Final Report Aarti

7/27/2019 Final Report Aarti

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A

Technical Seminar Report

On

Cloud Computing

Submitted towards partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Degree of

Bachelor of Technologyin

Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted to Submitted by

Mrs. Moumita Ghosh Aarti Khare

090181

CSE 4th

yr


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my immense gratitude to The Dean Prof J. V. Desai, Prof. Prema K.V

(H.O.D CSE) for providing all the required resources for the successful completion of our

seminar, Mrs. Moumita Ghosh for her valuable guidance and suggestions in the preparation

of the seminar report and all the faculty members of the Department of Computer Science for

encouraging me and giving me the moral support, not only regarding this seminar but also

throughout my studies at this institute.

I also thank to all of my fellow classmates, friends and well wishers for showing their

support and cooperation towards me.

Aarti Khare

090181


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INDEX

1.ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 3

2.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4

3.HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 6

4.WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING ............................................................................... 8

5.CLOUD ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................... 9

5.1. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE:. ................................................................................... 11

5.2. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: ................................................................................... 12

5.3. INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE:. ...................................................................... 13

5.4. DATA AS A SERVICE:. .............................................................................................. 13

6.COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................... 14

7.TYPES OF CLOUDS ........................................................................................................... 15

7.1. PUBLIC CLOUD .......................................................................................................... 15

7.2. HYBRID CLOUD ......................................................................................................... 15

7.3. PRIVATE CLOUD ....................................................................................................... 15

8.ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................... 16

9.CLOUD COMPUTING ISSUES.......................................................................................... 17

10.APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................. 21

11.CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES .................................................................................. 23

12.CHARACTERSTICS ......................................................................................................... 25

13..ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................. 26

14.DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING ..................................................................... 26

15.CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 27

16.REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 28


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ABSTRACT

The term cloud computing is a recent buzzword in the IT world. Behind this fancy poetic

phrase there lies a true picture of the future of computing for both in technical perspective

and social perspective. Though the term Cloud Computing is recent but the idea of

centralizing computation and storage in distributed data centres maintained by third party

companies is not new but it came in way back in 1990s along with distributed computing

approaches like grid computing.

Cloud computing is aimed at providing IT as a service to the cloud users on-demand basis

with greater flexibility, availability, reliability and scalability with utility computing model.

This new paradigm of computing has an immense potential in itself to be used in the field of

e-governance and in rural development perspective in developing countries like India.


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INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based on development and use of computer technology

("computing").It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualised

resources are provided as a service over the internet. Users need not have knowledge of,

expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.

The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and

software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology trends which

have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the

users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide

common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the

software and data are stored on the servers. A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer

resources.

Cloud is essentially provided by large distributed data centres. These data centres are often

organized as grid and the cloud is built on top of the grid services. Cloud users are provided

with virtual images of the physical machines in the data centres. This virtualization is one of

the key concept of cloud computing as it essentially builds the abstraction over the physical

system. Many cloud applications are gaining popularity day by day for their availability,

reliability, scalability and utility model.

A cloud can:

1. Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive,

user- facing applications.

2. Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of

virtual machines or physical machines.

3. Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow

workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures.

4. Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Appshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Appshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


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Fig 1.1: Overview of cloud computing

Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers on-

demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more reliable, available

and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself consists of physical machines in the

data centres of cloud providers. Virtualization is provided on top of these physical machines.

These virtual machines are provided to the cloud users. Different cloud providers providecloud services of different abstraction level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle

very low level details where Google App-Engine provides a development platform for the

developers to develop their applications. So the cloud services are divided into many types

like Software as a Service, Platform as a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services

are available over the Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the single point of

access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture addresses difficulties of large

scale data processing.


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HISTORY

The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation

may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service

bureaus which date back to the 1960s.The term cloud had already come into commercial use

in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term

"cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on

Software as a service (SaaS).

John McCarthy opined in the 1960s that "computation may someday be organized as a public

utility." Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision,

provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity

industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly

explored in Park hills 1966 book,The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars

have shown that cloud computing roots go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist HerbGrosch (the author of Grosch's law) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb

terminals powered by about 15 large data centres. Due to the expense of these powerful

computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing

capability through time sharing and several organizations, such as GE's GEISCO, IBM

subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation (SBC, founded in 1957), Tymshare (founded in

1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data

(bought by Tymshare in 1968), and Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) marketed time

sharing as a commercial venture.

