FINAL REPORT

CONTRACT SPA 7103

,Characterization of Hydrous Minerals in

the Duluth Complex Copper-Nickel Study Area

by

Paul W. WeiblenIII

Robert J. Stevenson

) / )' • I

This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page(s)

Abstract

Introduction

ii

----------------------------- 1 - 3

Products and Results of the Study

1.

2.

3.

Collection and cataloguing of rock samples,

sawed slabs, and polished thin sections.

Photography of sawed rock slabs.

Petrographic examination of polished thin

4 - 5

5 - 16

sections. ---------------------------- 16 - 20

4. Electron Microprobe analyses of selected

minerals. ---------------------------- 21 - 22

5.

6.

A.

B.

C.

Systematic and manipu1abe computer files

of numerical data. -----------------------.----',~-.

First order analysis of the'~of the

mineralogic data. ----------------------­

Occurrence of asbestiform amphibo1e.-----­

Relationship between structure and copper­

nickel minera1ization.--------------------

Emplacement and cooling history of in­

dividual intrusions. --------------------

22 - 23

23

24 - 28

29

29

D. The nature and extent of reaction between ­

the contact (and included) rocks and the

Duluth Complex magmas. ------------------ 29

i

ABSTRACT

The immediate product and results of the hydrous mineral study fall

into six categories: 1) A catalogued collection of 980 rock slabs, and

~450 polished thin sections. 2) A catalogued collection of 1300 color

and black and white photographs of the sawed rock slabs, thin sections,

and hand samples. 3) Data from 360 petrographic determinations of

minerals in the 450 thin sections. 4) 60 electron microprobe analyses

of individual minerals in 20 representative polished thin sections. 5)

A systematic and manipulable set of computer files of all the numerical

data associated with categories 1-4. 6) A first-order analysis of the

data available in categories 1-5 presented in this report. In addition,

the material and information in the six categories above have provided

a new basis for the following on-going studies of problems associated

with copper-nickel mineralization in the Duluth Complex: A) The

relationships between asbestiform and nonasbestiform amphibole in the

hydrous mineral occurrences. B) The relationship between structure and

copper-nickel mineralization. C) The emplacement and cooling history of

individual intrusions. D) The nature and extent of reaction between the

contact (and included) rocks and the Duluth Complex magmas.

ii

INTRODUCTION

Alth~ugh initiated" to provide the first systematic analysis of

hydrous minerals in rocks £rom the" Duluth Complex, the: Hydrous Mineral

study (Contract SPA#7l03) evolved into a ~jor sample collection activity.

This was a result of the £act that AMAX Shaft sample ( 1250 rock samples

from 174 rounds and 225 rock slabs 1 Decame available duri.ng the course

of the study. In the view of the principal invest.igator, preservation

of this sample is a landmark in the on-going studies of the Duluth Com­

plex. It provides a unique 500 meter vertical section of gabbro.

Because of the coarse average grain size of the gabbro and centimeter to

meter scale mineralogic and textural variations (Weiblen & Cooper, 1977),

drill core samples tend to be nonrepresentative whereas the 10 kilogram

individual samples provide excellent material for combined bulk chemical,

electron-microprobe, and petrographic analyses.

The AMAX Shaft samples will be stored in a permanent collection in

The Mineral Resources Research Center at the University of Minnesota.

The rock sample, sawed slab and polished thin section numbers have all

been crossed referenced in the computer catalogue file (Appendices I and

II). Thus these samples will be readily accessible for future studies.

The initial visual inspection of the AMAX Shaft samples by Robert

Stevenson during the course of cataloguing, slabbing, and sectioning of

samples resulted in the discovery of the trace occurrences of distinctly

asbestiforrn amphibole in the. gabbro. Asbestiform amphibole has been

shown to be associated with an increase in cancer occurrence (Zoltaii

1977).

The importance of the recognition of actual asbestiform amphibole

in contrast to the more common bladed or massive textured amphibole in

1

the Duluth Complex rocks cannot.be overemphasized. First of all, it has

:made it possible -for Stevenson. to direct his studies' toward establishi.ng

objective criteria for rec?gniz~hg this type of. amphibole in air and

water samples. Secondly, it establishes the nature of occurrence of

this potentially hazardous mineral in mineralized rocks, and provides

criteria for recognizing occurrences by visual examination of rock sur-

faces (This is discussed further in a separate section of this report).

Finally/ based on the total surface area of rock examined by Stevenson

in the course of this study, it may be concluded that at the INCa, AMAX,

u. S. Steel, and Dunka Pit localities the occurrence of visible asbesti­

6form amphibole is rare (0.50 gms in 5 x 10 gros of gabbro) and associat-

ed with rare em-sized cavities in mineralized rocks.

If the AMAX Shaft samples are representative, asbestiform amphibole

occurs at levels of less than 0.1 parts per million by weight in Einer-

alized parts of the Duluth Complex. As discussed below, major occur-

rences cannot be ruled out, but at least the criteria are available for

monitoring this potential environmental hazard during any developmental

or mining operation. This aspect of the hydrous mineral study is being

pursued by Robert Stevenson in a PhD. thesis in the Department of Geology

and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota and results will be made

available as the thesis research progresses.

Along with the expanded role that collection and preservation of

the AMAX sample assumed, a number of products and results in addition to

characterization of hydrous ~nerals emerged during the course of this

study. They may be conveniently categorized as follows:

1. A catalogued collection of rock samples, sawed rock slabs,

and polished thin sections.

2

2. A cata~ogued collection of color and blackandwhite

pho~ographs o£ sawed'rock:slabs, thin sections, and hand

samples

3.' Data £rom petr.ographic: examination o£ polished thin

sections.

4. Data from electron microprobe analyses.

5. A set o£ systematic and manipulable computer £iles

o£ the numerical data £rom categories 1-4 above.

6. A £irst-order analysis of the data available in cat~gories

1-5 above.

Each o£ these categories will be discussed separately below.

The new infornation on the Duluth Complex rocks sheds light on the

following aspects of the on-go~ng studies of the copper-nickel minerali­

zation in the Duluth Complex:

A) The relationships between asbestiform and nonasbestiform

amphibole in the hydrous mineral occurrences.

B) The relationship between structure and copper-nickel ~eraliza­

tion.

·C) The emplacement and cooling history of individual intrusions.

D) The nature and extent of reaction between the contact (and

included) rocks and the Duluth Complex magmas.

3

PRODUCTS AND RESULTS OF THE STqDY

1. Collection and cata~ogll~g o£ rock samples, sawed slabs,'and pol­

ished thin sections.

Procedures

Because o£ the apparent textural and ~neralogic variation of

Duluth Complex rocks on a centimeter to meter scale (Weiblen & Cooper,

1976) representative sampl~ng has been a recurring problem in laboratory

studies of Duluth Complex rocks. For this study random sampling tech­

niques at selected sites '~a_s': deemed the best procedure.

At the AMAX site, samples were selected from the sha£t round

samples (a waste pile £rom a 2 Eeter thick section of the 4 IDeter

diameter sha£t) by throwing a looped rope on the waste pile. An approxi­

mately 18 kgm sample set which consisted of 1-10 blast fragments was

collected from each round. Samples were collected by the Dept. of

Natural Resources (DNR) and delivered to the University of Minnesota.

At the Dunka Pit site samples of similar size to the AMAX shaft

samples were collected by DNR. A visual selection of unmineralized

gabbro was made for one set of samples (DP900l) and mineralized sampl~s

for another set (DP9002).

The U.S. Steel sample set consists of samples of similar size to

the AMAX samples. The samples were collected by DNR from the U.S. Steel

mill sample.

The INCO Pit sample set was taken from a minus three IDesh (1-2

em-sized fragments) fraction of the INCO mill sample obtained by the

Mineral Resources Research Center at the University of ~nnesota.

Each individual sample £ragment was visually examined by Bob

4

Stevenson. Features such as contacts between coarse and fine grained

rock types or .major c~nges in :mineral proportions were noted and slabs

were cut o£ representative sample £~agments. The approximately one

centimeter thick sawed slabs .. were, numbered and examined visually to

select representative areas for diamond drill coring £or thin sections.

One inch diameter thin sections were made £rom cores o£ the different

rock types noted in the initial examination.

Product

The unused rock samples and the 980 rock slabs, at the date o£

submission o£ this report, are stored in the sub basement of Pillsbury

Hall at The University of Minnesota. Arrangements have been Eade £or

permanent storage at The Mineral Resources Research Center (MRRC) at the

University. The 450 polished thin sections are presently in use in The

Electron Microprobe Laboratory in the Microscopy Center in The Space

Science Center at the University of Minnesota and will also be permanent­

ly stored with the rock slabs.

