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May | June 2013EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
INCORPORAT ING
f Ish fARmING TeChNOlOGy
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3/1542 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERTTPIC
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.
SHRIMP
EXPERT TOPIC
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ShrimpFarmedshrimpwasa$US10.6billionindus-try in 2005 (WWF).The species is one of
the fastest growing in aquaculture with an
approximaterateof10percentannually.The
productionof whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei) in
particular, generated the highest value of
majorculturedspeciesat$US11.3billion.
L. vannameiwasfirstcultivatedinFloridain
1973fromlarvaespawnedandshippedfrom
awild-caughtmatedfemalefromPanama.In
1976,duetogoodpondresultsandadequate
nutrition, the culture of L. vannamei began
in South andCentralAmerica.By the early
1980s,throughintensivebreedingandrearing
techniques,L. vannameiwasbeingdeveloped
intheUSA (includingHawaii), andmuch of
CentralandSouthAmerica(FAO).
L. vannameiispopularbecauseofitshigh
yieldandshortgrowoutperiod. The yield
per hectareis uptothree timesthat ofthe
giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The
grow out period is also shorter for L. van-
namei,60-90days,comparedto90-120daysforP. monodon.Overall,itcostsabouthalfas
muchtoproduceakiloofL. vannameiasit
doestoproduceakiloof P. monodon.
1
ChinaAlthough, L. vannamei was introduced intoAsiain1978-9,itwasnotuntil1996thatthe
specieswascultivatedonacommercialscale.
FirstinMainlandChinaandTaiwanandsubse-
quentlytothePhilippines,Indonesia,Vietnam,
Thailand,MalaysiaandIndia.
Thelargestseafoodproducerandexport-
erintheworld,Chinaalsoboastsa largeL.
vannameiproductionindustry,withMainland
China producing more than 270,000 met-
ric tonnes in 2002. Production reached an
estimated300,000metric tonnes (71%
of the countrys total shrimp
production)in2003andhit700,000tonnes
in2004(NetworkofAquacultureCentresin
Asia-Pacific).
MoreInforMatIon:
www.enaca.org
byMarnieSnell
May-June 2013 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | 43
EXPERTTPIC
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4
5
2
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2
IndiaInthe1990s,Indianshrimpaquacultureexpe-
rienced rapid growth. Production increased
from 30,000 tonnes in 1990 to 102,000
tonnes in 1999 (FAO). This expansion
brought economic success for the country.
Bythestart ofthe21stcentury,theshrimp
aquaculture sector accounted 1.6 percent
of Indian export earnings and employed an
estimated200,000people.
Yet the development of shrimp aquac-
ulture hasbecome more controversial. The
introduction of L. vannamei in 2009hasled
towidespread illegal farming and posed the
threatofdisease.However, thereareorgani-
sations dedicated to tackling the problem.
One example is the Coastal Aquaculture
Authority (CAA)which aims to shut down
unregistered shrimp hatcheries and farms.
Thescaleoftheissueisratherlargeasoutof14,549CAAregistered farms, just246 have
permissiontocultivatewhitelegshrimp.
MoreInforMatIon:
www.fao.org/docrep/x8080e/x8080e08.htm
www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/arti-
cle2878953.ece
3
EcuadorThe1970ssetapresidentforthedevel-
opment of Ecuadors shrimp farming
industry.L. vannamei,capturedfromthe
beachsurfwastransferredinto20-hec-
tare ponds that Ecuadorian producers
builtonmudflats.
Dur ing the mid-1970s , animal
feed andpetfood company,Ralston
Purinabeganconductingpondtrialsin
Ecuadorto demonstrate the benefits
offeeding.
As land and labour were cheap,
diseasewas rare andwild seedwas in
abundance,theshrimpfarmingbusiness
was profitable and by 1977, approxi-
mately 3,000 hectares of extensive
shrimp farms had been developed in
Ecuador.
As a result, shrimp feedmillsweredeveloped during the 1980s, marking
thetransitionofEcuadorian farmsfrom
extensivetosemi-intensiveproduction.
