Fertile Crescent

• 1. Rich fertile soil (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

2. Bantu Migrations

• Movement of people from West Africa as a result of the Sahara Desert

ie: cultural diffusion

3. Paleolithic EraNeolithic Revolution

• Paleolithic – hunters followed their food

• Neolithic – hunters followed their food and then brought it home. = first civilization

4. Polytheistic/ Monotheistic

• Poly = many gods

• Mono = one god

5. Mandate of Heaven

• Order from god which selects leadership in China = Dynastic Cycle

6. Feudalism

• Military service exchanged for land and protection

7. Hellenistic Age

• Age of Alex the Great- he blended PIGE (Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian) cultures through his conquest. = cultural diffusion

8. Pax Romana (Golden Age)

• 200 years of peace in Rome

• Advancement in many areas

9. Silk Road

• Trade route that linked China with the west contributing to cultural diffusion.

10. Animism

• Belief that spirits live in the natural world

• Similar to Shintoism and Taoism

11. Hinduism• Religion

• India

• Polytheistic

• Reincarnation

• Karma

• Dharma

• Caste system (social structure)

• Moksha

• Upanishads, Gita, Vedas

12. Buddhism• Religion

• No gods

• Reincarnation

• Karma

• Dharma

• No caste system

• 4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path

• Nirvana

• 3 Baskets of Wisdom

13. Islam

• Religion

• Allah

• Muhammad

• 622 AD

• 5 Pillars (Hajj, Ramadan)

• mosque

• Quran (Koran)

14. Taoism

• Philosophy

• Balance and harmony

• Means “the way”

15. Shinto

• Japanese religion

• Means way of the gods

16. Confucianism

• Philosophy• China• 5 Relationships (set examples and follow them)• Filial Piety• Order, structure• The Analects (sacred book)

17. Early Chinese Society

18. Maurya and Gupta Dynasties

• India Empires

• Influenced by Hinduism

• 200 Years

• Fell due to weak leadership and invasions

19. Autocrat

• Single ruler with absolute power

20. Schism• A split within religion

• Examples:

• Protestant Reformation

• Sunni and Shiite Islam

• Eastern Orthodox

21. Golden Age of Islam

• Time period when things were good

• Many advancements

22. icon

• Holy image

23. Manorialism

• An economic system structured around a lord’s manor

• Goal: Self Sufficiency

24. Secular

• Worldly (non-religious)

• Associated with Renaissance

25. Crusades

• A series of religious wars attempting to obtain the holy land (Islam versus Catholicism)

• Resulted in an increase of trade

26. Japanese Feudal Structure

27. Bushido

• Code of conduct for a samurai

28. Yuan Dynasty

• Kublai Khans reign

29. Mughal Dynasty

• Akbar the Great

• Religious toleration

30. Renaissance

• Time period when people began to question the Church, a time of Rebirth of science, arts and literature

31. Capitalism

• Economic system based on trade and capital, money is used for investment.

• Free Market

• Supply and Demand

32. Humanism

• Way of thinking that emerged during the Renaissance that promoted the individual

33. 95 Theses

• List of grievances written by Martin Luther against the sale of indulgences created the Protestant Reformation.

34. Protestant Reformation

• A schism in the Catholic Church that created the Protestant religion.

35. Magna Carta

• A charter signed by England’s King John in 1215

• Placed limits on the King’s power

36. Savanna or Steppe

• Grassy plain

37. Constantinople

• The Rome of the eastern world

• Heart of the Byzantine Empire

38. Reconquista

• A campaign to reclaim Spain from the Muslims = Spain’s crusades

39. Imperialism

• Domination by one country of the political, economic and social life of another region

• Justified by Social Darwinism

40. Sepoy

• An Indian in the British military

• Sepoy Rebellion

41. Conquistador

• A Spanish conqueror

42. Middle Passage

• The voyage from Africa to the Americas (slave trade)

43. Encomienda

• A system used in the Americas that allowed colonists to demand labor from the locals = slavery

44. Columbian Exchange

• Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology that began in the 1400’s

45. Mercantilism

• An economic policy by which a nation tries to export more than it imports

• When a nation’s wealth is measured by the amount of gold and silver it possesses.

• The main purpose of a colony is to enrich the parent country.

46. Absolutism

• A political system where the rulers have absolute power

• Power comes from god (divine rule)

47. Glorious Revolution

• Non-violent overthrow of James II by

William and Mary of Orange.

• They signed the English Bill of Rights which further limited kings powers and created a limited monarchy.

48. English Bill of Rights

• A document that gave rights to the people and took power away from the monarchy

49. Scientific Revolution

• 1500’s and 1600’s new way of thinking

that challenged traditional ideas of the Catholic Church.

50. Enlightenment

• The period in the 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason.

• People started to question the relationship between themselves and their government.

51. Estates General

• The representation of the 3 estates in France.

• Louis XVI refused to meet with the representative of the Estates General

52. National Assembly

• Group formed by the Third Estate in 1789

at the Tennis Court Oath

• Vowed to stay united until every man had the right to vote in France

53. Coup de tat• A quick and sudden overthrow of a

government

• Examples:

• Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini)

• Cuban Revolution (Castro)

• Egyptian Revolution (Mubarak)

54. Napoleonic Code

• A code of laws

55. Congress of Vienna

• A meeting headed by Metternich after Napoleon’s defeat

• Tried to “turn back the clock” to “old” conservative ways (keep King’s on their thrones)

• Re-drew the map of Europe

• Surrounded France with strong countries

• Create a lasting peace

56. Nationalism

• A feeling of pride for one’s nation or group

57. Russification

• An attempt by Russians to make all people think and act like Russians

58. INC

• Indian National Congress – political party in India used to help India put pressure on the British.