A sample computer printout of cross-referenced rock samples, slabs

and thin sections is presented in Appendix 1.

The sample, sawed slab and thin section numbers are cross refer~

enced in the computer file listed in Appendix 1.

2. Photography of Sawed Rock Slabs.

Procedure

The sawed rock slabs were photographed under water with a 35 rum

camera before thin section cores were removed to provide a permanent

record of the textural relations of individual thin sections to the tex­

tures apparent on the larger (generally 5-20 em-sized) rock slabs.

5

Fig. 2-1. Examples of AX9001-lean ore

A. Slab photograph of average lean ore.

B. Slab photograph of average lean ore.

c. Slab photograph of average lean ore with chlorite veins ..

Fig. 2-2. Examples of US9001 disseminated ore.

A. Slab photograph of average ore, note gram-size variation.

B. Slab photograph of average ore, note gram-size variation.

c. Detail of (B) •

Fig. 2-3. Examples ofAX9002 upper shaft disseminated ore.

A. Slab photograph of average ore.

B. Detail of (A).

c. Slab photograph of highly altered average ore.

Fig. 2-4. Examples ofAX9003 lower shaft disseminated ore.

A. Slab photograph of average ore.

B. Slab photograph of average ore.

C. Detail of (B).

Fig. 2-5. Examples ofAX9005 disseminated ore from A drift.

A. Slab photograph of average picrite (inclusion?)

B. Slab photograph of average gabbro.

C. Detail of (B).

Fig. 2-6. Examples of DP9002 disseminated ore from Erie pit.

A. Slab photograph of average ore.

B. Slab photograph of average ore.

C. Detail of (B).

6

Fig. 2-7. Example of IP9003 disseminated are from Maturi shaft.

Fig. 2-8. Examples ofAX9004 semi-massive are from A drift.

A. Slab photograph of average are.

B. Slab photograph of high sulfide gabbro.

c. Slab photograph of mineralized hornfels.

14

(

Product

The 1300 color and black:and white phot,ographs'.-o£ ,.rock slabs along

with notes on visual ninera~ogic,identificationand,texturalclassifica­

tion referred to in the previous" section will be outlined with the perm­

anent rock sample collection in .MRRC. Examples of typical textures from

eight sample sets are illustrated in ~ig. 2-1,8.

A sample computer printout of ,cross-referenced listings of rock

slab, thin section, and Scann~ng Electron Microscope pho~ographs is

presented in Appendix 2. The cross-referenced catalogue of pho~ographs

and the associated computer file is listed in Appendix II.

3. Petrographic Examination of Polished Thin Sections.

Procedures

Preparation of polished thin sections for petrographic analysis

consisted of surfacing 25-30 individual one inch cores at a time from

the rock slabs on a Vibratory lap down to 1000 mesh. Cores were cement­

ed with epoxy on one inch diameter glass discs. Cores were then cut on

a diamond saw and the sections were thinned to 40 Jrlicrometers. The

sections were then thinned by hand to the standard 30 .micrometer thin

section thickness. The sections were then polished to a one micrometer

surface on a rotary lap with one .micrometer diamond paste on a Buehler

micromet lapping material.

Optical examination of the polished thin sections was made on a

Leitz petrographic .microscope. Optical identification of transparent

minerals was made using the optical properties of index of refraction,

~xtinction, birefringence, optic axis angle for biaxial ndnerals, and

optic sign. One hundred to a thousand point identifications (counts) of

16

ninerals were.~de on O.S.to.l.S'em. squar~Erids on each polished thin

section. These data are presented'. and cross referenced in Appenaix III.

The point count data provides data: on relative ~eral proportions by

area. Assum~g that the ~nerals'are urtif6rmily and isotropically

distributed, the data also, give directly the volume 6nodal) proportions

(modes) of the minerals. Because of the small scale variations of

mineralogy and textures (Weiblen and Cooper, 1977) associated with the

processes o£ melt/crystal ~egregation discussed in section 6 below this

assumption is not very good for gabbroic rocks. However initial selec-

tion of thin section cores was nade to obtain representative sections of

the rock slabs in each set o£ sections from the rock slabs.