The development of the Internet from being document centric via semantic data towards

more and more services was described as "Dynamic Web". This contribution focused in

particular in the need for better meta-data able to describe not only implementation details but

also conceptual details of model-based applications.

The ubiquitous availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage

devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented
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architecture, autonomic, and utility computing have led to a tremendous growth in cloud

computing.

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his fellows.

They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business

applications.

IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto-

which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-

configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with

heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other

system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise. Amazon.complayed a key role

in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centres after the dot-com

bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal

efficiency improvements, providing access to their systems by way ofAmazon Web Services

in 2002 on a utility computingbasis.

2007 saw increased activity with Google, IBM and a number of universities embarking on a

large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining

popularity in the mainstream press.

In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for

deploying private clouds. In early 2008, Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR

European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying

private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were

focused on providing quality of service guarantees (as required by real-time interactive

applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European

Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment. By mid-2008,

Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers

of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and observed that

"organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use

service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing... will result in dramatic

growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benioffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benioffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce.com


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On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter

Planet.Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud

computing is a critical piece.

WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Fig 1.2: Working of cloud computing

In cloud computing you only need to load one application. This application would allow

workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for

his or her job. Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from e-

mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It's called cloud computing, and

it could change the entire computer industry.

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer

have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications. The network of

computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on

the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the


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cloud computing systems interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and

the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

To understand how does cloud computing work, imagine that the cloud consists of layers mostly the back-end layers and the front-end or user-end layers. The front-end layers are the

ones you see and interact with. When you access your email on Gmail for example, you are

using software running on the front-end of a cloud. The same is true when you access your

Facebook account. The back-end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that

fuels the interface you see on the front end.

Because the computers are set up to work together, the applications can take advantage of all

that computing power as if they were running on one particular machine. Cloud computing

also allows for a lot of flexibility. Depending on the demand, you can increase how much of

the cloud resources you use without the need for assigning specific hardware for the job, or

just reduce the amount of resources assigned to you when they are not necessary.

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery

of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who

typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components

communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web

services. Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software

applications access cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where

metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each

independently delivering data to applications or users.


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Fig 1.3: Cloud architecture

The cloud providers actually have the physical data centres to provide virtualized services to

their users through Internet. The cloud providers often provide separation between

application and data. The underlying physical machines are generally organized in grids and

they are usually geographically distributed. Virtualization plays an important role in the cloud

scenario. The data centre hosts provide the physical hardware on which virtual machines

resides.

User potentially can use any OS supported by the virtual machines used. Operating systems

are designed for specific hardware and software. It results in the lack of portability of

operating system and software from one machine to another machine which uses different

instruction set architecture. The concept of virtual machine solves this problem by acting as

an interface between the hardware and the operating system called as system VMs. Another

category of virtual machine is called process virtual machine which acts as an abstract layer

between the operating system and applications.

Virtualization can be very roughly said to be as software translating the hardware instructions

generated by conventional software to the understandable format for the physical hardware.

Virtualization also includes the mapping of virtual resources like registers and memory to

real hardware resources. The underlying platform in virtualization is generally referred to as

host and the software that runs in the VM environment is called as the guest. The Figure 3

shows very basics of virtualization. Here the virtualization layer covers the physical

hardware. Operating System accesses physical hardware through virtualization layer.
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Applications can issue instruction by using OS interface as well as directly using virtualizing

layer interface. This design enables the users to use applications not compatible with the

operating system.

Virtualization enables the migration of the virtual image from one physical machine to

another and this feature is useful for cloud as by data locality lots of optimization is possible

and also this feature is helpful for taking back up in different locations. This feature also

enables the provider to shut down some of the data center physical machines to reduce power

consumption.

CLOUD COMPUTING LAYERS

Fig 1.4: Cloud Computing Layers

1.SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE: In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operateapplication software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. The

cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on which the application is

running. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own

computers simplifying maintenance and support.


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What makes a cloud application different from other applications is its scalability. This can

be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing

work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This

process is transparent to the cloud user who sees only a single access point. To accommodatea large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, that is, any machine

serves more than one cloud user organization. It is common to refer to special types of cloud

based application software with a similar naming convention: desktop as a service, business

process as a service, test environment as a service, communication as a service.

The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so

price is scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point.

Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, Onlive, GT Nexus, Marketo,

and TradeCard.

2. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: PaaS is a category of cloud computing services that

provide a computing platform and a solution stackas a service. Along with software as a

service (SaaS) and infrastructure as a service (IaaS), it is a service model of cloud computing.

In this model, the consumer creates the software using tools and/or libraries from the

provider. The consumer also controls software deployment and configuration settings. The

provider provides the networks, servers, storage and other services.[1]

PaaS offerings facilitate the deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of

buying and managing the underlying hardware and software and provisioning hosting

capabilities.

There are various types of PaaS vendor; however, all offer application hosting and a

deployment environment, along with various integrated services. Services offer varying

levels of scalability and maintenance.

PaaS offerings may also include facilities for application design, application development,

testing and deployment as well as services such as team collaboration, web service

integration and marshalling, database integration, security, scalability, storage, persistence,

state management, application versioning, application instrumentation and developer

community facilitation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TradeCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service#cite_note-nist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service#cite_note-nist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service#cite_note-nist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_as_a_service#cite_note-nist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TradeCardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlive


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3.INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE: In the most basic cloud-service model, providers

of IaaS offer computers - physical or (more often) virtual machines - and other resources.

(A hypervisor, such as Xen orKVM, runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of

hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can support large numbers of virtualmachines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying

requirements.) IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as images in a virtual-

machine image-library, raw (block) and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP

addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. IaaS-cloud providers

supply these resources on-demand from their large pools installed in data centers. Forwide-

area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet orcarrier clouds (dedicated virtual

private networks).

To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their

application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and

maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill

IaaS services on a utility computing basis; cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and

consumed.

Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon Cloud Formation, Amazon EC2, Windows

Azure Virtual Machines, DynDNS, Google Compute Engine, HP cloud, iland and Joyent.

4. DATA AS A SERVICE: Data as a service, or DaaS, is a cousin ofsoftware as a service.

Like all members of the "as a Service" (aaS) family, DaaS is based on the concept that the

product, data in this case, can be provided on demand to the user regardless of geographic or

organizational separation of provider and consumer. Additionally, the emergence ofservice-

oriented architecture (SOA) has rendered the actual platform on which the data resides also

irrelevant. This development has enabled the recent emergence of the relatively new concept

of DaaS.

Data provided as a service was at first primarily used in web mashups, but now is being

increasingly employed both commercially and, less commonly, within organisations such as

the UN.

Traditionally, most enterprises have used data stored in a self-contained repository, for which

software was specifically developed to access and present the data in a human-readable form.

One result of this paradigm is the bundling of both the data and the software needed to
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interpret it into a single package, sold as a consumer product. As the number of bundled

software/data packages proliferated and required interaction among one another, another

layer of interface was required. These interfaces, collectively known as enterprise application

integration (EAI), often tended to encourage vendor lock-in, as it is generally easy tointegrate applications that are built upon the same foundation technology.

The result of the combined software/data consumer package and required EAI middleware

has been an increased amount of software for organizations to manage and maintain, simply

for the use of particular data. In addition to routine maintenance costs, a cascading amount of

software updates are required as the format of the data changes. The existence of this

situation contributes to the attractiveness of DaaS to data consumers because it allows for the

separation of data cost and usage from that of a specific software or platform.

COMPONENTS

1. APPLICATION

A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need

to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden

of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support.

2. CLOUD CLIENTS

A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on the

cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services

and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example: Mobile, Thin client,Thick client / Web browser.

3. CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE

Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer

infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example: grid

computing, Management, Compute, Platform.

4. CLOUD PLATFORMS
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A cloud platform, such as Paas, the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution saas,

facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and

managing the underlying hardware and software layers.

5. CLOUD SERVICES

A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in

real-time over the Internet". For example Web Services ("software system[s] designed to

support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be

accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus services, or end

users directly.

6. CLOUD STORAGE

Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like

services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example

Database, Network attached storage, Web service.

TYPES OF CLOUDS

1. PUBLIC CLOUD

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense,

whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the

Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares

resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.

2. HYBRID CLOUD

A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers "will be

typical for most enterprises".

3. PRIVATE CLOUD

Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to

describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typically

virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing


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without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability

concerns. They have been criticised on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and

manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on

management ,essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such anintriguing concept". While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be

the future of corporate IT, there is some contention as to whether they are a reality even

within the same firm.

Fig 1.5: Types of Clouds

ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING

1. CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS

A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live

cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. Usually this requires significant

resources and expertise in building and managing next-generation data centres. Some

organisations realise a subset of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal"

cloud providers and servicing themselves, although they do not benefit from the same

economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also

significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates

some overhead. Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be


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realised, even by small organisations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are

already well underway.Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centres

which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one

time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to addnew features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web

Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.

