Exploration and Exploration and ExpansionExpansion

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What factors contributed to What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and their age of discovery and expansion?expansion?

What were the general What were the general consequences of European consequences of European expansion?expansion?

TechnologyTechnology

Compass (China)Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs)Astrolabe (Arabs) Cartography (Ptolemy & Cartography (Ptolemy &

Byzantine & Arabs) – Byzantine & Arabs) – latitude and longitudelatitude and longitude

Triangle-shaped sails Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)(Arabs)

Gunpowder (China)Gunpowder (China) Multiple mastsMultiple masts

Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion Trade with AsiaTrade with Asia

• Marco PoloMarco Polo• SpicesSpices• Cut off by Arab empiresCut off by Arab empires

Economic and political Economic and political expansionexpansion

Three G’sThree G’s• Gold - WealthGold - Wealth• Glory – Power/EmpireGlory – Power/Empire• God - ChristianityGod - Christianity

PortuguesePortuguese Traveled down coast of Traveled down coast of Africa (Africa (Gold CoastGold Coast) and ) and over to India (spices)over to India (spices)

Prince Henry the Prince Henry the NavigatorNavigator – 1419, – 1419, established a school for established a school for sailorssailors

Bartholomew DiazBartholomew Diaz – 1487, – 1487, Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama – 1498, – 1498, around Africa to Indiaaround Africa to India

SpanishSpanish ColumbusColumbus (1492) (1492)

• Convinced Queen Isabella to support his journeyConvinced Queen Isabella to support his journey• Landed on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and CubaLanded on San Salvador, Hispaniola, and Cuba• Called natives “Indians”Called natives “Indians”• Never realized he wasn’t in AsiaNever realized he wasn’t in Asia• Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci – suggested Columbus found the – suggested Columbus found the

“New World” (Amerigo = America)“New World” (Amerigo = America) MagellanMagellan

• 1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain1519 Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain• Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan)Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan)• Named and crossed the Pacific OceanNamed and crossed the Pacific Ocean• Killed in the PhilippinesKilled in the Philippines• Del Cano led ship that Del Cano led ship that circumnavigatedcircumnavigated the world the world

Dividing the New WorldDividing the New World

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal each claimed each claimed Turned to Turned to PopePope for help for help 1494 – 1494 – Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas splits splits

new territorynew territory Brazil = PortugueseBrazil = Portuguese Rest of South America = SpanishRest of South America = Spanish

Spanish EmpireSpanish Empire Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

• Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beanssweet potatoes, beans

• Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox)ultimately disease (small pox)

ConquistadorsConquistadors• CortesCortes – took over – took over Aztecs in MexicoAztecs in Mexico• PizarroPizarro – took over – took over Incas in PeruIncas in Peru

EncomiendaEncomienda• Indians became slaves controlled by SpanishIndians became slaves controlled by Spanish• Indians were converted to CatholicismIndians were converted to Catholicism• Bartolome de las CasasBartolome de las Casas –monk; helped Indians –monk; helped Indians

European RivalsEuropean Rivals Dutch (Netherlands)Dutch (Netherlands)

• Trading company in IndiaTrading company in India• Henry HudsonHenry Hudson (1621) – claimed (1621) – claimed

New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam on the on the Hudson RiverHudson River

FrenchFrench• Looked for the Looked for the Northwest Northwest

PassagePassage through America through America• Da Verrazano, Cartier Da Verrazano, Cartier

(Montreal), Champlain (Montreal), Champlain (Quebec)(Quebec)

• Fur trade w/IndiansFur trade w/Indians EnglishEnglish

• John CabotJohn Cabot• Francis DrakeFrancis Drake - first - first

Englishman to circumnavigate; Englishman to circumnavigate; raided Spanish shipsraided Spanish ships

• Jamestown – John Smith – 1Jamestown – John Smith – 1stst perm. Engl. Settlement (1607)perm. Engl. Settlement (1607)

EnglishEnglish

New England settled by New England settled by PilgrimsPilgrims (Plymouth) and (Plymouth) and PuritansPuritans (Mass. Bay) (Mass. Bay)

Religious freedomReligious freedom Felt Anglican Church needed reformsFelt Anglican Church needed reforms Pilgrims – MayflowerPilgrims – Mayflower Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact – self-– self-

government; important document in government; important document in US HistoryUS History

New Economic SystemsNew Economic Systems

Joint Stock Companies Joint Stock Companies (like corporations, (like corporations, investments) invested in colonies for profitinvestments) invested in colonies for profit

Rise of Capitalism Rise of Capitalism – means of production – means of production are privately owned; supply and demandare privately owned; supply and demand

MercantalismMercantalism – mother country benefits – mother country benefits from colonies by exporting more than they from colonies by exporting more than they import; gain large amounts of gold/wealthimport; gain large amounts of gold/wealth

Triangular Trade Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, – Europe, Africa, Americas; key product: slavesAmericas; key product: slaves

Slave TradeSlave Trade

Slavery not new to AfricaSlavery not new to Africa• Sent to Middle East for domestic workSent to Middle East for domestic work

Sugarcane (Portuguese)Sugarcane (Portuguese)• Changed slavery for EuropeansChanged slavery for Europeans• Plantations in Caribbean and BrazilPlantations in Caribbean and Brazil

Grew fastGrew fast• 1616thth century – about 275,000 century – about 275,000• 1717thth century – over 1 million century – over 1 million• 1818thth century – over 6 million century – over 6 million

African slave traders controlled slave African slave traders controlled slave tradetrade

Middle PassageMiddle Passage Destroyed traditional African societies Destroyed traditional African societies

as demand for slaves increasedas demand for slaves increased

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Results of ExpansionResults of Expansion In EuropeIn Europe

• Economically successfulEconomically successful• Created rivalries as countries fought over coloniesCreated rivalries as countries fought over colonies

In AsiaIn Asia• Increased trade with EuropeIncreased trade with Europe• Beginning of “Western dominance”Beginning of “Western dominance”

In AfricaIn Africa• Dramatic increase of slave tradeDramatic increase of slave trade• European influence in the coastal areasEuropean influence in the coastal areas

In the AmericasIn the Americas• Destroyed native populationDestroyed native population• Began European dominance (Spanish)Began European dominance (Spanish)