Results

Optical determinations from the point counting as well as recon-

naissance examination of the 4S0 polished thin sections resulted in the

identification of the following hydrous minerals:

A) Sericite - a fine-grained (l-S micrometer) inte.rgrowth o£

muscovite in plagioclase. This type of hydrous alteration

of plagioclase is ubiquitious in rocks containing plagioclase

which have reacted with water or fluorine. A reaction of the

following type may be involved:

((qtJ~ s.~ 08 -l'hQ45'3Ur) ((C/ Q.I; s,~ uf - /Jc; OI':J'J L{)Plagioclase + water = plagloclase + muscovite + quartz + ions

(K bearing) (K tree)3 KC./ 5,'3 0d' + H).O;;i? KfJ/

35'3 O,o(<J 1/); ~ 2k+.. 0 H - +' S ,'02..

B) Mafic Amphibole - Hornblende is the most common variety of this

mineral group in the Duluth Complex rocks. It occurs intergrown

with plagioclase, clinopryoxene, sulfides and oxides. It is

17

possible to form. hornblende £rom olivine, orthopyroxene, or

pl.agioclase and clin~pyroxene (plus or .minus· iron-titanium oxides).{i't..-

and water at temperatures~in the range of 200~.C up.ta~griatic

temperatures of about ·lOOOoC. The hornblende..may have ..fonned

therefore by direct crystallization from the~gma or .by sub

solidus reaction. An illustrative sub solidus reaction Eay be

written as follows:

Magnetite+Ca-p~agioclase+ clinopyroxene + water =

hornblende + Na-plagioclase

F(;A +-/l!aaJS1Q t-2{Q(~ 11'J)S.~ 0, H-I, o~)Io ~z (fl>-J )J!J)stllS:74,pf.Jl+ y,q

Actinolite-This amphibole is associated with clinopyroxene and

hornblende in altered rocks and may have formed by the following

reaction:

Clinopyroxene + water + CO = Actinolite + calcite + quartz0- Ca(k.)A~)S,'J..Oft:,+- J-.J;l. O+3Coz ~C~( F-eJ n,\_S,g42iOJl)z.r3 Co(~""'2S,'0z.

Cumrningtonite-Similar to the clinopyoxene-actinolite association,t,

cummingtonite is found with olivine in altered rocks, which suggestS

the following reaction:

Olivine + Quartz + water = cummingtonite7 (Fe, /t-J;)l.S,'D4 + q 5 :0) + 2 J./). 0;;:: 2 F-e7 S :t0Z-1. (0/-1),It is interesting to note that in the last two reactions

postulated above, formation of actinolite releases silica, whereas

formation of cummingtonite requires additional silica.

Actinolite is more common than cummingtonite (Appendix 3) whiCh

suggests that hydrous alteration of the mineralized rocks may have

occurred with only the addition of water and di~~t involve any

significant addition or loss of silica.

The .three varieties of mafic amphibole described above have not

been distinguished in the modal tabulation in Appenix 3, but the

relative proportions are recorded in the original archived data.

C) Fibrous Amphibole - This occurrence of actinolite is described

separately in Section A of this report.

D) Chlorite - This hydrous sheet silicate is found in reation relation18

with olivine and plagioclase and other hydrous minerals. The former

occurrence suggests the reaction:

co + H2O + Plagioclase + Olivine = Chlorite + calc~te + quartz2c~ t-4l{ot 2 CQ~S/~ O¥t-2(F~~)z S,'0..f;;: (~)A1J4C!-14S.~O,cJ(OHld f 2 Ca(~ ffS: 0zThe actual chloritic material analyzed thus far is intermediate in

composition between serpentine and chlorite (Appendix 4).

E) Serpentine - The occurrence of the high-magnesium variety of this

hydrous silicate has not been confirmed thus far by electron micro-

probe analyses (Appendix 4). The occurrences listed in the modal

data (Appendix 3), identified on the basis of optical properties

may all be septachlorite (This identification problem is being

pursued by Stevenson! Prior to this study, serpentine was con­

sidered a likely common hydrous mineral based on the possible

reaction:

F)

Olivine + water = Serpentine + iron oxides~ '1 (:dml/~);;"D.4 t 4l-b.o ~ A#g" S:40,o(OI-l)J 1-21;,3°4 +25:0z.

Idingsite - This. general term has been used for optically indeterminate

hydrous alteration of olivine. Some refinement of this identification

will be come from Stevenson's studies.

G) Talc - The occurrence of this hydrous silicate with olivine and

serpentine may be related to introduction of CO along with water in2

mineralized rocks or the specific temperature and pressure

at which water reacted with olivine or orthopyroxene (Deer,

Howie, and Zussman, 1966, p. 229). Introduction of CO2 after

formation of serpentine could form talc by the reaction:

H)

C02 + Serpentine = talc + carbonate + water3 cu2 rl/?(,;, 5'4 ~cJ(()II);y :;;- /tlt?S'440 (0")2 BMJLUJ t 31-1>.0

Epidote - At Least two varie~ies of this mineral group, common

epidote and allanite (Appendix 3) occur along fractures in

association with plagioclase. They could form by the hydration

19

and oxidation of plagioclase containing a small amount of iron

in substitution for calcium (Appendix 4):

Oxygen + Fe bearing Ca-p1agioc1ase + water = epidote

In addition to the hydrous minerals listed above calcite, quartz,

and cordierite were also indentified in the optical examination and point

count studies of the polished thin se~tions. It will be noted from the

reactions postulated above, that the amount of calcite and quartz may

reflect the extent to which CO and silica were introduced into contact2

zone rocks when hydration occurred. Cordierite is a common constituent

of contact zone hornfels and occurs in association with hyperstene and

plagioclase in rocks which were probably derived from Virginia Formation

argillites (Renner, 1969). The cordierite may contain some water in

its structure (Be1trame, 1977).

4. Electron Microprobe Analyses of Selected Minerals.

Procedures

Subsequent to the optical examination and point counting

of individual polished thin sections, selected examples of typical

textural occurrences of the major"anhyrous silicate minerals, the

different hydrous minerals, and sulfides were photographed in each

polished thin section in preparation ~or electron microprobe analyses.

Photomicrographs of the entire thin sections were also made for

location purposes. These photographs are currently on file in

the Electron Microscopy Center in the Space Science Center at the

~University of Minnesota. They will be made a part~Ehe permanently

archived data with the electron microprobe analyses and polished

thin sections.

Electron microprobe analyses were made on an automated

Model 400 Materials Analysis Company electron microprobe with

operating conditions of 20 kilovolts electron beam voltage,

.015 microamperes of beam current, and 20 second counting intervals

on the peak of K alpha x-ray lines and 10 second counting intervals

below and above the peak for background corrections. x-ray intensities

corrected for background were reduced to chemical composition using

mineral standards similar in composition to the material being

analyzed•• The procedure is described by Grant and Weiblen (1971).

The specific standards used are listed in the archived data with

the original intensity data.

Results

At the end of the Contract Period (January 31, 1978) 60

21

analyses for Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, P~ Mn, and Cr were

completed. Each analysis consists of at least three replicate

analyses in the raw data for each element on each of the 60 mineral

grains. The data are tabulated ~ Appendix 4. Ana.lyses for

olivine and plagioclase in the AMAX samples indicates a narrow

range in Fe and Mg in olivine as has been found in previous analyses

of the INca Pit samples and elsewhere in the contact zone of the

Complex (Weiblen and Morey, 1976). A wider but still restricted

range of Ca and Na in plagioclase was found. The significance of

this restricted variation and the exceptions are discussed in

Section 6 of this report. Analyses of amphibole and biotite show

a range of compositions similar ·to that found in the INca Pit

samples also (Weiblen and Morey, 1976).

The initial analyses of presumed septechlorite and serpentine .F

are pUZZling (Appendix i). Further analyses are underway as a

part of Stevenson's study and the ongoing analytical program of the

Minnesota Geological Survey on Duluth Complex rocks.

5. Systematic and Manipulable Computer Files of Numerical Data.

Procedures

A sample numbering system outlined in Appendix 5 was devised

by Stevenson to provide complete cross-referencing of all the data

in the four categories above. Programs to handle the cross-referencing

make use of aocompatible file system. The files may be accessed(

by batch processing input/output or on time-sharing terminals. The

or~ginal data is preserved on archived computer cards.

22

Product

A copy of the each of the computer programs to enter, record,

and manipulate the various data is presented in Appendix 5.

6. First Order Analysis of the Mineralogic Data

Collection of the data presented in Appendices 2 - 4 on

the different types of hydrous minerals and their distribution in

different samples was the prime objective of this study. However

it is now possible to calculate bulk compositions of a large number

of individual rock samples (Appendix 3), and this makes it possible

to estimate the overall range and construct preliminary petrogenetic

models for the variation in the mineralogy of mineralized rocks in the

Duluth Complex. Such an exercise must be an iterative one because

the quality and quantity of data determine in part the validity of the

results and the results in turn affect the methods used in subsequent

data collection. Based on the data obtained in this study it is

now possible to attempt for the first time to realistically estimate

the overall range of variation in mineralogy and construct constrained

petrogenetic models for formation of the mineralized rocks in the

basal zone of the Duluth Complex. This attempt is currently under­

way and will be published in a Symposium volume on sulfide mineral­

ization in mafic rocks edited by T. Naldrett and to be published by

the Geological Society of Canada in August, 1978.