Players in the cloud computing service provision game include the likes of Amazon, Google,

Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Salesforce, SAP and Yahoo!

2. USER

A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud computing has

become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed

via a community effort to create a bill of rights.

3. VENDOR

A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud

computing. For example: Computer hardware, Storage, infrastructure, Computer software,

Operating systems, Platform virtualization.

CLOUD COMPUTING ISSUES

1. PRIVACY

The cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the

companies hosting the cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at will (whether

permitted or not by their customers), the communication between the host company and the

end user, as well as the user's stored data. Instances such as the secret NSA program, working

with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million telephone calls between American

citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to

telecommunication companies to monitor user activity. Using a cloud service provider (CSP)

can complicate privacy of data because of the extent to which virtualization for cloud

processing (virtual machines) and cloud storage are used to implement cloud service. CSP

operations, customer or tenant data may not remain on the same system, or in the same data
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center or even within the same provider's cloud; this can lead to legal concerns over

jurisdiction.

2. SECURITY

As cloud computing is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being voiced about the

security issues introduced through adoption of this new model. The effectiveness and

efficiency of traditional protection mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics

of this innovative deployment model can differ widely from those of traditional

architectures. An alternative perspective on the topic of cloud security is that this is but

another, although quite broad, case of "applied security" and that similar security principles

that apply in shared multi-user mainframe security models apply with cloud security.

The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue that may be delaying

its adoption. Physical control of the Private Cloud equipment is more secure than having the

equipment off site and under someone elses control. Physical control and the ability to

visually inspect the data links and access ports is required in order to ensure data links are not

compromised. Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the

private and public sectors' unease surrounding the external management of security-based

services.

3. SUSTAINABILITY

Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is no

published study to substantiate this assumption. Citing the servers' affects on the

environmental effects of cloud computing, in areas where climate favors natural cooling and

renewable electricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be more moderate.(The same holds true for "traditional" data centers.) Thus countries with favorable conditions,

such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.

Energy efficiency in cloud computing can result from energy-aware scheduling and server

consolidation. However, in the case of distributed clouds over data centers with different

source of energies including renewable source of energies, a small compromise on energy

consumption reduction could result in high carbon footprint reduction.

4. IT GOVERNANCE
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The introduction of cloud computing requires an appropriate IT governance model to ensure

a secured computing environment and to comply with all relevant organizational information

technology policies. As such, organizations need a set of capabilities that are essential when

effectively implementing and managing cloud services, including demand management,relationship management, data security management, application lifecycle management, risk

and compliance management. A danger lies with the explosion of companies joining the

growth in cloud computing by becoming providers. However, many of the infrastructural and

logistical concerns regarding the operation of cloud computing businesses are still unknown.

This over-saturation may have ramifications for the industry as whole.

5. CONSUMER AND STORAGE

The increased use of cloud computing could lead to a reduction in demand for high storage

capacity consumer end devices, due to cheaper low storage devices that stream all content via

the cloud becoming more popular. In a Wired article, Jake Gardner explains that while

unregulated usage is beneficial for IT and tech moguls like Amazon, the anonymous nature of

the cost of consumption of cloud usage makes it difficult for business to evaluate and

incorporate it into their business plans.

6. AMBIGUITY OF TERMINOLOGY

Outside of the information technology and software industry, the term "cloud" can be found

to reference a wide range of services, some of which fall under the category of cloud

computing, while others do not. The cloud is often used to refer to a product or service that is

discovered, accessed and paid for over the Internet, but is not necessarily a computing

resource. Examples of service that are sometimes referred to as "the cloud" include, but are

not limited to, crowd sourcing, cloud printing, crowd funding, cloud manufacturing.

7. OPEN STANDARDS

Most cloud providers expose APIs that are typically well-documented (often under a Creative

Commons license) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some

vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under

development, with a view to delivering interoperability and portability. As of November
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2012, the Open Standard with broadest industry support is probably OpenStack, founded in

2010 by NASA and Rackspace.
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APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. EASY ACCESS TO DATA

Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They

could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the internet.

2. REDUCTION OF COSTS

It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for

advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the

most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you

could buy an inexpensive computer terminal, enough processing power to run the middleware

necessary to connect to the cloud system.

3. CONVENIENCE

Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place

to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to

computer applications. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing

company.

4. EASY STORAGE

Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to

store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing

gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the

need for physical space on the front end.