MoreInforMatIon:
www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/
HistoryFolder/HistoryWorldShrimpFarming/
ChamberlainsHistoryOfShrimpFarming.html
4
BrazilAlthough shrimp farming was already
operational during the 1980s, it was
the introductionofL. vannameiin1992that
allowedforaswiftexpansioninBrazilsshrimp
farming industry. Shrimp culture is nowone
ofthemostorganisedsectorswithinBrazilian
aquaculture.
In 2003, the total production of L. van-
nameireached90,190tonnesproducedfrom
14,824ha of shrimp ponds. In some states,
productivity reached 8,700 kg/ha/year with
the best yields obtained in the northeast
region.
With exports reaching 60,000 tonnes in
2003,representing60.5%ofthetotalBrazilian
fisheryexportandgeneratingUS$230million
for the Brazilian economy, shrimp culture is
now one of the most important economic
activitiesintheNortheastregion.
Most oftheshrimpfarmsaresmall scale
(75%),followedbymedium(9.6%)andlarge
scale (5.52%). The average yield increased
from1 015 kg/ha/year in1997to6,084kg/ha/yearin2003,comparedtoaninternational
averageof958kg/ha/year(FAO).
MoreInforMatIon:
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_brazil/en
5
ThailandShrimpfarminghasbeenpractisedinThailand
formorethan30years,withitsdevelopment
expandingrapidlyduringthemid-1980s.This
expansion was supported by advances in
shrimpfeedandthesuccessfulproductionof
larvaein1986.
The most popular shrimp cultivated in
thecountryis thegiant tigerprawn (Penaeus
monodon)whichaccounts for 98percentof
shrimpproductionandaround40percentof
total brackish water aquaculture production
(FAO). L. vannamei was first introduced to
Thailandinthelate1990sasanalternativeto
thenativeP. monodon.
Theproductionof L. vannameiinThailand
rapidlyincreasedfrom10,000metrictonsin
2002 (Briggs et al. 2004) to approximately
300,000 metric tons in 2004, which com-prised 80 percent of total marine shrimp
production.
MoreInforMatIon:
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_thailand/en
Indiasindigenousshrimp
Th e R aj iv G an dh i C en tr e f or
Aquaculture (RGCA) inTamilNadu,
Indiahasproducedaspecificpathogen
free varietyof shrimp.The newvariety is
settohelpcommercialshrimpfarmersand
boostIndiasseafoodexports.
Theselectivelybredmother shrimps are
capable of producing quality seeds that
harnesshighergrowthandsurvivalrates.
Unt il now, Indian shr imp hatcher ies
importedsuchbrood stockfromtheUSA,
Thailand and Singapore, resulting in high
shipping costsand bigtransit losses.The
averagecostof brood stockwas estimated
atRs5,000.
It is estimatedthat 80 percent of Indias
shrimpfarmersaresmallscale-thequalityof
seedslargelyaffectstheircropsuccess.Duetothehighcosts,somehatcherieshavebeen
sourcingbrood stock fromshrimpponds,
whichultimatelyresultsintheproductionof
poorqualityseedsandsubsequentcroploss
tofarmers.
2
44 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013
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Cause
of EMS
detected
The pathogen which
causesearlymortality
syndrome (EMS) has
been identif ied by
researchers at the University
ofArizona,USA.
A research team led by
DonaldLighterfoundthatEMS,
or more technically known as
acutehepatopancreaticnecrosissyndrome (AHPNS), is caused
by a bacterial agent, which is
transmittedorally, colonizesthe
shrimpgastrointestinaltractand
producesatoxinthatcausestis-
suedestructionanddysfunction
of the shrimp digestive organ
knownasthehepatopancreas.
Thediseasewasfirstrecord-
ed in China in 2009 and has
sincespreadtoVietnam(2011),
Thailand (2012) and Malaysia
(2012). EMS kills shrimp
between 10-40 days after the
post-larvalstagewithmortalities
of up to 70 percent. Shrimp
thatsurvive suffer fromstunted
growthandtaletwiceaslongto
achievesignificantgrowout.
The economic impact of
EMS is perhaps yet to be
fully felt. However, the dis-
ease is one of the most sig-
nificant reasons in the fall in
Thai shr imp production. In
2010, the country produced
600,000 toms of shrimp butby2012,thisfigurehasfallen
to 500,000 tons, a drop of
around18percent.
Lightnersteamidentifiedthe
EMSpathogenasauniquestrain
of a relat ively common bac-
terium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
thatisinfectedbyavirusknown
asa phage,whichcauses it to
release a potent toxin.A simi-
lar phenomenon occurs in the
humandiseasecholera,wherea
phagemakestheVibrio cholerae
bacteriumcapableofproducing
atoxinthatcausescholeraslife-
threateningdiarrhea.EMShow-
ever,isnotadangertopeople.
Research continues on the
development of d iagnostic
tests for rapid detectionof the
EMS pathogen that will ena-
ble improved management of
hatcheriesandponds,andhelp
leadtoalong-termsolutionfor
thedisease. Itwillalso enablea
betterevaluationofrisksassoci-
atedwithimportationoffrozenshrimporotherproductsfrom
countriesaffectedbyEMS.
Somecountrieshave imple-
mentedpoliciesthatrestrictthe
importation of frozen shrimp
or other products from EMS-
affected countries. Lightner
said frozen shrimp likely pose
a low risk for contamination
of wild shrimp or the envi-
ronment because EMS-infected
shrimp are typically very small
and do not enter international
commerce. Also, his repeated
attemptstotransmitthedisease
usingfrozentissuewereunsuc-
cessful.
Inanefforttolearnfrompast
epidemics and improve future
policy, the World Bank and
the Responsible Aquaculture
Foundation, a charitable edu-
cation and training organisa-
tion founded by the Global
Aquaculture Alliance, initiated
acasestudyonEMSinVietnam
in July 2012. Its purpose wasto investigate the introduction,
transmission and impacts of
EMS,and recommendmanage-
ment measures for the public
andprivatesectors.
6
46 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013
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Applicationof isotopictechniquesto assess thenutritionalperformance ofmacroalgae infeeding regimesfor shrimp
by Julin Gamboa-Delgado
PhD, research officer, ProgramaMaricultura, Universidad Autnomade Nuevo Len, Mexico
Due to their nutritional prop-
er ties, several species of
macroalgae have beenusedas
dietarysupplementsforshrimps
andothermarinespecies.Sincemacroalgae
represent a natural source of nutrients in
the shrimps natural environment, attempts
have been done to co-culture macroalgae
andshrimps.
The nutritional
performance
and digestibil-
ityofmacroalgae-
derived meals
havebeen tested
informulateddiets
forshrimp.Oneof
theaspects requir-
ingfurtherresearch
is represented by
the lossofnutritional
properties occurring
when the macroalgal
biomass is dried out as
compared when the algal
biomass is ingested as live
biomass.
Several nutritional method-
ologieshavebeenusedtoevalu-
ate the performance of different
ingredients used or proposed foraquaculturefeeds.Theuseofstableisotopes
astoolstoassessnutritionalcontributionsof
specificingredientstogrowthisoneofmany
emerging nutritional techniques applied in
aquaculture.
Thechemical compositionof macroalgae
variesamongspeciesandenvironmentalcon-
ditions;however,mostarerichinnon-starch
polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals. In
particular, greenmacroalgae (Chlorophyceae)
oftenhavehigherproteincontentthanbrown
seaweeds.Suchnutritionalproperties,incon-
junction with novel macroalgae production
methods,haveincreasedtheinterestintheir
use as dietary ingredients for aquaculture
diets.Additionally,therearestudiesthathave
focusedontheiruseasadditivestoenhance
theimmunologicalstatusofthefarmedanimals.
The green macroalgae Ulva (Enteromorpha)
clathrata, a lso known as aonori in Asian
countries,hasworldwidedistributionanddue
to its nutritional profile, has been evaluated
as a dietary supplement for aquatic species.
U. clathratahasbeenmass-culturedinrecent
yearsunderapatentedtechnologydeveloped
by Aonori Aquafarms Inc. By applying this
methodology,macroalgae biomass is rapidly
grownin pondswithouteliciting detrimental
effectstotheenvironment.
Evaluation of macroalgae inshrimp nutrition studies
Althoughithasbeenobservedthatuseof
macroalgal biomass alone as feed does not
fulfilthenutritionalrequirementsfor optimal
growth in marine shrimp, co-culture of U.clathrataandPacificwhiteshrimp L. vannamei
hasbeen conductedwith positive results in
termsof lower feedutilizationand improve-
ment of the shrimp nutritional quality, flesh
colourandtexture.
Recentnutritionalstudieshavealsoshown
that when dry Ulva clathrata meal is fed
to Pacific white shrimp as an ingredient in
practicaldiets,it hasan apparentdigestibility
coefficientfordrymatterof83percent,while
the same value for protein is 90 percent.
However,thehighashcontentandtherela-
tivelylowproteincontentofthismacroalgae
species prevent its dietary inclusion at high
levels when attempting to replace other
ingredientssuchasfishmeal.
Stable isotopes to assessthe nutritional contributionof macroalgae
Over the last fewdecades, different iso-
topicmethodologieshavebeenadoptedfrom
theecologicalsciencesandhavebeenapplied
toanimalnutritionstudies.Mostelementsin
organicmatter are present astwoormorestable isotopes and heavier isotopes have
a tendency to accumulate in animal tissue.
For example, animal predators have higher
isotopicvalues thantheirpreys; therefore,a
specificisotopicsignatureisconferredtoeach
Table 1: Growth, surviva rate and estimated consumption of formuated feed and ivemacroagae biomass (dry weight) by juvenie litopenaeus vannamei reared on five differentfeeding regimes for 28 days (n= 8-20, mean vaues SD)
Feedingregime
Surviva (%)Fina wet
weight (mg)Weight
increase (%)
Consumedformuatedfeed (g)
ConsumedU. cathrata
(g)
100F 95 13a 995 289a 429 0.94 -
75F/25U 93 11a 1067 364a 467 0.81 0.40
50F/50U 78 11ab 768 273ab 308 0.43 0.44
25F/75U 60 21b 424 207b 125 0.14 0.65
100U* 23 4c 221 49c 18 - 1.32
Initial wet weight = 188 28 mg
Different superscripts indicate significant differences at p
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trophic level (primary producers, herbivores,
carnivores).
Inthecaseofplantsandmacroalgae,their
carbonisotopevaluesarestronglyinfluenced
by the typeofphotosynthesis they present.
Ontheotherhand,thenitrogenstableiso-
topevaluesofplantsandmacroalgaecanbe
easilymanipulatedbymeansofspecificfertilis-
ers,toeventuallyconductnutritionalstudies.
Byusingsuchtechniques,itcanbepossible
to determine the proportions of available
dietary nutrients that have been selected,
ingested and incorporated into animal tis-
sue (Figure 1). As the average sample size
required for stable isotope analysis (carbon
and nitrogen) isonly 1mgof dry tissue or
testdiet,thetechniquehasbeenveryusefulin
larvalnutritionstudies.Ithasbeenemployed
toquantifytheproportionsofnutrientsincor-
poratedfromliveandformulatedfeedsinfish
andcrustaceanlarvae.
Likewise, stable isotope analyses of dif-
ferent plant-derived ingredients (soyproteinisolate,cornglutenandpeameal)havebeen
carriedouttoexplorethecontributionofthe
dietarynitrogensuppliedbythesesources(as
comparedtofishmeal)toshrimpgrowth.In
thecontextofmacroalgaeassourceofnutri-
ents, isotopic techniqueshave been applied
as nutritional tools to quantify the relative
contributionsofdietarycarbon andnitrogen
tothegrowthofPacificwhiteshrimpco-fed
formulatedfeedandlivemacroalgalbiomass
ofU. clathrata.
Experimentaldesign
Taking advantage
of the contrast-
ing natural carbon
and nitrogen stable
isotopevaluesmeas-
uredinacommercial
formulated feed and
inlivemacroalgalbio-
mass ofU. clathrata,
the study aimed to
quantify the relative
contributionofnutri-
entstothegrowthof
Pacific white shrimp.
