EXPERT TOPIC - CATFISH

July | August 2013

EXPERT TOPIC - CATFISH

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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EXPERTT●PIC

July-August 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 39

Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

CATFISHEXPERT TOPICCHANNEL

World viewIn 2009, the total channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production was 449,753 tonneswith a value of more than US$658 millionannually (FAO).Of this, theUSAandChinacontributed 215, 887 tonnes and 223,233tonnesrespectively.

Although the USA and China are theprincipal channel catfish producers, severalothercountrieshavechannelcatfishaquacul-tureindustries.Brazilproducedalmost3,000tonnes in 2009 and Mexico has consistentlyproducedintheregionof1,500tonnesayear.

CostaRica’schannelcatfish industrystart-ed in the twenty-first centuryproducing100tonnesayear.However,thistailedoffandby2009,productionhadfallentojust10tonnes.

One country where the channel catfishindustry has grown rapidly is Cuba whereproductionrosefrom105tonnesin2000to6,031tonnesin2009.

In addition to the central and southAmerican countries, there is some interestin the species in eastern Europe. In Russia,channelcatfishproductionincreasedfrom65tonnesin200to145tonnesin2009.

BulgariahasreportedstatisticstotheFAOsince2005,althoughtheamountproducedisnotconsistent.Ahighof166tonnesin2005wasfollowedby60tonnesayearlater.

1 USASince commercial farming of channel cat-fish began in the middle of the twentiethcentury,thespecieshasbeenpopularwithUS consumers. By 2010, channel catfishhad cemented itself as a favourite on thenation's plates becoming the sixth mostconsumed fish or seafood in the USA,behind shrimp, tuna, salmon, tilapia andpollack.

As inputcostshaverisen, farmershavestruggledtomakecatfishfarmingprofitableandinrecentyears,thenumberoffacilitieshasdecreased.Acreage fellby50percentbetween 2001-2011. In 2012 there were718 facilities, a drop of 191 from theprevious year. This meant that the totalacreage area also declined from almost100,000 acres in 2011 to 89,400 acres in2012(NationalAgStatisticsService2012).

Despitethisfallinfarms,totalsaleshavebeen on the rise, amounting to US$341millionin2012,a20percentincreasefromthe previous year. Four states, Mississippi,Alabama, Arkansas and Texas, made up95 percent of total United States sales(NationalAgStatisticsService2013).

2 ChinaChannelcatfishaquacultureinChinabeganin1984with fish imported fromtheUSA.The fish was successfully reproduced in1987 and pond culture started a yearlater. Current annual processing of chan-nelcatfishproductioninChinaisbetween150,000 to 200,000 tons according toreport by Cai Yanzhi (Hubei ProvinceAquatic Products Scientific ResearchInstitute) and Xiao Youhong (NationalFisheryTechnicalExtensionStation).

From2000,exportsbegantotheUSA.However, in 2007, the US food safetywatchdog, the FDA, temporally haltedcatfish imports from China after traces ofantibioticsbannedintheUSAwerefoundintestedsamples.

CaiandXiaoarguethatChinesecatfishis well poised to take advantage of fallingUSproduction,bothtoestablishedcatfishimportersandtheUS itself.However, thereport claims Chinese catfish exportersface huge challenges including a lack ofstandardisation on farms and processingfacilitiesandstrictfoodsafetylaws,particu-larlyintheUSA.

38 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | July-August 2013 July-August 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 39

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Early history of the U.S. farm-raised catfish industry - 1914-1973by Jim Steeby, PhD, associate professor emeritus, Mississippi State University, USA

As early as 1914 a researcher bythe name ofA F Shira spawnedadult channel catfish by placingthem inasmallpondat theU.S.

Bureau Fisheries Station in Fairport, Iowa.The fish were provided with cheese andminnows as forage during the experiment.By 1916, Shira had placed nail kegs inthe ponds with the brood fish to providethemwithseminaturalspawningcavities.Ofcourse in thewild,most catfish species laytheireggmassinhollowlogsortunnelsleftby muskrats and beavers that are flooded.

Catfisheggs and frywere found in thenailkegs confirming their use by the brooders.He also noted that catfish would readilyconsumeavarietyoffeedstuffs.Severalstateand federal fish hatcheries worked withspawningandgrowingcatfishoverthenexttenyears.

Catfish in KansasBy1929abiologistnamedAlvinClappat

theKansasStateHatcheryatPrattKansaswithhisfacilitymanager,SethWay,completedthemodern catfish hatchery system we knowtoday. As demonstrated by Dose in 1925at this same facility, they placed sexed adultcatfish in ponds with nail kegs for spawning.They removed the egg masses from thekegstoan indoorhatcherywithtroughsandflowing water. The egg masses were placedin wire mesh baskets suspended in troughs

for hatching and provided rotating paddlesfirst powered by water and later by electricmotors.

