The Age of Early European Exploration & Expansion
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Transcript of The Age of Early European Exploration & Expansion
By Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS & Laurie Johnson
A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire1. Exploring the west coast
of Africa.2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.4. Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
Fernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
Montezuma II
vs.
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Francisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa
Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR
CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs
Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping
Cough
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
aries
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.2. Portuguese replaced European
slaves with Africans.Sugar cane & sugar plantations.First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the
New World1. Encomienda
(forced labor)—royal grants of authority over the natives.
2. Estancias—land grants
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Spanish Mission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws 1542
New Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the
numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.2. Influx of gold, and
especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World Trade
The Price RevolutionUnprecedented inflation during
16th centuryCaused by
◦1. Population growth (Europe’s population doubled between 1460 & 1620)
◦2. Flow of silver into Europe from New World
The Effects of the Price Revolution in EnglandAs food prices increased, profit
incentive drove farmers to produce more food
Medieval farming vs. new incentives created by the price revolution
How landowners tried to transform their holdings into commercial agriculture:◦1. enclosure◦2. changed conditions of tenure
from copyhold to leasehold
The Effects of the Price Revolution in the NetherlandsDeveloped a new kind of farming—
convertible husbandry◦Replaced the old three-field system◦Alternated the planting of soil-
depleting cereals with the planting of soil-restoring legumes and grazing. 2 years—cereals, 3rd year—peas or
beans, next 4 or 5 years—pasture for grazing animals whose manure would restore the soil
Greatly increased productivity
The Expansion of Trade & IndustryRising demand stimulated trade
and industry. Demand was caused by◦Population growth◦Growing income of landlords &
merchants led to a demand for meat, cheese, fruit, wine, vegetables, sugar, & spices
◦Growth of the state led to increased demand for supplies
The Effects of the Price Revolution on Trade & Manufacturing
Specialization (Eng-wool, Fr & Neth-linen)Creation of regional or international
markets gave rise to the creation of merchant-capitalists◦ People whose operations extended across local &
national boundaries & whose mobility allowed them to buy or produce where costs were lowest and sell where prices were highest
◦ Example: the cottage industry or ”putting-out” system
◦ Significant step in evolution of capitalism because it bypassed the medieval guild system
Innovations in BusinessMore sophisticated banking operations
Double-entry bookkeepingDevelopment of maritime insurance
Development of joint-stock companies
Patterns of Commercial DevelopmentEngland and Netherlands led commercial
expansion—Why?Netherlands
◦ Dutch feudal culture was weak and commercial values were strong
◦ Small land area◦ Far larger percentage of urban population than
elsewhere◦ Devised a new boat (flyboat) which allowed them to
carry bulky grain shipments for lowest cost◦ Dutch displaced the Portuguese in the spice trade
with East Indies
England◦The landed gentry supported commercial
enterprises and vice versa◦17th century the British established a
colonial empire◦Gov’t economic policies reflected the
interest of big business Navigation Act allowed all English shippers to
carry goods anywhere instead of restricting trade with certain areas to specific traders.
Also gained the carrying trade from the Dutch
France and Spain—neither took advantage of the opportunities presented by the price revolution like England and the Netherlands◦ Why?
Aristocratic structure of French society—French nobles looked down on commerce
Guilds restricted competition and production & in France there were fewer opportunities for merchant-capitalists to operate outside the guilds
Spanish values regarded business as a “form of social heresy.” They were contemptuous of commerce & industry.
Spain wasted money on its empire and Catholicism rather than on investing in economic expansion.