Function of Cartilage and Synovial Fluid at joints

Role of the muscles , ligaments and tendons in movement

a) The whole sequence is repeated with the left leg

b) Next, the quadriceps muscle contracts, pulls the femur forward and extends the leg

c) The hamstring muscle contracts to pull the femur back and bends the knee. The leg is raised

d) When the extension of the leg is completed, the foot then regains contact with the ground with the heel touching the ground first. The weight of the body is now supported on the right leg

e) The calf muscle contracts and raises the heel

f) In doing so, it exerts a forward thrust by pushing the ball of the foot against the ground

g) As the right foot loses contact with the ground, the weight of the body is now supported by the left leg which is still in contact with the ground

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A. The mechanism of locomotion in birddownwardsstronglowpressureaerofoiluppercoracoidbottomsternum forceliftsgliding

The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and __________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings.

This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the whole body of the bird upwards.When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________ surface of the aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on the ________ surface.A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.

B. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

shorterhydrostaticlongitudinalcavitycoelomcircularmuscles chaetae peristaltic

Earthworm have a _________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ________ called the __________. The ___________ is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of __________: the ___________muscles and the ___________ muscles. When the circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes _________ and thicker. An earthworm has _________ which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation of both muscles produce a ____________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of the body.

C. The mechanism of locomotion in a grasshopper

antagonistic

jumping

pulledextensor

flexor

propellingcontracts

upwards extensor

A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for ___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a grasshoppers leg ___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the grasshopper forward and __________ into the air.

The mechanism of locomotion in a fish

reduce

myotomes

sweepStreamlined

contract

pushingresistance

waves

backwards

A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while swimming. Each side of the fishs body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side ___________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ________ of contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body __________ from side to side, ____________ the water ____________ and the fish forwards.