59. Pan-Slavism

• Nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples

60. Zionism

• Desire to create a Jewish state in Palestine

62. Laissez Faire

• Economic concept that felt government should not have a hand in regulating a countries business.

• Supply and Demand should regulate the eocnomy

63. Suffrage

• The right to vote

64. Treaty of Kanagawa

• The treaty that forced Japan to open its ports to trade (Meiji Restoration)

65. Meiji Restoration

• The time period when Japan opened up to western ways

• Modernized

• Ended isolation

66. Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution

• 1917

• During WWI

• Treaty of Brest-Litvosk

• Lenin took over after the death of Czar Nicholas II

• Turned Russia into a communist state USSR

67. Boer War

• A war between the British and the Dutch Boers (farmers) in South Africa over the rights to diamonds and gold in the region.

• The end result was the creation of the segregation policy known as apartheid.

68. Opium War

• A conflict between the British and Chinese over the sale of Opium that came from their colonial possession, India.

69. Treaty of Nanjing

• The treaty that Britain forced China to sign after the Opium War

• Hong Kong taken as a 200 Year lease

70. Sphere of Influence

• An area where countries claim exclusive trading rights and spread their influence

71. Boxer Rebellion

• China’s attempt to get rid of western influence in their country.

72. Militarism

• Glorification of war

73. Total War

• The complete and total involvement of a nation in a war effort.

74. Propaganda

• The spreading of an idea to promote a cause

75. Reparations

• Payment for war damages

76. NEP

• New Economic Policy

• Plan created by Lenin to transform the economy in the USSR

77. Totalitarian State

• A single party dictatorship that controls all aspects of peoples lives

• Use censorship, secret police, and propaganda

78. Command Economy

• An economy in which government makes all the decisions

79. 5 Year Plan

• Stalin’s series of ideas to improve the USSR’s economy and increase food production.

• Only area of success was in building heavy industry.

80. Collective

• A large farm, owned and operated by the workers as a whole (communism)

81. Treaty of Versailles

• The peace treaty signed after WWI

• Placed blame on Germany

• Established new countries

82. League of Nations

• A peace keeping organization formed after WWI

83. Mandate

• Territory being controlled by a foreign power

• Typically gifted to the “winners” of a war

84. Fascism

• An authoritarian government that is not communist.

• Mussolini, Hitler, Franco

85. Appeasement

• Giving in to one’s demands

• Example: Hitler and the Sudentanland (Munich Pact)

86. United Nations

• A peace organization formed after WWII

87. Iron Curtain

• Division line of ideologies during the Cold War.

• East = communism

• West = democracy

88. Cold War

• A state of tension between the superpowers

• Superpowers:

• U.S. Democracy versus USSR Communism

89. Containment

• The US attempt to contain communism within the eastern countries of the world and stop it from spreading to the rest of the world.

89. Marshall Plan

• A tool for containment.

• U.S. aid for countries to become democratic rather than communist

90. NATO

• Northern Atlantic Treaty Organization

• A pact between anti-communist nations ( U.S. and its allies)

91. Warsaw Pact

• A pact between anti-democratic countries

• Russia dominated this organization

92. Truman Doctrine

• An economic and military program to promote democracy established by President Truman

93. Satellites

• A smaller country that economically and politically depends on a stronger country.

• The relationship within the Warsaw Pact between Russia and the other nations engulfed in the union.

94. OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Regulates oil prices

95. Long March

• When Mao and the communists ran from Chiang Kai Shek toward northern China away from the Guomindang (nationalists) led by Chaing Kai Shek.

• Mao recruited supporters to the communist movement.

96. Great Leap Forward

• Mao’s plan for China

• Attempted to create self sufficiency by using collectives.

• The result was massive starvation.

97. Cultural Revolution

• Mao’s program to eliminate any opposition to his plans.

• Forced people to live according to “Mao’s” ways

98. Red Guards

• Mao’s police force

• Most were young

• Pushed the reading of his Little Red Book on all Chinese

99. Tiananmen Square

• A pro-democracy movement in China that ended in violence when Deng Xiaoping sent in the army with tanks to shut down the protestors.

• 1989

100. PLO

• Palestinian Liberation Organization

• Yassir Arafat original leader

101. Islamic Fundamentalism

• A movement to bring back the “basics” of Islam when it is believed that the religion has been corrupted by outside ways (western ways).

• Uses Sharia law (traditional Islamic Law)

102. Détente

• A state of relaxed tensions between the US and the USSR (end of Cold War)

102. Perestroika

• The re-structuring of the economy in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev in an attempt to prevent the collapse of the USSR.

• It failed.

103. Glasnost

• A policy of openness under Gorbachev

104. Ethnic Cleansing

• The deliberate and intentional attempt to get rid of a race or ethnic group

• Very similar to a genocide

105. NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement

• Increases trade between North American nations (Canada, U.S. and Mexico)

106. Post-Colonialism

• A term used to describe conditions in nations that were once colonies

107. Refugee

• A person who flees their country

108. Trade Deficit

• When a nation imports more than it exports

• Buys more than it sells

109. IMF

• International Monetary Fund

• Loans money to countries

110. IRA

• Irish Republican Army

111. Human Rights Declaration

• A document that “should” protect basic rights for all created by the United Nations after the Holocaust.

112. Westernization

• A process of adopting western ways

113. Urbanization

• The movement of people from the country to the city

114. Green Revolution

• The attempt to produce more food in India

• Seeds were chemically altered to be more resistant to disease.

• Ideas started from a scientist named Norman Borlag

115. Deforestation/ Desertification

• The destruction of the forest

• The changing of farm land to desert

116. Cyber Dissident

• Some one or a group that uses the internet to speak out against their government.

• Example: Egyptian revolution