Animalswereallocat-
edtoduplicatetanks
individuallyfittedwithairliftsandconnected
toanartificial-seawaterrecirculationsystem.
Feeding regimes consisted of a positive
isotopic control (100% formulated feed,treatment 100F), anegative isotopic control
(100% macroalgae, treatment 100U) and
three co-feeding regimes in which 75, 50,
and25percentofthedailyamountofcon-
sumed macroalgal biomass was substituted
by formulated feed (treatments 75F/25U,
50F/50U, and 25F/75U, respectively) on a
dryweightbasis.
Thedigestibilityofbothfeedingsourc-
es for L. vannamei has been previously
assessed and is s imilar ly high (>80%).
Live macroalgae was supplied to shrimp
by attaching the algal biomass to plastic
meshunitsfromwhichthealgalfilaments
wereconstantlyavailableandeasilynibbleduponbyshrimp.
Feedingrationsandproportionswerepro-
gressivelyadjustedinrelationtotheamount
ofmacroalgalbiomassconsumed,animalsur-
vival and sampling. Shrimp samples (whole
bodies and muscle tissue) anddiet samples
were collected andpre-treated for isotopic
analysis.
Growth and survivalThere was a high variability in final wet
Figure 1: Carbon and nitrogen flow in shrimps producedunder semi-intensive farming conditions. Bold arrows
indicate components that can be isotopically analyzed todetermine their origin and fate
May-June 2013 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | 49
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weightofshrimpsunderthedifferentdietary
treatments; however, a clear tendency for
highergrowthwasobservedinshrimpsreared
on regime 75F/25U (1,067 364 mg, final
meanweight),followedby shrimps fedonly
onformulatedfeed(995289mg).Shrimpsfrom both feeding regimes increased their
weightmorethan400percent(Table1).
Animals fed only on U. clathrata bio-
mass showed very low growth (221 49
mg) and only 23percent oftheanimalsin
this treatment survived by day 21. Higher
survival rates (93-95%) were observed in
shrimpsrearedonfeedingregimes100Fand75F/25U,whileshrimpsindietarytreatments
50F/50Uand25F/75Uhadrespectivemean
survival rates of 78 and 60
percent. The positive effect
of supplying both, live feeds
andformulateddietshasbeen
recurrentlyobservedinprevi-
ouscrustaceanstudies.
Dietary contributionsfrom macroalgae andformulated feed
At the end of the experi-
ment,isotopicvaluesofshrimp
tissue reared on co-feeding
treatments were strongly
biased towards the isotopic
valuesofU. clathratabiomass.
Figure 2 combines carbon
and nitrogen stable isotope
values measured in shrimps
and providesa graphic indica-
tionofthetotalorganicmatter
contributed by both, the for-
mulated feedandmacroalgae.Resultsfromanisotopicmixing
modelindicatedthatshrimpsin
the three co-feeding regimes
incorporatedsignificantlyhigher
amountsofdietarycarbonand
nitrogenfromU. clathratabiomassthanfrom
theformulatedfeed(Table2).
Attheendoftheexperiment,shrimpsin
treatment75F/25U incorporated68 percent
ofcarbon fromthe formulated feedand 32
percentfromthemacroalgae.Shrimpsunder
feedingregimes50F/50Uand25F/75Uincor-
poratedsignificantlyhigheramountsofdietary
carbonfromU. clathrata(49and80%,respec-
tively) when compared to the expected
dietarycarbonproportionssuppliedbythese
theco-feedingregimes (34and 70%,respec-
tively). Shrimp grown in co-feeding regime
75F/25Uincorporated27percentofnitrogen
fromtheformulatedfeedandtheremaining
73 percent from the macroalgal biomass,
whileanimalsrearedonregimes25F/75Uand
50F/50U incorporated the majority of their
dietary nitrogen (98 and 96%, respectively)
fromthemacroalgae.
Thelower growthattainedbythese ani-
malsindicatedthataveryhighproportionof
theisotopicchangewasduetohighnitrogenmetabolic turnoverand not totissue accre-
tion. Due to its lower carbon and nitrogen
contents, themacroalgal biomass had tobe
consumedathigheramountsinordertosup-
ply theobservedelementalcontributions to
shrimpwholebodiesandmuscletissue.
