1.3THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTIONS OF EARLY AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND URBAN SOCIETIES

AP World History

I. CORE AND FOUNDATIONAL CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOPED IN A VARIETY OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS WHERE AGRICULTURE FLOURISHED.

GEOGRAPHY OF MESOPOTAMIA

“Fertile Crescent” ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

Tigris and Euphrates River Little rain, but floods provided for rich soil Need for water supply led to irrigation system

(and an organized government)Around 3000 BCE

GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT

“Gift of the Nile” Regular floods Red Land Vs. Black

Land Upper and Lower

Egypt Natural barriers

offered protection from invasion

Lots of natural resources

GEOGRAPHY OF INDUS VALLEY

Indus River floods twice a year

Two crops a year instead of one

NEOLITHIC CHINA 3500 BCE-1500 BCE

SHANG DYNASTY 1766 BCE-1122 BCE

CHAVIN 900 – 250 BCE In modern day

Peru (Andean region)

Domesticated Llamas

Large capital city Began

metallurgy (silver, gold)

OLMEC Central America

(modern Guatemala) 1200-400 BCE Large agricultural

and fishing industry Giant heads Laid out cities in

alignment with the stars

Merchants trade obsidian, jade, and pottery

II. THE FIRST STATES EMERGED WITHIN CORE CIVILIZATIONS.

A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support, and who was supported by the religious hierarchy and professional warriors.

SUMERIANS 1st organized civilization 5000 BCE-2000 BCE City-states

Inter-dependantAgricultural areas plus the City

Built ziggurats and irrigation system Political power held by

Temples Landholders Held power before royalty

Palaces “lugal”

EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

Central administration in the capital Changed with the different kingdoms

BureaucraciesKept track of land, people, taxes, and laborCollected goods for the capital, temples, and to

construct monuments If central power was strong, bureaucrats were

chosen by merit If central powers were weak, the offices became

hereditary as they gained more autonomous power

EGYPTIAN “OLD KINGDOM”

2700 to 2200 BCE Menes combined upper and lower Egypt to

create an Empire ruled by dynasties Pharaoh was seen as a god

Absolute power Bureaucracy developed

Vizier was Pharaoh’s representative 42 Departments w/ governors for each

EGYPTIAN “MIDDLE KINGDOM”

2050 to 1652 B.C.E Image of Pharaoh changed from

impersonal god-like figure to someone who was a protector of the people

Egypt expanded Developed vast trade New public works projects

Wall of Princes and a pyramid for every Pharaoh was built

Drainage to get more farmland

EGYPTIAN “NEW KINGDOM” 1500-1750 BCE Conflict arose between the priests and

the PharaohPharaoh Akhenaton attempted to create

monotheism with his wife Nefertiti

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

INDUS RIVER VALLEY Gov’t system is unclear because the

written language is not deciphered

ORIGINS OF CHINA Longshan culture first to build walls Towns and cities began to include non-

farmers Began to make silk First dynasty called Xia

Possibly a mythical dynastyEmperors of this dynasty had hero

characteristics

SHANG DYNASTY IN CHINA Around the Yellow River

Valley, but claimed vassals in the west

Kept slaves (war captives) Accurate calendar for farming

purposes Advanced astronomy and

geometry Food surplus Specialization

Horse carriagesCompound bow

II. THE FIRST STATES EMERGED WITHIN CORE CIVILIZATIONS. B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states.

C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia and Babylonia — Sumerians, Akkadians and Babylonians — and Egypt and Nubia along the Nile Valley.

EMPIRES: SUMERIANS Many city-states expanded outside their

city center They did not last long nor did they have

a huge impact Spread the worship of each cities’ main

deity until the next city-state exapnded

EMPIRES:AKKADIAN “THE FIRST EMPIRE” Lugal was able to break away from the

temples and create his own palace Political peak was under Sargon I from 2334–

2279 BCE Sargon claimed to be the son of La'ibum and a

priestess of Ishtar He worked in irrigation projects, which allowed

him to manage many laborers He conquered Mesopotamia and into the

Mediterranean regions, where he erected statues of his victories

Spread the use of Akkadian language throughout the region

The Empire collapsed in 2154 BCE

EMPIRES: BABYLONIAN Akkadian speaking Semitic people group Created a new empire out of old

Akkadian lands Hammurabi

Part of the Amorite Dynasty 1894–1595 BCCreated a taxation system, a bureaucracy,

and a law code Invaded what will become Persia and fought

with Assyrians There were a couple of other dynasties

prior to next major Empire: the Assyrians

EMPIRES: EGYPTIAN Egyptian gained and lost control of

Nubia throughout the different kingdoms

The interest was in gold During the Midddle Kingdom, one of the

dynasties had Nubian Pharaohs The relationship was often one of

cooperation

II. THE FIRST STATES EMERGED WITHIN CORE CIVILIZATIONS. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons (such as compound bows or iron weapons) and modes of transportation (such as chariots or horseback riding) that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations.