FLUID RESUSCITATION

CURRENT THINKING

Dr Sean R Santos

CGH

Objectives

• Define Shock• Consider methods for recognising the

shocked casualty• Discuss pre-hospital management• In-hospital Management• Future Developments

Shock

Failure to achieve adequate perfusion and oxygenation of the

tissues

Types of shock

• Hypovolaemic

• Cardiogenic Inc Tamponade/Tension

• Septic

• Neurogenic

• Anaphylactic

Hypovolaemic Shock

Class I 750 mL (15%)

● Slightly anxious

● Normal blood pressure

● Heart rate < 100 / min

● Respirations 14-20 / min

● Urinary output 30 mL / hour

● Warm skin, Normal Cap Refill

Class II 750-1500 mL (15-30%)

● Anxious

● Normal blood pressure

● Heart rate > 100 / min

● Decreased pulse pressure

● Respirations 20-30 / min

● Urinary output 20-30 mL / hour

● Pale, Cool, Cap Refill Delayed

Class III 1500-2000 mL (30-40%)

● Confused, anxious

● Decreased blood pressure

● Heart rate > 120 / min

● Decreased pulse pressure

● Respirations 30-40 / min

● Urinary output 5-15 mL / hour

● V. Pale, Sweaty, Cap refill V Delayed

Class IV >2000 mL (>40%)

● Confused, lethargic

● Hypotension

● Heart rate > 140 / min

● Decreased pulse pressure

● Respirations >35 / min

● Urinary output negligible

Pulses

• Radial 70-80 mmHg

• Femoral 60-70 mmHg

• Carotid ≤60 mmHg

Early Indicators

• Resp Rate

• Colour

• Cap refill

• Mental State

Management

Historical

New Strategies

Historical

• Two Large Bore Cannulae

• Two Litres Of Fluid

• Continue Replacement until HR Normal

• Control Bleeding

New Strategies

Preservation

Bleeding Control

Fluid Management

Preservation

• Rapid Transfer

• Surgical/Radiological Management of Bleeding

• Permissive Hypotension

• Immobilisation of Fractures

• Gentle Handling to preserve Clot

PreservationVisible Haemorrhage

• Direct Pressure

• Indirect Pressure

• Tourniquet

Tourniquet

Tourniquets

• Proximal

• Adequate Pressure

• Communication, Orange for Visibility

• Aim for max 2 hours

• Adequate facilities on release

Clot Promotion

• Quick Clot• Dressings• Fibrin Sealants

Pelvic Slings

Fluid Management

• Isotonic Fluids

• Colloids

• Hypertonic Fluids

Colloids vs. Crystalloids

• Stay in circulation• Plasma Expand• May disrupt Clotting

Direct and Dilutional• Anaphylaxis• ? Cellular acidosis

• Lesser Volume

• All fluid compartments

• No direct effect on Clotting

• ? Cellular function better preserved

• Greater volume c. X3

Not What

How Much

How Much

• Pulse Nothing

• No pulse 250ml Bolus ? Response ? Repeat

• Unconscious Measure BP ≤100 mmHg 250ml ≥100 mmHg Nothing

Route

• Big IV Cannula

• Intra Osseous

Current/Future Developments

• Hypertonic Solutions

• Damage Control Resuscitation

• Damage Control Surgery

Hypertonic Solutions

• 5, 7.5, 10%Saline• +/- Colloid• Rapid, Sustained BP

increase• Small Volume• Diuresis• ↓ Intracranial

Pressure

Damage Control Resuscitation

Damage Control Surgery

Damage Control Resuscitation

• Lethal Triad Hypothermia

Acidosis

Coagulopathy

Damage Control Resuscitation

• Permissive Hypotension

• Haemostatic Resuscitation

• Damage Control Surgery

Haemostatic Resuscitation

• Packed Cell 1unit

• FFP 1unit

• Platelets 1 bag/4-6

• Calcium, Tranexamic Acid, Factor VIIa

Damage Control Surgery

?

Conclusions

Recognition

Preservation

Small Volume Resuscitation

Control Of Bleeding