By1930,thepropagationcatfishwaseasilyaccomplishedandcrudefeedshadbeensuc-cessfullyusedtoprovidethemwithnutrition.In 1946, the first commercial catfish farm ofrecordwasstartedinKingman,KansasbyWE‘Bus’Hartley.ItshouldbenotedthatKingmanis not far from the Kansas Fish Hatchery inPrattwereagreatdealoftheearlyworkwascompleted. Indeed, Seth Way near the endofhiscareerretiredfromthePrattHatcheryandpartneredwithHartley.ThephotoshowsHartley and Way standing near their pondsin Kingman, Kansas.Hartley saw the increas-ing demand for catfish to stock into privatepondsashobbyfishingwasontherise.WhileHartley grew minnows as well as bass andbluegill, by the early 1950s catfish was overhalfhisannualproduction.Workingwithlocal

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Billy McKinney


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feed mills he created oneof the early dry feed pelletdietsforcatfish.Someoftheearly work on catfish dietswas carried out in KansasbyDrOttoWTiemeier atKansasStateUniversity.

In 1974 Hartley wasselected as Catfish Farmerof the Year at the annualconvention in Memphis,Tennessee. By this time hehad been fish farming for30 years and had over 100ponds and290acresunderwater. He hatched, grewandprocessedhisown fish.He served on the boardof directors for the CatfishFarmersofAmericafromitsfounding. Indeed, Kingmanwas noted as the ‘catfishcapital’ of Kansas by thosearound the area. CentralKansas,fromPratttoKingman,couldbecon-sidered the cradle of the farm-raised catfishindustry.

Developments in ArkansasThe nursery of the farm-raised catfish

industry was Arkansas. Here minnow farm-inghadbeen in largepracticesincethe late

1930sandearly1940s.Growingbaitfishandbass andbluegill gave these farmers ahandand it could be said a wadder-up on thetransport, handling and husbandry of fish.Among those starting early and standingout was Eagar Farmer of Dumus, Arkansas.Buffalo fish (Ictiobus sp.) was an early meatfish grown by Arkansas fish farmers. It was

hardyandhadareadymarketthatcontinuesuntiltoday.

Ascatfishbecamemorepopularandprof-itabletheswitchfrombuffalofishwasrapid.In1973,whenhewasselectedascatfishfarmerof the year at the annualCatfish FarmersofAmerica Convention in New Orleans, LA,EagarFarmerhadover1,000acresofcatfish

Tom Reed, F B. Janous and Leroy Reed


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severalmillimeterstolessthan0.001micron.Fine filtration systems, such as microscreendrum filters which are already commonlyused in aquaculture, typically require muchlargerfilterscreensand/orhigherpressurestooperate effectively than a screen with largeropenings.

Centrifuges and hydro clones Centrifugesandhydroclonesaregrowing

inpopularityastheycrossfromdomesticuseintocommercialuse.Cylindricalinshape,themechanismrotates thecentralchamberveryrapidly,forcingwasteparticlesthataredenserthanthewatertothesidesofthecylinder.Alayerofwaterfromtheouterrimisthentakenout,whichremovesmostoftheparticleswithit,leavingthecleanwaterinthecentretobeputbackintotheaquaculturesystem.

Bruce Atkinson, aquaculture design andsalesmanager,Aquasonic,Australia,sayscen-trifugal solutions such as Waterco’s newrangeofMultiCyclonefilterscanallowyoutoincreasestockingrates.

“The link between feed rates andMultiCyclonesisfairlyobviousforfishculturesystems,” says Atkinson. “With the additionof theMultiCyclone,moreefficientmechani-cal filtration takes place and hence greatervolumes of feed can be introduced withoutsystem fouling caused by organic depositionandbacterialproliferation.

“This means stocking rates can beincreased,withsubsequent improvedpro-duction. MultiCyclones in fish culturesystems are best deployed on thesystemreturnpumppriorto,say,bagor cartridge polishing filters on thewaybacktothefishtank.”

Sand or bead filters Sand or bead filters can be either

fixedbedandparticlebedfiltersthatcon-sistofaboxfilledwithsandoranotherparticulatematerial.Toachievefinepar-ticle filtration, the filter medium shouldbe very fine grain and may also need tobepressurised.Waterpassesthroughthefixedbedeither in a downwarddirectionor and upward direction (down flow andupflow),andwasteparticlesareremovedby the sand/beads. The size of particlesremoveddependsonthesizeofthefiltermedium,flowrateandwastecharacteris-tics.Asand/beadfiltermayneedfrequentbackwashingifwasteisveryconcentrated.

