of PLC is used. A Counter, Timer and a Greater than
instructions are used.
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program of controlling lamp by timer and counter
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when lamp glows by pressing push button
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when lamp goes off by pressing push button second time
lamp will not glow even if we press push button. The lamp will glow after 20 sec by pressing push
button.
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DRIVES
A drive is generally used for speed control and direction control of Motor.
Drives are of two types:
DC Drives AC Drives
DC DriveDC drives consist of an SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) bridge, which converts
incoming three or single-phase AC volts to DC volts. During this conversionprocess DC drives then can regulate speed, torque, voltage and current conditions
of the DC motor.
ON time ( ) Speed increase
OFF time ( ) Speed decrease
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When Motor is OFF it behave like a generator and current is generated, this current
is sent to Motor again to protect motor for reverse current. It provides a low
resistance path.
Torque
220 V
110 V
50 Hz 100Hz
Torque graph of DC Drive
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AC DriveA variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for controlling the rotational speed
of analternating current(AC)electric motorby controlling the frequency of the
electrical power supplied to the motor. A variable frequency drive is a specific type
ofadjustable-speed drive. Variable-frequency drives are also known as adjustable-
frequency drives (AFD), variable-speed drives (VSD), AC drives, micro drives or
inverter drives. Since the voltage is varied along with frequency, these are
sometimes also called VVVF (variable voltage variable frequency) drives.AC
Drives: It converts single phase to three phase and three phase to three
phase also.
Basic Block Diagram of AC Drive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-speed_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current -
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BenefitsEnergy savings
AC motor-driven applications that do not require full speed can save energy by
controlling the motor with a variable speed drive. Energy cost saving with variable
torque can be significant, often paying for the cost of VFD within a matter of
months. In variable torque applications such as fans and blowers, the torque
required varies roughly with the square of the speed, and the horsepower required
varies roughly with the cube of the speed, resulting in a large reduction of
horsepower for even a small reduction in speed. The motor will consume only 25%as much power at 63% speed than it will at 100% speed. This is referred to as the
Affinity Laws, which define the relationships between speed, flow, torque, and
horsepower
Starting torque control
Across-the-line single-speed starters start motors abruptly, subjecting the motor to
a high starting torque and to current surges that are up to 8 times the full-load
current. Variable speed drives instead gradually ramp the motor up to operatingspeed to lessen mechanical and electrical stress, reducing maintenance and repaircosts, and extending the life of the motor and the driven equipment.
Reduced-voltage starting methods also accelerate a motor gradually, but VF drives
can be programmed to ramp up the motor much more gradually and smoothly, and
can operate the motor at less than full speed to decrease wear and tear. Variable
speed drives can also run a motor in specialized patterns to further minimize
mechanical and electrical stress. For example, an S-curve pattern can be applied to
a conveyor application for smoother decel/accel control, which reduces the
backlash that can occur when a conveyor is accelerating or decelerating.
Speed: Ns = 120*F/P
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Where Ns stands for speed.
P= Pole.
F is frequency (per sec current given or electron movement)
120= Phase angle
Frequency is directly proportional to Ns and poles are inversely
proportional to Ns.
Higher frequency will raise the speed and poles are fixed during
manufacturing time.
Features of AC Drive:
Smooth start and smooth stop of motorSpeed controlRamp up time and Ramp down timeEnergy saving
On full RPM= full supply
On low RPM= low supply
Electrical hardware: Motor starts directly with a drive and there is nodevice between drive and motor. Hence it reduces hardware. Because of
that we can control speed of motor.
Direction control: we can control the forward and reverse direction ofmotor.
Types of AC Drives:
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VFD( Variable frequency drive)Sensor less Vector drive(advance version of VDF)Flux Vector Drive
VFD (Variable frequency drive)
All VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, transistors,thyristors) only as switches,
turning them only on or off. Using a linear device such as a transistor in its linear
mode is impractical for a VFD drive, since the power dissipated in the drive
devices would be about as much as the power delivered to the load.
Drives can be classified as:
Constant voltage Constant current Cycloconverter
In a constant voltage converter, the intermediate DC link voltage remains
approximately constant during each output cycle. In constant current drives, a large
inductor is placed between the input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current
delivered is nearly constant. A cycloconverter has no input rectifier or DC link and
instead connects each output terminal to the appropriate input phase, making up thedesired variable-freqeuncy output waveforms from pieces of the fixed-frequency
input waveforms.