The availability andincorporation of nutrients fromformulated and live feeds
The higher than expected contributions
ofmacroalgalcarbonandnitrogentoshrimpgrowth are possibly related to the high
digestibilityofU. clathrataanditscontinuous
availabilityforshrimp.ChemicalanalysesofU.
clathratahaveshownthatittypicallycontains
lowtomediumproteinlevels(20-30%)and
very low lipid levels. The cell wall polysac-
charidesinmacroalgaemightrepresentmore
than half of dry algalmatter,but a tentative
roleofthelatterasenergysourceisunlikelyas
specificenzymaticactivitiesforthesepolysac-
charides (ulvanase, fucoidanase) have not
beenreported forPenaeid shrimps.Despite
their lower nutrient concentration, live feed
containshigherwatercontentwhichcontrib-
utestohigherdigestibility.
In contrast, formulated feed can contribute
nutrients thatare scarceorabsent in live feed,
buttheincorporationofsuchnutrientsislimited
bylowfeeddigestibilityorunsuitableformulation.
Previous co-feedingexperiments conductedon
postlarval shrimp and larval fish have shown
thatthesuppliedlivefeedfrequentlycontributes
higherproportionsofnutrientstothegrowthof
the consuming animals than those supplied by
formulatedfeedsinco-feedingregimes.
ConclusionAlthoughthelivemacroalgaebyitselfwas
not nutritionally complete for Pacific white
shrimp, it supplied a verysignificantpropor-
Table 2: stimated cntributin f dietary nitrgen suppliedfrm frmulated feed and live bimass fUlva clathrataandincrprated in tissue f pstlarval Pacific white shrimp L.vannameias indicated by stable istpe analysis.
Feeding regime
xpected* observed
Whlebdies
Muscletissue
75F/25U
Frmulated feed 79.6a** 15.9 b 20.5 b
Ulva bimass 20.4 84.1 79.5
50F/50U
Frmulated feed 66.1a 2.2 b 6.9 b
Ulva bimass 33.9 97.8 93.1
25F/75U
Frmulated feed 30.1a 1.0 b 3.2 b
Ulva bimass 69.9 99.0 96.8
*Expected proportions are estimated from the actualproportions of formulated feed and macroalgal biomassoffered (on a dry weight basis)
**Superscripts indicate significant differences betweenexpected and observed dietary contributions
Figure 2: Carbon and nitrogen dual isotope () plot of whole bodies and muscletissue of white shrimp L. vannameireared on feeding regimes consisting of different
proportions of formulated feed and live U. clathrata biomass. Muscle tissue valuesfor treatment 100U were estimated for day 28 from values in whole bodies. n= 2-4,
mean values SD
50 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERTTPIC
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tionof structural carbon and nitrogenwhen
co-fedwithformulatedfeed.
However, the high amount of nutrients
derivedfrom thelivemacroalgaebiomassin
co-feeding regimes supplying more than 50
percentofmacroalgae,wasnotreflectedina
fastgrowthincrease.Thiswaspossiblydueto
therestriction ofother nutrients inthis mac-
roalgae species. Interestingly, shrimp under
the co-feeding regime supplying 75 percent
of formulated feed and 25 percent of live
macroalgae biomass showed higher growth
ratesthananimalsrearedonlyoncommercial
formulatedfeed,althoughthedifferencewas
notstatisticallysignificant.
Thelowlevelsofenergy,aminoacidsand
fatty acids in the macroalgae biomass avail-
able to shrimp, were compensated through
high ingestion rates, which caused a higher
incorporation of nutrients in shrimp tissue.
Ontheotherhand, itis very likely that the
carbohydrates and lipids supplied by the
formulated feed significantly contributed totheenergyrequirementsofshrimpunder the
threeco-feedingregimes.