A. Occurrence of Asbestiform'Anphibo1e

The asbestiform' amphibole £ound in an AMAX shaft sample {Round·

#144, 919 ft.} occurs in and adjacent to cavities ~.ig. AlA). Calcite and

prehnite are associated with the amphibole.' Vermiculite, chlorite,

biotite, p1agic1ase, and apatite are also present in the sample.

The asbestiform amphibole occurs as an epitaxial growtaon bladed

amphibole and both varieties are seen to be overgrown by and adjacent to

calcite (Fig. A-I-B).

In hand speciman and thin section the asbestiform amphibole is white

while the bladed variety is green (Fig.A-IC). Compositionally, (Fig. A-2).

the green variety has more A1 0 10%) than _the'~it~asbestiforro variety

r;':::L~~~:;;.['~"~":_~---_._--..--------" "~~'and thus it is a Chornblende,r while the other has a low ( 5%) A1 0 con--" __.~ 2 3

tent and it is an actinolite. MnO is also different between the two

varieties, being higher in theL~h~t-;__ ~cti~;lite '(

The occurrence in cavities and association with calcite, provides

explicit criteria for monitoring the occurrence of asbestiforrn amphibole

in field, shaft, and any eventual mine wall exposure.

24

Fig. A-I.

A. Handsample AX42K showing amphibole association with calcite.

B. SEM view of calcite with asbestiform and nonasbestiformamphibole.

c. Transmitted light photograph. of the epitaxial relationsbetween green hornblende and white actinolite.

Fig. A-2.

A. Energy dispersive trace of white actinolite.

B. Energy dispersive trace of green hornblende.

25

(

Fig. A-I-A.

Fig. A-I-B

Fig. A-I-C.

27

B. Relationship between Structure and Copper-Nickel Mineralization.

A recently completed structural study of the Hoyt Lakes- Kawishiwi

Area of the Duluth Com~lex by Cooper (1978),provides a basis for eXamin~ng

in detail the effect of faulting on mineralization. The modal data obtained

fin this study on hydrous minera1s.abundance provides a data base for

(

comparative studies of the relative abundance of hydrous minerals in rocks

exposed in the vicinity of faults mapped or inferred by Cooper. Such

studies will be needed to monitor the sources of amphibole in air and

water samples and they will also add to our understanding of the relationship

between hydrous alteration and copper-nickel mineralization.

C. The Emplacement and Cooling History of Individual Intrusions

As experimental calibration of the reactions postulated in Section 3

improves and the specific reactions can be better estimated from analyzed

data and improved textural interpretations, it will be possible to estimate

the temperatures and pressures at which the hydrous alteration

occurred. This will help to answer the question whether the sulfide

mineralization occurred independently of the hydrous alteration.

D. The nature and Extent of Reaction Between the Contact (and Included)

Rocks and the Duluth Complex Magmas

The data obtained in this study is being used in part in a Masters

Thesis study (Churchill, 1978) of the extent of equilibration of Duluth

Complex rocks with an external source of oxygen.

29

CALCULATED BULK COMPOSITIONS BASED ON MODAL DATA

NORMALIZED TO THE SKAERGAARD CHILLED MARGIN COMPOSITION

Data from Appendices 3 and 4

,~

M!k-( UJd/ TO n..fl5. ;'(7v¥Cf ~I ~TITLE/H(I)/Y(l)/~(I)