The most common type of packaged VF drive is the constant-voltage type, using
pulse width modulationto control both the frequency and effective voltage applied
to the motor load.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_width_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloconverterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGBT -
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Loss:Power factor low with using drive. Hence to improve we use capacitor
bank.
At start capacitor discharge and it gets charge when supply is on.
Pulse Width Modulation: Supply with pulse and used in AC & DC drives for speedcontrol of motor.
Purpose of AC drive: To get maximum torque on minimum RPM. Its also used for
speed control, power control, and direction control.
The ratio of voltage and frequency is constant for constant torque.
IGBT: It stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. It is used for high efficiency
and fast switching. It switches electric power in many applications.
i.e.
Optically isolated gate drives.Current sensingTemperature sensingShort circuit protection
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Three Phase supply diagram
IGBT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Power flex- 4M
Speed
Reference
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWERFLEX-4M
V/Hz Drive:
Avariable-frequency drive (VFD)is a system for controlling the
rotational speed of analternating current(AC)electric motorby
controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor.
This drive is works on variable frequency and variable voltage.
For PLC operation,
Input: PLC I: 0 address
Output: Integer type
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Characteristic Curve of V/Hz:
Voltage
220v
110v
0
Hz 100Hz frequency
Torque is always constant in this drive.
Sensor Vector Drive:
220V
110v
0 50Hz 100Hz
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Basic Parameter (RPM of Motor)Ramp- up/ downFrequency set upEternal I/O
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Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Human-Machine Interface is a device or
software that lets users communicate
with a machine or automation system.
Besides translating complex data into
useable information, an HMI relays the
users commands.
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OVERVIEW OF HMI SCREEN
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TYPES OF HMI
PanelView C200PanelView C300PanelView C600PanelView C1000
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ADVANTAGES OF HMI
Optimized for communication withMicroLogix or SLC 500:DF1, DH-485,
Ethernet to MicroLogix or SLC 500, and
multi-vendor communications.Alert operators with alarm messages
that include variables.
Upload and download groups of data orparameter settings with recipe feature.
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Software
Design software is on the Panel ViewComponent operator interface
No need to install software on the PCPC based software is also available
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FEATURES
Optimized for MicroLogix basedsystems.
Built-in programming softwareSecured programming accessSerial and Ethernet communicationsIntegrated clamps provide easier
install
Unicode language switchingAlarm messages and historyBasic recipe capability
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DISPLAYS OF HMI TYPESFunction or combination of
numeric/function keys
2 monochrome, graphic displaySerial communication
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Panel View C300
Touch screen or combination ofNumeric/function keys
3 monochrome, graphic display Serial communication
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Panel View C600
Touch screen6 monochrome, STN color or TFT
color display
Serial and Ethernet communication
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Panel View C1000
Touch screen10 TFT colorSerial and Ethernet communication
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Configure Browser Settings
Browser changes are required beforeusing the Panel View Explorer design
environment. For optimal
Performance, the Internet Explorer 7browser or the Firefox 2.0 or 3.0browsers is recommended.
Verify that cookies are enabled.Turn off the pop-up blocker.
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HMI OPERATION
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HOW TO CREATE SCREEN
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Configure Communication
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Creating Tag
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TAG DONE
After creating tag the screen will looklike this:
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Create a Goto Config Button
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HMI OPERATION
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SCADA
(Supervisory control and data Acquisition)
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Definition of SCADA:-
SCADA or Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition is a large scale control system
for automated industrial processes like
municipal water supplies, power
generation, steel manufacturing, gas and
oil pipelines etc.
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Features of SCADA:-
Dynamic process GraphicAlarm summeryAlarm historyReal time trendHistorical time trendSecurity (Application Security)Data base connectivityDevice connectivityScriptsRecipe management
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Manufacture of SCADA:-
Modicon (Telemecanique) Visuallook
Allen Bradley : RS ViewSiemens: win ccGee faunaeKPIT : ASTRAIntelution : AspicWonder ware : In touch
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How to work on SCADA:-
SCADA consist of following steps to make any
projects..
What is a project:-
A project consists of a folder on your hard diskthat contains, minimum, the following items:1. Project files (.rsv)
2. Tag folder
3. Comprf (communications profile) folder
4. Cache folder
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Working in the Project Manager:-
The Project Manager is the main tool forworking with RSView32. Each time youcreate a project, a Project Manager appearsshowing the project name.
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Component:-
The Project Manager manages components, not files. Acomponent is file reference that is associated with the
physical files name and path. The file can be located in a
folder under the project directory, outside The project
directory, or on another computer
Viewing component locations:-
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Adding components to a project:-
1. You can use the same files in more than one
project by adding Components to a project. You can
do this using two different Methods.
2. When you add a component using the second
option, Create Shortcut to Existing Component, you
are not creating a copy of the file in the project.
Instead, you are creating a link to the files location
outside of the project.
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To add a component to a project or update
its file reference:-
1. Select the editor that was used to create the
desired component. For example, to add a graphic
display component, highlight the Graphic Displayeditor.
2. Rightclick to display the context menu, and then
click Copy Existing Component into Project or click
Create Shortcut to Existing Component
3. In the dialog box, locate the component you want
to add or update, and click it.
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4. Click Open. The components appear in the right
pane of the Project Manager.
Renaming, removing, and deleting
components:-
Use the items on the context menu to rename,
remove, and delete components. The Remove itemremoves a component from the Project Manager.
The Delete item deletes a component and its
associated file from disk.
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Renaming a component:-
Renaming a component changes the physical file name. If
you change the name of a file that is referenced by anotherproject, the Component (file reference) will be greyed out inthe other project. To Update the file reference; select thecomponent in the Project Manager, click Rename, and thentype the new file name.
To rename a component:
1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Rename.
3.In the to field, type the new name
4.Click OK.
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Removing a component:-If you no longer want to use a particular file in a project,you can remove the component (file reference) from the
project using the Remove item on the context menu.Removing a component removes the component from theProject Manager. It does not affect the physical file.
To remove a component:
1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Remove
Deleting a component and file:-
If you no longer want to use a particular file in any project,you can delete the component and its associated file usingthe Delete item on the context menu. Deleting acomponent deletes both the file reference and the physicalfile from disk.
To delete a component and file:-
1. Select the component in the right pane of the ProjectManager.2. Rightclick and then click Delete.
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Setting up direct driver
communications:-
Overview of direct driver communications:-Communication through direct drivers involves:
1. Channels
2. Communication Devices
3. Communication Driver Software (RSLinx)
4. Nodes (control devices)
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Communication channel:-
The communication channel is the connection from the
RSView32 station to the network the programmablecontrollers are attached to
Communication device:-
The communication device connects the communication
channel to the computer. You can use internal devices, suchas the 1784KT/ KTX, or you can use external devicesconnected through the serial port
Communication driver:-
The communication driver is the software that permits thecomputer to communicate with the communication device.For communication with most AllenBradleyprogrammable controllers, use RSLinx.
Node (control device):-
The node is a programmable controller attached to a datahighway or network. Once the RSView32 station is set up, itmust periodically update its value table. This is done byscanning its nodes
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Setting up direct driver communication to
PLC:-
The instructions below summarize the steps for connectingto AllenBradley or Soft Logix 5 devices
Setting up communications without
Hardware or software:-
You can set up communications in RSView32, even if youdo not have one or both of the following:
RS Linx drivers installedThe appropriate communications hardware installed
To do so, follow the steps in the next section, but skip step1 and start with step 2.
To test your project without the appropriate hardwareinstalled, see Developing your project without acommunication network on
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Summary of steps:-
Follow the steps below to set up direct driver
communication with AllenBradley or Soft Logix 5programmable controllers.
1.Start RSLinx. Configure and load the appropriatecommunication driver.
2.Start RSView32 and create or open a project.
3. In the Channel editor, select a channel and assign theappropriate network type to it.
In the Primary Communication driver field, assign a driverto the channel. If you do not have drivers loaded, clickNone Loaded..
4. In the Node editor, create nodes for each programmablecontroller
You wish to communicate with.
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5. If you want to change the default rate at which nodes arescanned, open the Scan Class editor and edit the scanclasses.
6. In the Tag Database editor, create tags. For each tag,select Device as the data source and assign the nodes andscan classes that you have defined.
7. Monitor communications.
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Creating a node:-
A node allows you to assign a logical name and an address
to each programmable controller that RSView32 willcommunicate with. Each programmable controller is thenreferred to throughout RSView32 by this name. The nodename carries all its configuration information, so attributessuch as type of programmable controller, station number,and network type need not be repeated
To create a node:-
1. In the Project Manager, open the System folder.
2.Open the Node editor by doing one of the followingdoubleclick the Node icon rightclick the Node iconand then click Show
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3. Fill in the following information for eachnode:
Data Source
Select Direct Driver.
Name
Type a name of your choice up to 40 characters long. Thisname represents the programmable controller. The namecan have upper and lower case letters, numbers, dashes, andunderscores. Spaces are not permitted.
Enabled:-Normally nodes are enabled, allowing collection of valuesfrom the programmable controller. However, during setupor troubleshooting you might want to disable a node toprevent communication timeouts or invalid data. When anode is disabled, tag values can still be read and written, butthe values are read from and written to the value tableinstead of the programmable controller.
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Channel:-
Select the channel number on which this node resides
Station:-
Type the station address of the programmable controller.For addressing syntax, see Appendix E, Station addressing
for nodes connecting to AllenBradley devices.
Type:-
Select the type of device you are using.
1.PLC2 PLC2
2.PLC3 PLC3
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Timeout:-
Type the number of seconds you want RSView32 to waitbefore reporting a communication error. A timeout periodof three seconds is usually enough.
4. Click Accept to save the node configuration.
3.When you finish configuring nodes, click Close
Changing node information at runtime:-
To permanently change a nodes station number atruntime, use the Node Switch command. This commandallows you to set up nodelevel redundancy. That is, if theprogrammable controller that a node is pointing to fails, you
can immediately switch to another programmablecontroller.
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Scanning for new tag values:-
When your RSView32 project is running, it must
periodically update its tag values in the value table. This isdone by scanning. For projects communicating throughdirect drivers, values are updated by scanning theprogrammable controller address at the foreground andbackground scan rates specified by the scan class
To configure a scan class:-
1.In the Project Manager, open the System folder.
2.Open the Scan Class editor by doing one of thefollowing:
doubleclick the Scan Class icon
rightclick the Scan Class icon and then click Show
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3.Select a scan class and fill in a foreground andbackground period.
The period specifies, in seconds, how often theprogrammable controller address is scanned when its
value is required by a foreground or backgroundcomponent. The foreground period applies to graphicdisplays and the tag monitor. The background periodapplies to any component that performs a continual
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background activity, such as derived tags, events, alarms,and data log.
4.To save the configuration for a scan class withoutclosing the editor, select another scan class.
5.When you finish configuring scan classes, click OK.
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Setting up OPC and DDE communications:
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Summary of steps:-The instructions below summarize the steps for setting upRSView32 as an OPC or DDE client.
1.Start the OPC or DDE server.2.Start RSView32 and create or open a project (theclient).
3.In the Node editor, create nodes for each OPC orDDE server and/or topic you wish to communicatewith. In the nodes Data Source field, select OPCServer or DDE Server.
4.In the Tag Database editor, create tags and selectDevice as the data source and assign the nodes that youhavecreated.
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Creating tags:-Tag types:-
Types of tags are as follows:-
Analog These tags can represent variablestates such asTemperature or the position ofrotary controls.
Digital 0 or 1.These tags can represent devicesthat can only be on orOff, such as switches, contacts, andrelays.
String These tags can represent devicesthat use text, such as abar code scanner which uses analphanumeric productcode
System Information generated while thesystem is running,including alarm information,communication status,system time and date, and so on.
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Data sources:-
When defining an analog, digital, or string tag, you must
specify a data source. The data source determines whetherthe tag receives its values externally or internally.
Device:-
A tag with Device as its data source receives its data from a
source external to RSView32. The data can come from adirect programmable controller driver or from an OPC orDDE server. Tags with Device as the data source counttoward the total tag limit you purchased (150, 300, 1,500,and so on).
Memory:
A tag with Memory as its data source receives its data fromthe RSView32 internal value table. A memory tag can beused to store values internally. Tags with Memory as thedata source do not count toward the total tag limit.
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Organizing tags:-
Organizing tags makes database creation faster and simpler.
To organize tags: establish naming conventions Naming conventions enable you and operators to use
the RSView32 wildcards most effectively whensearching for and displaying tags during development
and runtime.
use folders to group related tagsNaming tags:-
Tag names can be up to 255 characters long. If you create afolder, the folder name becomes part of the tag name.
The tag name can contain the following characters:
A to Z 0 to 9 underscore (_) and dash (-)
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The tag database editor:-
To open the Tag Database editor:
1.In the Project Manager, open the System folder.2. Open the Tag Database editor by doing one of the
following:
doubleclick the Tag Database icon rightclick the Tag Database icon and then click
Show
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Adding tags to a folder:-
Once you have created a folder, you can add tags to it.
1.Select a folder in the folder hierarchy.The folder name is displayed in the Name field of the
form.
2.After the backslash (\), type the new tag name.
Adding a tag:-
To add a tag, do one of the following:
Click the New button in the forms area. Thisinserts a new row above the highlighted row.
Click Insert Row on the Edit menu or click theInsert Row button on the toolbar. This inserts anew row above the highlighted row.
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Creating graphic displays:-
About graphic displays and graphic objects:-
A graphic display represents the operators view of plantactivity.
The display can show system or process data and provide
operators with a way to write values to an external devicesuch as a programmable controller. Operators can also printthe display at runtime to create a visual record of tag values.
The components that make up a graphic display are calledgraphicobjects. Objects can be:
created in the Graphic Display editor dragged and dropped from a graphic library
copied and pasted from another WindowsapplicationCreated by another Windows application and inserted
in theGraphic display using OLE (Object Linking and
Embedding)
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ActiveX objects embedded in the graphic display
The Graphic Display editor
To open the Graphic Display editor:-
1.In the Project Manager, open the Graphics folder.2. Open the Graphic Display editor by doing one of thefollowing:
doubleclick the Display icon rightclick the Display icon and then click New
The editors main components:-
The figure below shows the main components of theGraphic Display editor. Each component is brieflydescribed in the table on the following page.
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The Graphic Display editors main components are:
Toolbar Contains buttons for
commonly used menu items.Thefigure on the previous pageshows only one toolbar butthere are several, includingtoolbars for drawing tools,Line and fill colors, and fill
patterns. You can hide orshow toolbars using the Viewmenu, and you can move
The toolbars anywhere onthe screen.
Drawing area Is the area for creatinggraphic displays Change thebackground color of this areain the Display Settings
Status bar Describes the action to beperformed by the selectedMenu item or button. The
status bar also displays the xand y coordinates, name,width, and height of theselected object.
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Mastering basic techniques:-
:-When working on a graphic display, certain actions andtechniques are used frequently. Knowing how to perform
these actions can save you time.
Using the context menu
No matter where you are in the Graphic Display editor, youcan open
A context menu by clicking the right mouse button. Theitems on the Menu depend on the cursors location. Forexample, when you right click on an object, the menucontains items relevant to that object .
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Switching between normal and test
modes:-
To quickly test objects in a graphic display, use test mode.When you
Are finished testing, switch back to normal mode tocontinue editing.To switch between test and normal modes, use the buttonson the
Toolbar or the items on the View menu
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Test mode
Normal mode
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Using the toolbars:-
The toolbars are a convenient way to quickly perform anaction. Youcan:
Hide or show them using the items on the Viewmenu. If there is a check mark beside the toolbarname, the toolbar is visible. If there is no checkmark, the toolbar is hidden.
drag them anywhere on the screen dock them to an edge of the window (except the
ActiveX Toolbox
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Selecting a drawing tool:-
The Drawing Tools toolbox contains tools for creating,selecting, andRotating objects. The tools are also available on the Objectsmenu.
Objects menu
drawing tools
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Before you can draw an object, you must select theappropriate tool.
To select a drawing tool, click the tool in the toolbox or ontheObjects menu. When you click a tool, the pointer changesto show
Which tool is active
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To deselect a drawing tool, do one of the following:
click the Select tool click another drawing tool
Selecting colors:-
The color palettes contain the colors you can assign toobjects. To
Show and hide the color palettes, click them on the Viewmenu. YouCan also select colors using the color items on the
Attributes menu.You can select colors before you draw an object, or you canapply
Them to an existing object.
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Selecting and deselecting objects
To work with an object, you must first select it with the
Select tool.You can click this tool in the Drawing Tools toolbox or onthe Objects menu.
To deselect a drawing tool, click the Select tool in thetoolbox or on
The Objects menu.
Select
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To select Do this
An object Click the object.Several objects Click the first object, Ctrlclick
additional objects.All objects in an area Drag diagonally to draw a
selection border around theobjects.Ctrlclick objects outside theborder to add them to theselection.
All objects in the drawingarea Click Select All on the Edit menu.
To de select Do thisAn object Ctrlclick the object.Several objects Hold down Ctrl and drag a
selection borderaround the objects
All selected objectsClick in the drawing area, awayfrom any objects.
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Using the Rotate tool:-
To rotate an object:
1.Click the Rotate tool.2. Click the mouse button. A small circle with a crosshairappears.
This is the anchor point that is used as the center ofrotation. To
move the center of rotation, drag the crosshair.
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2.Place the pointer on an edge of the object and drag theobject to rotate it.
To rotate the object in fivedegree increments, press Ctrlwhile you drag.
4. When the object is in the desired position, release themouse
button.
Zooming in and out:-
To magnify or reduce your view of a graphic display, useZoom In and Zoom Out. Zoom In magnifies objects,Zoom Out reduces
Magnification.
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To zoom in on objects:-
1.Select the objects you want to zoom in on.2. Click Zoom In on the View menu or click the Zoom In
button on the toolbar.
To zoom out:
Click Zoom Out on the View menu or click the Zoom Outbutton on the toolbar. You can also click Cancel Zoom onthe View menu.
Zoom in
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Zoom out
Correcting mistakes:-
If you change your mind about something you did,undo the action. If you change your mind again, redothe action.
To undo an operation:
Click Undo on the Edit menu or click the Undobutton on the toolbar
Undo
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Redo
To redo an operation:-
Click Redo on the Edit menu or click the Redo buttonon the toolbar.
Animating graphic objects:-
Types of animation
Once you have created graphic objects, you can:
attach animation that links an object to a tag sothe objects appearance changes to reflect changesin the tags value
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attach key animation that links an object or displayto a key or mouse button so operators canperform an action by pressing a key or mousebutton
attach OLE verb animation to an OLE object sowhen the expression evaluates to true, it activatesan OLE object by initiating one of the verbs (forexample, edit or open) associated with the object
attach control to ActiveX objects so you can:map tags to an ActiveX objects properties so
changes to the objects properties change the tagsvalue and, in some cases, changes to the tagsvalue change the objects properties
map commands to an ActiveX objects events socommands run based on the objects events
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map tags to event parameters
Using the Animation dialog box:-
To attach animation, use the Animation dialog box.
To open the Animation dialog box, do one
of the following:
select an object and click Animation on the Viewmenu
select an object, click Animation on the menu barto open the Animation menu, and then click amenu item
rightclick an object to open the context menu,select Animation, and then click a menu item
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Animation Tabs:-
Click the tab for the type of animation you want to
configure.
Expression Area:-
Create one or more expressions either by typing them,choosing the Expression button, or both. Multiple
expressions are evaluated in the order they are listed.
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To supply a tag name for an expression, click the Tagsbutton and then select a name, or type the name. Ifyou use multiple tags in an expression, the first tag is
used for the minimum and maximum values if you donot specify these values.
Enclose tag names that contain dashes or start with a
number in braces { } when you use them in anexpression. This distinguishes the characters in the tagname from the characters in the expression. Also usebraces when using wildcards (* or ?) to representmultiple tags in an expression.
Expression Result:-
Specify how the objects appearance should changebased on the result of the expression. The fields in thisarea change for each type of animation.
For some types of animation, you have to specify achange of state. For example, an object with visibilityanimation will switch between visible and invisible.
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For other types of animation, you have to specify arange of motion. For example, an object will movefrom a fixed starting point to a fixed end point. The
range of motion is related to the minimum andmaximum values for the expression. The object movesfrom the At Minimum position to the At Maximumposition as the expression
value changes to the maximum value.
Minimum and Maximum Values:-
If you do not want to use the values set for the tag inthe Tag Database editor, specify minimum andmaximum values. If a value falls outside the specified
range, it will be evaluated as either the minimum ormaximum value. If you do not specify minimum andmaximum values,
Apply, Delete, and Close ButtonsThese buttons do the following:
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Apply:Applies and validates the animation configuredfor theSelected object or group of objects. Choosing anothertab is the same as choosing Applythe animation youhave configured is applied to the object and validated.
Delete:
Deletes the animation for the selected object.
Close:
Prompts to apply changes and closes the dialog box.
Using Object Smart Path to visually set
Animation:-
Because the Animation dialog box stays open, you can
go back and forth between the dialog box and thegraphic display. This makes it easy to set the range ofmotion for an object because you do not havetoknows how many pixels you want an object to move.IMPORTANT
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Examples of Scada AnimationTraffic lights
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Run Mode
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Slider Control
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Slider Controlling
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Final Positioning
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.