Floatation or foam fractionation

Floatationorfoamfractionationisaformofchemicalfiltration;thistypeoffiltrationisabletoretrieveveryfineparticlesfromanaquaculturesys-tem,andisconsequentlyalready

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production.Hewasalsooneofthefoundersofacatfishprocessingcooperative inDumasand a long time board member for CatfishFarmersofAmerica.

Arkansas fish farmers relied heavily ontheU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceFishStationat Stuttgart, Arkansas directed by KermitSneed,andtheMarineFisheriesServiceGearTechnologyStationatKelso,Arkansasdirect-edbyDonaldGreenland,fornewinformationand technical advice. Early Stuttgart staffincludedafullrangeofexperts:MayoMartin(extension),WaltHastings(nutrition),DeweyTackett (chemist), and Fred Meyer (diseasediagnostics).

AlabamaIn the 1960s asArkansaswas switching

tocatfish,Alabamabegan toplaya role intheearlyphasesofuniversity researchandprocessing.AtAuburn,DrHomer Swinglehad been constructing farm ponds and

investigat-ing theiruse begin-ning in1940. Hisearlyworkwith thescienceof rec-reationalpond

management left Auburn in place to traina growing number of students and easilymove to catfish and many other species.Hebegannutritionworkoncatfishasearlyas 1950. The Federal hatchery in Marion,Alabamabeganunder thedirectionof JackSnow (an Auburn graduate) in 1950, andwasagreatsourceofhelptofishfarmers.

Early commercial pioneers in Alabamabeginning fromaround1960 includeRichardTrue,CheckStephens and JoeGlover.Theyused the information published by KermitSneed and Howard Clemens to artificiallyinduce spawning of channel catfish usinghormonesonacommercialbasis.They insti-tutedthefirstrecordeduseofacommercialskinningmachinetoremovetheskinofcatfish.Previously itwasdonebyhandwithgrippingpliers.

True and Glover moved to Mississippi inthe early 1970s as the industry was rapidlyshiftingtothedelta.Theybothworkedmany

years in large scale commercial processing.They were also instrumental in starting theCatfish Marketing Association in 1972. Thisearly promotion of the industry paid for byprocessors, appeared at food shows andnational restaurant association meetings andwas likely critical to the industry growththat would follow in the 1970s and 1980s.ThoseremaininginAlabamafarmingformanyyearswereWilliamEasterling,DanButterfield,DavidPearce,andThadSpree.

The catfish industry comes of age in Mississippi

The catfish industry grew up and cameof age in Mississippi. With its warm climateand vast land acres of heavy clay soil andabundant ground water it was the fertileplacewhereresourceswerenearlyunlimited.Herelargefarmswithlandformingequipmentcouldquicklyconstructpondsandhavewellsinstalled.

Billy McKinney and his partner, RaymondBrownwerethefirstfarmersofrecord(1965)toconstructapondtoproducealargecropof catfish, 10,000 pounds, that when har-vestedhadtobetransportedsome600milesto central Kansas to be processed and sold.Inthenextyearhewouldpartnerwithotherfarmers, including Tom Reed, Leroy Reed,andB F Janous, JohnPeaster,TRColeman,MelvinandWFAndersonamongothers toformalocalprocessingplant inMorganCity,


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MS.Theyopenedacatfishrestaurantnearbyshortlyafterin1967.

In the mid 1960s Bobby Thompson andWF ‘Skinner’Andersonteameduptogrowhatch and grow fingerlings for the rapid-ly expanding industry. By 1970 the catfishindustry was well established in Mississippi,ArkansasandAlabama.

In 1974, dissatisfied with the quality andpriceofcommercialcatfishfeedseveralgrow-ers,includingTomReedIII,organisedagrow-er-owned feed mill near Belzoni, Mississippi.This producers’ feed mill would serve theindustry as a major source of feed for thenext20years.

The expanding industry in Mississippibegan to experience fish health andwater quality problems on a large scale.With advice and input from county agentTommy Taylor and growers, MississippiStateUniversity initiateddiseasediagnostic,extension and research services to catfishfarmers under Leader Dr Tom Wellbornfrom1971-1987.

Spreading throughout the USABetween 1960 and 1970, theU.S. farm-

raised catfish industrywent from600 acresto 40,000 acres. In 1970 Catfish farmswere found in Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri,Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,GeorgiaandKansas.Thestagewasnowset

forgrowthandgrowingpainsforthenext30yearstocome.

By1999,the industryhadexpandedtoover four times the water acres in 1970withMississippialonehavingover100,000wateracresofponds.Thousandsofpeoplewouldbe involvedwith feedmanufacture,feeding, harvesting, processing, researchand extension phases of the expandingindustry.

Expansion of the U.S. Farm-Raised

Catfish industry for thenext30yearsandthedecline from2002 topresentdayaretwo more stories for another time. Herewe celebrate those early pioneers thatworked with many unknowns and setthe course for most of us that followed.It should be noted here that the StateFish Hatchery at Pratt, Kansas is still inoperationandtheHartleyFishHatcheryatKingmanisstilloperatedby ‘Bus’Hartley’ssons,BillandJerry.

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T3 (10 gHydroyeastAquaculture®/Kgdiet),whichweregave significantly (P≤0.05) finalbody weight, AWG, RGR, ADG and SGRthan the control (T1). But, no significant (P≥ 0.05) differences between T2 and T3 forfinalweight,AWGandADG,aswellasinSRamongalltreatments.

FemaleData of growth performance parameters

of adult females O. niloticus revealed thatT7 (10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet)was the best treatment followed by T6 (5g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet), whichwere gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increasedfinal body weight, AWG, RGR, ADG andSGRthanT8(15gHydroyeastAquaculture®/Kg diet) and the control (T5).However, nosignificant (P≥ 0.05) effects in SR among alltreatments(Table5).

Feed and nutrients utilizationMale

Resultsoffeednutrientsutilizationparam-etersofadultmalesO. niloticuswereshownin Table 6, whereas T4 gave the highestsignificantly(P≤0.05)increasedFE,PERandthebestFCRfollowedbyT2comparedwiththecontrol(T1)andT3.Incontrast,PPVorEU increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in T1followedbyT2 comparedwithT3 andT4.However, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) differ-encesinFIamongalltreatments.Female

Adult females' O. niloticus fed 10 gHydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T7)showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase inFI,FE,PERandthebestFCRfollowedbyfishfed5gHydroyeastAquaculture®/kgdiet(T6)compared with the control (T1). However,treatment 6 gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05)increaseofPPVandEUamongalltreatments(Table7).

Generally, the differences between males

andfemaleswithinalltreatmentsconcerning,feedandnutrientsutilizationparametersmaybeduetothedifferencesinsexes,metabolism,physiologicalresponsesandsexualbehavioursoffishduringthisstageoflife.

Fish carcass compositionMale

Proximate chemical analysis of the wholeadultmaleO. niloticusbodyat thestartandatthe end of theexperiment issummarized inTable 8. Thesedata indicatedthat there weresignificant (P ≤0.05) increasesof DM and ECcontent in thecontrol group(T1) comparedwith the dietaryinclusion ofHydroyeastAquaculture®(T2,T3andT4),but CP contentwas increasedsignificantly (P ≤0.05)inT1orT2than the T3 andT4. However,an unclear trendwas observed inEE, where theincreasing in EEcontent was notsignificant in T1compared withT3 and T4 andsignificant ascompared withT2.Incontrast,of

theseresultsashcontentincreasedsignificantlyinT3andT4comparedwithT2andthecontrolT1.Generally,proximatechemicalanalysisofthewholefishbodyatthestart,revealedhigherDM,EEandECthanintheendoftheexperiment,butCPandashwereloweratthestartthanattheendoftheexperiment.Female

Adult female O. niloticus fed the 5 gHydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T6)

table 9: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult female O. niloticus

% on dry matter basis

treat. DM CP ee ash eC

at the start of the experiment

24.3 59.2 23.6 17.1 557.5


t5 20.9b 53.9c 26.8a 19.1a 557.7b

t6 22.4a 60.2a 24.1b 15.7b 566.9a

t7 17.1d 55.7b 25.7a 18.5a 557.6b

t8 18.4c 55.6bc 25.7a 18.6a 559.9b

± Se 0.09 0.50 0.44 0.29 2.54

P- value 0.0001 0.0001 0.015 0.0001 0.070

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error

table 8: effects of Hydroyeast aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult male O. niloticus

% on dry matter basis

treat. DM CP ee ash eC


25.3 52.2 30.7 16.9 585.1

at the end of the experiment

t1 24.8a 58.9a 25.2a 15.9c 570.4a

t2 20.6b 58.1a 23.8b 18.1b 552.9b

t3 18.2c 55.4b 24.3ab 20.3a 541.8c

t4 17.9c 55.5b 24.8ab 19.7a 547.5bc

± Se 0.19 0.55 0.37 0.35 2.21

P- value 0.0001 0.003 0.123 0.0001 0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error


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Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture

– as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

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EXPERT TOPIC – channel catfish

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