FEO ~GO CAO ~Ain

9.63 ~.6211.3~ 2.37

KZO TIO£:: P205

o

TOTAL

99.97

F

o

-0-0

CL

.01

C H20+ C02

-0 -0 -0

.01 .25 .01

-0

S

.28

-0

Co

.03

-0

FE

.50

-0

NI

.10

-0

CU

.06

-0 -0

.16 .02

H~IOC~2U3

-0,-0-0

.25 1.17 .1,1

-0-0-("-I)-0 -0

sln2AL203I~

.Of! 17.22

~

C"J

~ <::::) ~ t( A 1\ PIJc.o -r--

(.-., ex:::>

o 1.12 .01 .46 .03

AMAX AVE. CAL. COMPOSI5ITn~S

AXIAvE 44.9q 17.11 14.05 6.12 9.78 2.63 .~] 1.36 .04 .25 .03 .31 .04 1.18

AX2AVE 44.44 l~.u~ 13.82 6.3M H.52 2.73 .99 1.13 .O~ .25 .02 .39 .03 1.52

o .89 o .39 .02 o

o

o 100.00

o 99.98

AX3AVE 42.03 15.06 18.32 7.60 ~.04 2.03 .79 1.05 .U3 .28 .02 .58 .09 1.77 .01 1.39 o .87 .01 o o 100.01

AX4AVE 37.4~ J3.76 9.92 5.9~ 5.7J 1.97 .7? 1.01 .U5 .20 .02 1.23 .1112.81 .04 B.55 .31 .15 o o o 99.99

AXSAVE 41.83 ]2.67 20.0810.81 6.e9 2.04 .57 1.QA .14 .35 .02 .54 .06 1.13 o .95 o .83 o "0 .01 100.00

DPIAVE 44.b4 17.98 15.20 6.39 H.88 2.84 .92 1.55 .UR .25 .02 .05 .04 .46 o .32 o .36 .01 o o 99.99

DP2AVE 43.18 13.uO 13.63 7.8 4 10.70 2.15 .75 1.36 .03 .29 .06 .52 .20 3.53 .02 2.51 .02 .20 o o a 99.99

IP2AVE 44.91 18.95 12.63 6.01 ~.61 2.90 .93 .53 .02 .23 .01 .58 .09 1.68 .01 1.33

IP3AVE 43;52 ]8.23 13.72 6.13 8.30 2.89 .69 .83 .01 .24 .01 .73 .04 2.38 .01 ].82

o .53 .04

o .42 .03

o

o

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USIAV~ 44.81 17.~1 13.77 6.7~ B.78 2.87 .84 .96 .03 .25 .02 .36 .OR 1.32 .01 1.01 o .30 0 o o ~OO.OO

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AX1AVt:

AX2AVt:

1.5~ 1.4b .71 1.16 .94 .9~ .86 1.11 3.24 .40 3.24 4.92' .41 2.36

1.56 1.44 .74 .97 .92 1.O~ .75 1.15 3.96 .60 4.08 6.19 .31 3.04

o 1.50 1.56

o 1.00 1'.84

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o

o

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AX4AVr. 1.2~ 1.n3 .69 .87 .78 .80 .50 .83 2.89 .50 31.1919.59 1.1425.701.43 1.00 .60 1.43 o o o -0

AX5AVE 2.19 2.09 1.25 .92 .b7_ .74 .bl .86 2.28 J.40 3.45 8.57 .62 2.26 o 1.00 3.32 o o o o -0

1.~1 1.42 .91 1.16 .90 .7b .94 .9] 3.00 .30 9.13 8.26 2.07 7.06 .71 3.00 .80 .71

OPI A Vt:.

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1.5~ 1.5~ .74 1.33 .93 1.G4 .78 1.20 3.68 .80 1.16 .79 .41 .92 IJ 1.00 ].44 o o

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IP3AVE

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1.44 1.31 .70 .45 .93 1.10 .76 ).22 3.72 .20 4.84 9.21 .93 3.36 .36 .50 2.12 .36

1.50 1.43 .71 .71 .91 1.0b .73 ).22 2.76 .10 6.6211.59 .41 4.76 .36 .50 1.68 .36

1. 56 1.43 .79 .82 .93 1.O~ .77 1.21 3.36 .30 3.67 5.71 .83 2.64 .36 leOO 1.20 .36

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MN FE MG T1 51 AL CA NR K P OH

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MN FE MG T1 51 RL CR NR K P

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OPl WASTE ROCK CAL.

MN FE MG T1 5I RL CR NA K P

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MN FE MG TI 51 AL CA NA K

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MN FE MG T1 51 RL CR NR K

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MN FE MG TISI AL CA NA K p S CU NI FM CO CR OH CO

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· 6

IP3 DISS. ORE CRLa

MN FE MG TI 51 RL CR NR K 5 CU NI FM CO CR OH CO

rn Li52 3B3 452 7I Li5Li 2+ L153 7<!> L151 1X L15L1 5+ L151 6A Li51 5C) L155 L1