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5. NO TECHNICAL SUPPORT REQUIRED

Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have

fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems.

6. SOLUTION TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS

If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client could

take advantage of the entire network's processing power.

Fig 1.6: Cloud Computing Providers


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CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES

1. AMAZON WEB SERVICES

The Amazon development model involves building Zen virtual machine images that are run

in the cloud by EC2. That means you build your own Linux/Unix or Windows operating

system image and upload it to be run in EC2. AWS has many pre-configured images that you

can start with and customize to your needs. There are web service APIs (via WSDL) for the

additional support services like S3, SimpleDB, and SQS. Because you are building self-

contained OS images, you are responsible for your own development and deployment tools.

AWS is the most mature of the CC options. Applications that require the processing of huge

amounts of data can make effective you of the AWS on-demand EC2 instances which are

managed by Hadoop.
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2. GOOGLE AppEngine

GAE allows you to run Python/Django web applications in the cloud. Google provides a set

of development tools for this purpose. i.e. You can develop your application within the GAE

run-time environment on our local system and deploy it after its been debugged and working

the way you want it. Google provides entity-based SQL-like (GQL) back-end data storage on

their scalable infrastructure (BigTable) that will support very large data sets. Integration with

Google Accounts allows for simplified user authentication.

3. MICROSOFT WINDOWS AZURE

Azure is essentially a Windows OS running in the cloud. You are effectively uploading and

running your ASP.NET (IIS7) or .NET (3.5) application. Microsoft provides tight

integration of Azure development directly into Visual Studio 2008. For enterprise Microsoft

developers the .NET Services and SQL Data Services (SDS) will make Azure a very
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attractive option. The Live Framework provides a resource model that includes access to the

Microsoft Live Mesh services.

CHARACTERSTICS

1. COST

Pricing is based on usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are required for

implementation.

2. DEVICE AND LOCATION INDEPENDENCE

It enables users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what

device they are using, e.g. PC, mobile

3. MULTI-TENANCY

This enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users.

4. RELIABILITY

This is suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.

5. SCALABILITY

Dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources without users having to engineer for peak

loads

6. SECURITY

It improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources.

7. SUSTANIBILITY

This comes through improved resource utilisation, more efficient systems.


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ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Ability to scale to meet changing user demands quickly

2. Pay by use.

3. Task oriented

4. Virtually no maintenance due to dynamic infrastructure software.

5. Application and operating system independent.

6. Easy to develop your own web-based applications that runs in the cloud.

7. Location of infrastructure in areas with lower costs of real estate and electricity.

8. Sharing of peak-load capacity among a large pool of users, improving overall utilization.

9. Separation of application code from physical resources.

10. Not having to purchase assets for one time or infrequent computing tasks.

11. Ability to use external assets to handle peak loads.

DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Often limited or no technical support available.

2. Canned solutions such may not be full-featured or too task oriented.

3. When there are technical issues, you may lose access to your data or application.

4. No control.

5. You must have an internet connection.

6. If the company hosting the application goes out of business, you may lose access to your

data or application permanently.


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CONCLUSION

Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed computing. Virtualization in

combination with utility computing model can make a difference in the IT industry and as

well as in social perspective. Though cloud computing is still in its infancy but its clearly

gaining momentum.

Organizations like Google, Yahoo, Amazon are already providing cloud services. The

products like Google App-Engine, Amazon EC2, and Windows Azure are capturing the

market with theirease of use, availability aspects and utility computing model. Users donthave to be worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care of by

the cloud providers. They can devote more on their own domain work rather than

these administrative works. Business organizations are also showing increasing interest to

indulge them into using cloud services.

There are many open research issues in this domain like security aspect in the cloud, virtual

machine migration, dealing with large data for analysis purposes etc. In developing counties

like India cloud computing can be applied in the e-governance and rural development with

great success. Although we have seen there are some crucial issues to be solved to

successfully deploy cloud computing for these social purposes. But they can be addressed by

detailed study in the subject.


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REFERENCES

1. Handbook of Cloud Computing by Borko Furht, Armando Escalante

2. Cloud computing Technology by Peter Haming

3. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing2.htm

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_user

5. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm

6. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm/printable

7. http://cloudcadet.com/what-is-cloud-computing/

8. http://askville.amazon.com/advantages-disadvantages-Web-based-Cloud-Computing-

Wave/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=16202235

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

10. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing1.htm
http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Borko+Furht%22http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Armando+Escalante%22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Armando+Escalante%22http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Borko+Furht%22

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