Theimportanceofthenaturalproductivityto
shrimpgrowninsemi-intensivelymanagedponds
has been widely documented. The systematic
useofmacroalgaeinproductionpondsnotonly
providesasignificantnutritionalsupplytocultured
organisms,butalsoofferssubstrateforperiphyton
growthandrefugeformoultingshrimps.Inaddi-
tion,ithasbeendemonstratedthatUlva clathrata
andothermacroalgaespeciesareefficientremov-
ers of the main dissolved inorganic nutrients,
hencemaintaining goodwater quality levels in
aquaculturepondsandeffluents.
Diverseisotopictechniquescanbeapplied
toelucidatethetransferofnutrientsatthelevel
ofaminoacidsandfattyacids;therefore,future
experimentalassaysmightrevealwhatspecific
nutrientsarecontributedfromthemacroalgal
biomass(oranyothercomponentofthenatu-
ral biota) and from the supplied formulated
feeds.Thelossofsomenutritionalproperties
thatoccursindietaryingredientsthatundergo
drying (or freezedrying) hasnotbeen thor-
oughly explained and future studies applying
stableisotopesmight shed somelighton the
differences observed when aquatic animals
consumemoistordrydietarycomponents.
References
Burtin,P.2003.Nutritionalvalueofseaweeds.
Electron.J.Environ.Agric.FoodChem.2:498503.
Cruz-Surez,L.E.,A.Len,A.Pea-Rodrguez,G.
Rodrguez-Pea,B.Moll,D.Ricque-Marie.2010.
Shrimp/Ulvaco-culture:asustainablealternativeto
diminishtheneedforartificialfeedandimprove
shrimpquality.Aquaculture301:6468.
Gamboa-Delgado,J.2013.Nutritionalroleof
naturalproductivityandformulatedfeedinsemi-
intensiveshrimpfarmingasindicatedbynatural
stableisotopes.ReviewsinAquacultureInpress.
Gamboa-Delgado,J.,M.G.Rojas-Casas,M.G.
Nieto-Lpez,L.E.Cruz-Surez2013.Simultaneous
estimationofthenutritionalcontributionof
fishmeal,soyproteinisolateandcornglutento
thegrowthofPacificwhiteshr imp(Litopenaeus
vannamei)usingdualstableisotopeanalysis.
Aquaculture380-383:33-40.
Gamboa-Delgado,J.,A.Pea-Rodrguez,L.E.Cruz-
Surez,D.RicqueD.2011.Assessmentofnutrient
allocationandmetabolicturnoverrateinPacific
whiteshrimpLitopenaeus vannameico-fedlive
macroalgaeUlva clathrataandinertfeed:dual
stableisotopeanalysis.J.ShellfishRes.30:110.
Moll,B.(SinaloaSeafieldsInternational).2004.
Aquaticsurfacebarriersandmethodsforculturing
seaweed.Internationalpatent(PCT)no.WO
2004/093525A2.November4,2004.
Villarreal-CavazosD.A.2011.Determinacin
deladigestibilidadaparentedeaminocidosde
ingredientesutilizadosenalimentoscomercialesparacamarnblanco(Litopenaeus vannamei)en
Mxico.PhDThesis.UniversidadAutnomade
NuevoLen,Mexico.http://eprints.uanl.mx/2537
More InforMatIon:
Julin Gamboa-Delgado PhD
Tel: +52 81 8352 6380
Email: [email protected]
52 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERTTPIC
20th Annual Practical Short Course on
Aquaculture Feed Extrusion,
Nutrition, & Feed Management
September 22-27, 2013
For more information, visithttp://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion
or contactDr. Mian N. Riaz
Hands-On Experience
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas
o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat),coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feedformulation, and MUCH MORE!
Extruding Aquaculture Feeds
o 30+ lectures over a widevariety of aquacultureindustry topics
o one-on-one interaction with
qualified industry experts
o at the internationallyrecognized Food ProteinR&D Center on the campusof
o discussion and live equipment demonstrationsfollowing lectures on four major types of extruders
. . . 1
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They are what they eatEnhancing thenutritional valueof livefeeds
with microalgae
Controlling mycotoxins with
binders
Ultraviolet
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farms and hatcheries
Niacin one of thekey B vitaminsfor sustaining
healthyfish growth andproduction
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