EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG

Regions of the body:Anterior – referring to the front or near itPosterior – referring to the hind or near itDorsal – referring to a part or near or toward

the backVentral – toward the belly or near it

ANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

Location relative to the center of the body:Distal – away from the origin or main mass of the body

or farther from the middleLateral – side or near it. Toward the left, sinistral

toward the right, dextral Medial/central – middle part of the body toward the

belly (midpart)Proximal – near the origin/middle reference or the

main mass of the body

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING

Planes:Frontal (median) – dorsal or ventral portionSagittal (longitudinal) – into right or left sectionTransverse (cross) – into anterior or posterior section

location with reference to the directions of the body:Caudal – tailCranial/cephalic – headPectoral – chestpelvic - hips

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGBody of the frog

AXIAL REGION

Head (snout, nostrils (external nares),

nictating membrane, eyes and tympanum)

trunk

APPENDICULAR REGION

forelimbs, hump, anus, hindlimbs, foot, ankle, and webbed -

toes

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG Head:

Snout – anterior prolongation of the triangular headExternal nares – paired openings located at the snout

connected to internal nares (breathing)Mouth – lined with ventral and dorsal foldEars – tympanic membrane – covering of the eardrumEyes – located posterior to the nostril

Upper eyelid – borders the dorsal side; immovableLower eyelid – borders the ventral side; immovable; thinner

than upper eyelidThird eyelid (nictating membrane) – allows the frog to see

underwaterBrow spot – circular spot at the anterior level of the eyes

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG

Trunk Mid – dorsal line – prominent line that divides the

body symmetricallyHump – prominent protrusion in the mid part of

the trunkCloacal opening – common to both digestive tract

and urogenital system.

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG

Trunk – merges with the body- bears a forelimbs and hind limbs

Cavities in the bodyCranial cavity – houses the brainOrbital cavity – encloses the eyeNasal cavity – pair which open into the mouthBuccal cavity – encloses tongue and teethSpinal cavity – encloses the spinal cordThoracic cavity – encloses heart and lungsAbdominal cavity – encloses visceral organs

RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG

Based on this respiratory system of the frog can be divided into three main types

• Cutaneous respiration• Buccal respiration• Pulmonary respiration

RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG

Cutaneous respiration is the gaseous exchange between the skin of the frog and the external environment –water and air.

The skin of the frog is supplied with blood capillaries. The skin contains glands called the cutaneous glands,

which secrete mucous. This keeps the skin always moist and retains a thin

film of water underneath the surface of the skin.

RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG

This condition enables the exchange of air between the blood vessels and the outside environment.

They also resort to cutaneous respiration when they undergo either hibernation or aestivation.

RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG