Gerardo Benito (Madrid, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales), Kim Cohen (University of Utrecht), Alessandro Fontana (University of Padova),

Juergen Herget (Bonn University), Edgardo Latrubesse (Texas University),Paolo Mozzi (University of Padova), Andrei Panin (University of Moscow),

Nicola Surian (University of Padova), Rajiv Sinha (Indian Institute of Technology),Willem Toonen (Aberystwyth University)

Alessandro Fontana, Paolo Mozzi, Sandro Rossato, Nicola Surian (University of Padova - Department of Geosciences)

Scientific Committee

Organizing Committee

Edited by Alessandro Fontana and Sandro RossatoABSTRACT VOLUME

PALAEOHYDROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTSEVIDENCE AND ARCHIVES

EX-AQUA 2016

Dipartimento di Geoscienze

September 26th - October 1st October 2016, Padova, ITALY

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INDEX INTRODUCTION Page 1

CONGRESS MAP Page 2

DETAILED PROGRAM Page 3

ABSTRACT OF KEY NOTES Page 7

ABSTRACT OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS (alphabetical order) Page 11

ABSTRACT OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS (alphabetical order) Page 49

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Page 57

INTRODUCTION Floods and droughts are some of the most serious natural hazards and their catastrophic effects have attracted the global attention to warrant the assessment of their magnitude and frequency, also in relation with climate change. The quantification of the recurrence time and the magnitude of the hydrological extreme events is mainly based on direct measures, that are generally available only for the last decades. The use of palaeohydrological tools, investigating floods and droughts occurred along the Quaternary, can significantly extend the useful records for assessing present and future extreme events. The conference is organized in the framework of the scientific project “EX-AQUA 2016: Palaeohydrological Extreme Events, Evidence and Archives”, that is economically supported by the INQUA Commission on Terrestrial Processes, Deposits, and History (TERPRO). The project “EX-AQUA” was generated under the umbrella of “HEX” (INQUA Focus Area on Palaeohydrology and fluvial archives - extreme and critical events) and some more details about it are described in this volume by the abstract of pag. 51 (Fontana et al.). The meeting in Padova follows the work of the scientific group on Global Continental PalaeoHydrology (GLOCOPH) and, in particular, the international conference HEX 2014 “Hydrological EXtreme Events in historic and prehistoric times”, held in Bonn. One of the aims is to create the opportunity for discussion and interaction between researchers of different disciplines (e.g. geologists, physical geographers, geochronologists, historians, archaeologists, palaeobotanists, engineers, modelers, ...). The title EX-AQUA consists of the Latin words “ex” (meaning “from” but also “ancient”) and “aqua” (water) and it symbolizes the processes related to the lack or the abundance of water in the past. The conference is organized by the Department of Geosciences of Padova University and AIQUA (Italian Association for Quaternary Sciences), with the patronage of AIGeo (Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology) and the sponsoring of Beta Analytic. The economic support granted by INQUA (International Union for Quaternary Science) allowed 15 early-career researchers to join the conference and the workshop of the project.

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DETAILED PROGRAM MONDAY 26th September – Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Via Gradenigo 6, Aula Arduino 14:00-15:00 REGISTRATION 15:00 – 15:30 OPENING AND GREETINGS 15:30 – 17:00 KEY NOTES AND INTRODUCTION

Gerardo Benito - Palaeoflood research: state of the art and future opportunities; Dario Camuffo - Climate and palaeohydrological extreme events; Vincenzo Artico - The flood of 2010 in Veneto: event dynamic and mitigation strategies; Paolo Mozzi - Introduction to the geoarchaeological and palaeohydraulic tour of Padova.

17:30 – 19:00 GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALAEOHYDRAULIC TOUR OF PADOVA CENTER

Journey by bus from the department of Geoscience to Prato della Valle square; Guided tour on foot along the center of Padova (length of about 1.5 km).

19:00 APERITIVO DI BENVENUTO (ICE-BREAKING PARTY)

Padova downtown, in Piazza Duomo at Bar “Al Gancino”. TUESDAY 27th September – Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Via Gradenigo 6, Aula Arduino 9:00-10:45 ALLUVIAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION AND EXTREME EVENTS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Agatova and Nepop - Late Pleistocene-Holocene landscape evolution and hydrological

system transformation in the SW Tuva on the basis of geomorphological and

geochronological data;

Nepop and Agatova - Late Pleistocene-Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes and

hydrological system transformation in the eastern periphery of the Chuya Basin, SE

Altai, Russia;

Coco et al. - Holocene evolution of central and southern Italian small catchments;

Gulyás et al. - Alluvial fan evolution and changes in stream properties in the area of the

Little Hungarian Plain during the Late Glacial;

Sinha et al. - Megafans in the Indo-Gangetic plains: an overview and assessment of

research

Starkel L. - Paradoxes of fluvial activity in young orogenic systems.

10:45-11:15 COFFEE BREAK 11:15-13:00 FLOODS AND PALAEOFLOODS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Mozzi et al. - Drivers and impacts of abrupt river changes in the Adige alluvial plain and

northern Po Delta (Italy);

Böhm - Flood chronology of the upper (Bavarian) Danube under consideration of its

tributaries and climatic parameters;

Elleder et al. - The largest flash flood of 18th century in Czech lands in focus;

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Gębica - The role of local downpours and floods in the modelling of the northern slope of the

Carpathians;

Fazzini et al. - Flash flood and hydrological extreme events during the last decades:

examples from Marche Region;

Veneziani and Rodrigues - Flow frequencies and fluvial morphologies in a tropical

meandering system. Ribeira de Iguape River, São Paulo, Brazil.

13:00-14:30 LUNCH TIME 14:30-16:00 PALAEOHYDROLOGY AND EXTREME EVENTS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Vött et al. - Major flood events recorded in the Holocene sedimentary sequence of the

uplifted Ladiko Lake basin near ancient Olympia (Western Peloponnese, Greece);

lijanić et al. - Sedimentary record and late Holocene paleohydrology of the Blue Lake

(Modro Jezero, Croatia);

Beerten et al. - Aeolian drift sand archives show evidence of (extremely) high late

Holocene groundwater tables in NE Belgium;

Panin et al. - Hydrological response to the MWP-LIA climate oscillation in the West-

central Russian Plain.

Slawinska and Bartoszek - Impact of last millennium decadal to centennial climate

anomalies on extreme precipitation and synoptic scale circulation over South-east

Poland;

16:00-16:30 COFFEE BREAK 16:30-17:45 COASTAL EXTREME EVENTS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Hasan et al. - Environmental reconstruction of lakes and submerged paleo-karst of the

Croatian Adriatic coast during the late Quaternary; the case of Novigradsko More

catchment;

Hadler et al. - Geomorphological evidence of marshland destruction in north Frisia

(German North Sea coast) by the Grote Mandrenke in 1362 AD;

Finkler et al. - Sedimentological and microfaunal evidence of multiple tsunami

indundation of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon, Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece);

Werner et al. - Multi-proxy investigation of high-energy deposits from coastal sediment

archives near Rethymno, north coast of Crete (Greece).

17:45-18:30 POSTER SESSION (2’ for presentation and time to look at the posters)

Balasch et al. - Flood generating processes and temporal variability in the Ebro River

Basin (Iberian Peninsula);

Fontana et al. - EX-AQUA: Palaeohydrological extreme events, evidence and archives;

Hadler et al. - Reconstructing river channel palaeogeographies of the Fiume Morto in

ancient Ostia (Italy) – evidence of high-energy impacts in local fluvial archives;

Machado et al. - Historical palaeohydrology and landscape resilience of a Mediterranean

rambla (Castellón, NE Spain);

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Obrocki et al., - Geomorphological and geoarchaeological investigations along the

Alpheios River in search of an ancient river harbour of Olympia (Peloponnese, Greece);

Rodriguez-Lloveras et al. - Holocene alluvial records and geomorphic changes in the

upper Guadalentin Basin (SE Spain);

Valente et al. - Historical floods in Benevento;

20:00 SOCIAL DINNER

Dinner at Ristorante “Isola di Caprera” (Via Marsilio da Padova 11/15, near Piazza della

Frutta), with typical menù.

Cost 25 €/person, not included in the registration and to be booked before morning of

Tuesday 27th.

WEDNESDAY 28th September – Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Via Gradenigo 6, Aula Arduino 9:00-10:45 FLOODS AND PALAEOFLOODS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Rossato and Mozzi - Inferring LGM sedimentary and climatic changes in the Brenta

megafan (NE Italy) through the analysis of a 14C ages database;

Matlakhova and Panin - Database of alluvial 14C dates in Siberia and its

paleohydrological interpretation;

Toonen et al. - A comparison of alluvial and bedrock river sedimentary archives for

reconstructing Holocene palaeofloods in New Zealand;

Cohen et al. - Floods of the past, design of tomorrow – project introduction;

Castelltort et al. - A new method based on the backwater effect for the evaluation of the

water discharge of the formative floods average in the Holocene in a Mediterranean

River;

Mather and Stokes - Extracting palaeoflood data from coarse-grained Pleistocene river

terrace archives in ephemeral river systems.

10:45-11:15 COFFEE BREAK 11:15-12:45 OUTBURST FLOODS (15’ for presentation + 2’ questions)

Herget and Gregori - Outburst flood from artificial Lake Moehne in Western Germany in

May 1943 after bombing;

Baratti et al. - Estimating non-terrestrial river paleodischarges: a Martian case study;

Rossato et al. - Valley dis-equilibrium after a catastrophic flood: a Martian case study;

Monegato et al. - Evidence of large proglacial floodings in the Venetian-Friulian outwash

plain during the last glaciation;

Herget et al. - Formation, growth and outburst flood of Lake Mashey, Altai Moutains,

Siberia.

12:45-14:30 LUNCH TIME

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14:30-15:45 ALLUVIAL GEOARCHAEOLOGY AND PALAEOHYDROLOGY (15’ for presentation + 2’) Cremaschi et al. - A snapshot of the termination of the African humid period: the abrupt

desiccation of the Garat Ouda delta/lake system in the Central Sahara;

Nicosia et al. - A multi-proxy approach to short-term environmental changes in the

archaeological site of Fondo Paviani (Verona, northern Italy);

Fischer et al. - Combining electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), direct push electrical

conductivity logging, seismics and vibracoring for geomorphological and

geoarchaeological investigations;

Fontana et al. - The flooding of the 6th century AD in the Tagliamento River (NE Italy):

geomorphological and geoarchaeological evidence of the Medieval Diluvium.

15:45 -16:15 COFFEE BREAK 16:15 - 18:00 EX-AQUA PROJECT, WORKSHOP MEETING

The meeting is a workshop of the Project Ex-AQUA, aimed at discussing activity and

future perspective of the project. The workshop, as the project, is open also to the

researchers that have not yet been involved in EX-AQUA.

THURSDAY 29th September – Post-conference Fieldtrip Departure from Padova; Landslide of Vajont (Longarone); Cansiglio Highplain; Sources of Livenza River (Polcenigo and La Santissima); Maniago and Tesis of Vivaro (Alluvial fans of Cellina and Meduna Torrents); Overnight in Spilimbergo. FRIDAY 30th September – Post-conference Fieldtrip Pinzano (braided river channel of Tagliamento); Aonedis of S. Daniele del Friuli (LGM and post-LGM palaeohydrology of Tagliamento megafan); Concordia Sagittaria (Roman city and early Medieval floods); Latisana (Tagliamento floods of 1965 and 1966); Mouth of Timavo River, near Monfalcone; Overnight in Trieste. SATURDAY 1st October – Post-conference Fieldtrip Delta of Mirna River near Novigrad (Croatia); Škocjanske Caves (Caves of San Canzian), near Lipica (Slovenia); Return to Padova.

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ABSTRACT OF KEY NOTES

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PALAEOFLOOD RESEARCH: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Benito Gerardo

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Serrano 115bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain Corresponding author: G. Benito <benito@mncn.csic.es>

Over the last 35 years, palaeoflood hydrology has achieve recognition as a new branch of geomorphology and hydrology, employing principles of geology, hydrology, and fluid dynamics to infer qualitative aspects of unobserved floods (Kochel and Baker, 1982). This presentation reviews the paleohydrologic techniques and approaches used to reconstruct the magnitude and frequency of past floods using geological evidence. Quantitative paleoflood hydrology typically leads to two phases of analysis: (1) documentation and assessment of flood physical evidence (paleostage indicators), and (2) relating identified flood evidence to flood discharge, based on hydraulic calculations. Most paleoflood studies rely on stratigraphic sequences of fine-grained flood deposits found in slack-water and eddy environments in bedrock rivers to enable the calculation of robust palaeodischarge estimates for floods that occurred during recent centuries or millennia. Geochronological developments such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age dating, together with radiocarbon techniques, are key for structuring of the paleoflood discharge data into different threshold levels that are exceeded by floodwaters over specific periods of time, the input data necessary for flood frequency analysis. The value of paleoflood data is the potential to include physical evidence of rare floods and limits on their largest magnitude, with direct applications for different scientific and engineering problems, including: (1) risk assessments for critical structures such as nuclear facilities, dams, or bridges, (2) understanding of the recurrence of geomorphically effective flows, (3) quantifying groundwater recharge by extreme floods and (3) assessment of non-stationarity in the frequency of large floods due to climate, land-use, or other changes. Lately, fluvial palaeoflood research is gaining traction in its combined use with other historical and natural flood archives, including lakes, tree-rings, speleothems, and cave records. These long archive-based flood records provide new opportunities toward more accurate knowledge of climate-flood relationships, and understanding of the responsible forcing of the flood variability. Keywords: Paleoflood hydrology, flood hazards, flood frequency analysis, climate change REFERENCES Kochel, R.C., Baker, V.R., 1982. Paleoflood hydrology. Science 215, 353–361.

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CLIMATE AND PALAEOHYDROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTS

Camuffo Dario

National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Padua, Italy Corresponding author: D. Camuffo <d.camuffo@isac.cnr.it>

The most authoritative definitions of “extreme events” are first discussed to harmonize concepts. In the extreme value theory (EVT), extreme events are those contained in the tail distribution of a given variable (Gumbel 1958; Tiago de Oliveira 1986; Coles 2001). In the peak over threshold (POT) theory, all data exceeding a particular threshold level are considered extreme (Allen et al., 2013). WMO (2012) refers to the largest or smallest values of a hydrological variable. This implies that the whole series is known. In IPCC (2014) extreme events are defined in relative terms, i.e. rare events that exceed the 10th or 90th percentile of the distribution. This implies that the statistical distribution (e.g. mean, variance skewness) of the events is known. However, such distributions are generally unknown and will change with space and time; going back in time in other climatic ages and the above definition cannot be applied. Even the “normal” values may be totally unknown and undefined, e.g. unmentioned data in documentary written sources.

In the far past, an extreme palaeoevent is a very exceptional event that has left an imprint in geological or historical terms that has survived till today for a combination of fortunate circumstances, i.e.: the imprint was left on a durable medium; it has been preserved over time and has arrived to us; it the has been discovered and related to the palaeoevent in terms of cause and effect. We can only observe effects and guess the intensity of the cause behind them. However, the cause-effect relationships are not linear. The definition of extreme event leaves its relative nature (as defined in WMO, IPCC) and appears under the absolute dimension of the survived imprint.

A third popular definition, i.e. a further source of uncertainty, is that natural disasters are automatically considered “exceptional” and “extreme” (in line with the POT method) or a consequence of extreme weather conditions, disregarding that most of them may occur for a synergism of various factors that will change over time. In the example of river floods, weather, landscape and human activity (e.g. the state of the catchment area, bed and embankments, mill and other obstructions, snowmelt and water table) are all key factors that should be adequately considered.

The paper discusses how to deal with proxy data, the classification of exceptional in severity classes and the transformation into quantitative indices. Similarly, for the transformation from frequency to trends, and the problem of the reference level. Some examples are reported to elucidate the methodology and related uncertainties, concerning historical river floods, flooding tides in Venice and when the Venice lagoon was frozen over. Uncertainty bands in climate and hydrological data are also discussed, making a comparison between instrumental and proxy data.

Keywords: climate, extreme events, palaeohydrology, proxy data REFERENCES Allen D.E., Singh A.K., Powell R.J. (2013) EVT and tail-risk modelling: Evidence from market indices and volatility series. The

North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 26, 355–369. Coles, S.G. (2001), An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values. Springer Verlag, New York. Tiago De Oliveira J. (1986) Extreme values and Meteorology. Theor.Appl.Climatol.37,184-193. Gumbel, E.J. (1958). Statistics of Extremes. Columbia University Press, New York. WMO (2012) InternatIonal Glossary of Hydrology. WMO-No. 385. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva (ISBN 978-92-63-

03385-8) IPCC (2014) Annex II: Glossary [Mach, K.J., S. Planton and C. von Stechow (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.

Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 117-130

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THE FLOOD OF 2010 IN VENETO: EVENT DYNAMIC AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES

Artico Vincenzo

Direzione Difesa del Suolo - Veneto Region, Venice Corresponding author: V. Artico <vincenzo.artico@regione.veneto.it>

The landscape of Veneto region is characterized by a complex and dense network of natural and artificial strems which is the lymphatic system of a rich and prosperous territory.

The increasing human pressure, on the rivers, has gradually eroded the habitats and reduced the room to the waters.

The recent major flood affecting the Veneto floodplain in autumn 2010, caused significant damages to both people and infrastructures. These disasters have driven policy makers and land managers to a greater concern for the hydrogeological safety of regional territory.

After that, three important flood events occurred in 2012, 2013, 2014, highlighting the high degree of hydraulic risk and revealing a growing demand for safety. Today the first phase, so-called "emergency phase " is ended. This consisted in the elimination of the imminent danger situations such as closing river banks breaks and stopping erosion which, if not quickly restored, would cause the rapid collapse of hydraulic structures. The second phase, to be implemented as a function of the availability of economic resources, involves the construction of structural interventions such as peak storage basins. This is the starting point of the hydraulic defense policy to mitigate the hydraulic risk of the territories affected by the recent floods.

The peak storage basins, by creating controlled flooding areas, allow to return room to the rivers and increase security of urbanized areas.

A careful evaluation and a proper design of these hydraulic structures can be based not only on a careful hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, but also on a deep historical, geographical and archaeological knowledge of the areas crossed by the rivers interested by the interventions.

A new and different point of view that focuses on land use transformations interpreted through the evolution of its rivers and that keeps the water at the center of public attention.

Keywords: Veneto Region flooding, peak storage basin

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ABSTRACT OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS

(in alphabetical order)

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LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM TANSFORMATION IN THE SW TUVA (SIBERIA)

ON THE BASIS OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOCHRONOLOGICAL DATA

Agatova Anna1, 2, Nepop R.K. 1, 2

1Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russia 2Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Corresponding author: A.R. Agatova <agatr@mail.ru>

The mountain systems of Altai and Tuva (Mountains of southern Siberia) are one of the areas where

extensive ice-dammed lakes were formed in intermountain depressions throughout the Pleistocene. Repeated draining of these reservoirs led to outburst floods, which caused significant landscape changes in the drainage valley network over hundreds of kilometers. The Holocene evolution of regional hydrological system was mainly determined by geomorphological patterns within the basins floor after the drying last glacier-dammed lakes and final degradation of Sartan (late Wurm) glaciation. Our data, based on more than 70 radiocarbon dates of organic material from subaerial complex covering lacustrine deposits in the Chuya-Kurai system of intermountain depressions, evidence for its formation at the end of the late Pleistocene-Holocene, and implies final drying of the basins in the late Pleistocene.

The study area discussed in this paper includes the basins of the Khindiktik-Kol’ and Akhol’ lakes, valleys of the Mogen-Buren river and its tributaries, SW Tuva. Generally, according to geological and geomorphological features intermountain depressions of the SW Tuva are a part of a broad transitional zone, which can be related to mountain structures of Western Sayan and Tuva as well as to Altai Mountains. The Pleistocene-Holocene landscape evolution and climate changes within the SW Tuva are less intensely investigated when compared with neighboring Kurai and Chuya basins, SE Altai. However, the Holocene hydrological system transformation here was also determined by development and cataclysmic draining of the Pleistocene ice-dammed lakes. Geological and geomorphological evidences of these ice-dammed lakes formation are clearly expressed in topography in the Dzhulukul, Khindiktik-Kol’, Akhol’ basins, when evidences of outburst floods are presented in the Mogen-Buren river valley. In contrast to all other intermountain depressions of the Altai-Sayan Mountain province, which are belonged to the Arctic Ocean basin, floods from ice-dammed lakes within the studied depressions of the SW Tuva went to the Mongolian inland drainage basin.

In this paper we present the results of our multidisciplinary investigations of the fluvial system transformation controlled by paleoenvironmental changes. Detailed geomorphological investigations and process analyses were based on interpretation of aerial photographs, space images, topographic maps, and field investigations including mapping of landforms and deposits of different genesis. Selected exposures in both nature outcrops and trenches were studied to examine the sediments and landforms associations. The bio-composition of plant remnants, the species composition of forest vegetation, micromorphological studies of contemporary and fossil soils as well as litho-stratigraphic and morphological pedogenetic descriptions for the soil-sedimentary sequences were determined for palaeolandscape reconstructions, revealing environmental conditions and sedimentation patterns. Tree-ring analysis was applied for studying wood penetrating injures of palaeowood. Geoarchaeological approach was used for estimating parameters of palaeolakes as well as estimating ages (terminus ante quem) of associated landforms. Radiocarbon ages of paleosoils, buried peat layers, charcoals, from key locations formed the basis for all chronological reconstructions. Generally, 11 sections were studied and 18 new radiocarbon dates were obtained.

It could be stated that by 13-14 ka BP there were no glaciers within the studied depressions. The maximal level of the ice-dammed lake in the Akhol’ basin was about 2380 m a.s.l., which is about 180 m above its modern water edge. The level of the palaeolake in the Khindiktik-Kol’ basin was 70 m above the modern one. Outburst floods from these basins went along Mogen-Buren river valley. Further fluctuation of lakes level, formation and draining of residual lakes, fluvial system evolution, seasonal floods were controlled by contrast climate changes: warm and humid climate in the first part of Holocene were changed in the second half by repeated climate deteriorations, glaciers advances and progressive aridity intensification. There is no doubt that Holocene dynamics of regional fluvial system was affected by seismic activity. The late Pleistocene-Holocene hydrological system transformation was also directly related to the evolution and shifting of ancient cultures within the high mountainous basins of SE Altai and SW Tuva since the Stone Age. Keywords: hydrological system transformation, paleoenvironmental changes, Holocene, SW Tuva

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ESTIMATING NON-TERRESTRIAL RIVER PALEODISCHARGES: A MARTIAN CASE STUDY

Baratti Emanuele1,2, Rossato S.3, Pajola M.4, Pozzobon R.4

1Department DICAM, University of Bologna, Italy 2Ingegneri Riuniti S.p.A., Modena, Italy

3Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy 4NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA Corresponding author: E. Baratti <emanuele.baratti@unibo.it>

On the surface of Mars a large variety of geomorphological features associated to water

erosion/deposition are present (Howard et al. 2005), corroborating the hypothesis of a warmer primordial atmosphere capable to maintaining an, at least ephemeral, Earth-like paleoclimate (Malin and Edgett 2003). Constraining the amount of water that could have flowed on the surface of Mars is one of the fundamental and crucial aspects to understand its evolution. Paleohydrological techniques developed for terrestrial scenarios and adapted to the specific Martian conditions represent valuable tools for the investigations of the ancient paleoclimate conditions on the red planet.

In this study, we present the preliminary results of a paleohydraulic analysis of a paleochannel located at the bottom of a narrow V-shaped Martian valley, in the Memnonia Quadrangle. The valley is ∼34 km

long, with a mean slope of 0.03 and maximum width and depth of ∼6000 m and ∼1500 m, respectively. Several geomorphological features, such as terraces on the valley flanks and inverted channels at its mouth, suggest that flowing water caused the inception and evolution of the valley. We focused on the innermost and latest terrace level, which is the clearest, constituting the last phase of activity before the deactivation of the system.

A high-resolution digital elevation model with a spatial resolution of 6 m/pixel is used to perform the

hydraulic analysis of a ∼22 km reach of the channel at the bottom of the valley. The adopted technique is based on the application of a one-dimensional steady state hydraulic model coupled with paleostage evidence (e.g. Webb and Jarret 2002, Baratti et al. 2015). Within a Monte Carlo framework, the model is used to generate a large number of hypothetical water surface profiles along the channel. Paleostage evidence are used to constrain the water surface profiles, thereby providing estimates on the paleohydraulic parameters of the water flows such as the discharge and the roughness coefficient. A sensitivity analysis to assess the impact on the results of the selected water marks is performed. Through the Monte Carlo procedure, the above parameters can be estimated on probabilistic grounds, therefore allowing a characterization of uncertainty.

In this framework, 33 water marks were identified, with a median elevation above the valley bottom of

∼3 m and an average width of 52 m. The water surface profiles that maximize the fit of the paleostage

evidence suggests a median discharge of ∼400 m3 s-1 and a Manning roughness coefficients of 0.053 s m-1/3. Keywords: Martian palaeohydrology, hydraulic model, high-resolution DTM REFERENCES Baratti E., Pajola M., Rossato S., Mangili C., Coradini M., Montanari A., McBride K., (2015), Hydraulic modeling of the tributaryand

the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 120, doi:10.1002/2015JE004812.

Howard A. D., Moore J. M., Irwin R. P. (2005) - An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valleynetwork incision and associated deposits. J. Geophys. Res., 110, E12S14, doi:10.1029/2005JE002459.

Malin, M. C., Edgett K. S. (2003) - Evidence for persistent flow and aqueous sedimentation on early Mars. Science, 302, 1931–1934, doi:10.1126/science.1090544.

Webb, R.H., Jarrett, R.D., (2002) - One-dimensional estimation techniques for discharges of paleofloods and historical floods. In: Ancient Floods, Modern Hazards: Principles and Applications of Paleoflood Hydrology, American Geophysical Union, p. 111-125.

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AEOLIAN DRIFT SAND ARCHIVES SHOW EVIDENCE OF (EXTREMELY) HIGH LATE HOLOCENE GROUNDWATER TABLES IN NE BELGIUM

Beerten Koen, Leterme B., Rogiers B.

Institute Environment-Health-Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium Corresponding author: Koen Beerten <kbeerten@sckcen.be>

The sandy unconfined aquifers of NE Belgium (Kleine Nete catchment, Campine area) underlay a flat

and slightly undulating landscape. It is drained by small rivers that occupy shallow valleys separated by weakly expressed interfluves. Instrumental time series (collected since the 1980s) show that the mean highest groundwater table (MHG) on these interfluves (late winter – early spring) is generally 1-3 m below the surface. For earlier periods there are no systematic observations of groundwater tables in the area. Such information would allow to extend the time window for hydrological model validation and verification under different boundary conditions (soil, land-use, climate) and thus build confidence in future hydrological predictions.

The sandy interfluves of the Kleine Nete catchment have witnessed strong aeolian morphodynamics during the last few millenia. Many of the podzols that developed during the course of the Holocene became either eroded by wind deflation or buried under drift sand. This situation provides a unique means to study palaeohydrological features, events and processes in these palaeosols. Therefore, the aim of this presentation is to explore the potential of pedological, geomorphological and historical archives from drift sand landscapes in the Campine area as proxies for past groundwater tables. The adopted approach includes a wide variety of techniques, such as field descriptions of palaeosol profile morphology, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of intercalated drift sands, determination of groundwater-controlled blow-out surfaces and observations of surface water bodies on historical maps.

The buried podzols often display hydromorphic properties, pointing to occassionally very high groundwater tables. The diagnostic criteria are redoximorphic features, vague horizon boundaries and peat development on top of a 'fen-podzol'. Preliminary evidence from mapped blow-out surfaces indicate that their altitude mimics an elevated groundwater table. OSL dating of the associated drift sands suggests that a very shallow MHG existed from the period between 5-2 ka until at least ca. 500 a. Finally, historical maps suggest that groundwater tables started to decline during the second half of the 19 th century (ca. 150 a).

So far, the aeolian record of palaeohydrological conditions in the Campine area thus indicates that groundwater tables were generally much higher at the investigated locations during the last few millenia, with MHG levels regularly reaching the surface. Since groundwater tables in this area are largely dependent on infiltration, we infer that either evapotranspiration would have been lower, or precipitation would have been higher during the timeframes considered. Such high groundwater tables on the interfluves would have had an impact on palaeohydrological conditions in the floodplains, where elevated hydraulic heads would lead to higher baseflow and flooding frequency, and/or increased river discharge and enhanced fluvial morphodynamics.

Future work will focus on expanding the palaeohydrological database and confronting the obtained results with hydro(geo)logical modelling exercises. Keywords: drainage, hydrosequence, fen, discontinuous archive

15

FLOOD CHRONOLOGY OF THE UPPER (BAVARIAN) DANUBE UNDER CONSIDERATION OF ITS TRIBUTARIES AND CLIMATIC PARAMETERS

Böhm Oliver

Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Germany Corresponding author: O. Böhm <oliver.boehm@geo.uni-augsburg.de>

The Bavarian Danube is frequently the venue of devastating flood events. The last catastrophic flood event took place in 2013 and exceeded the flood mark of the so called Ascension Day flood of the year 1501 in Passau, located at the confluence of the rivers Inn, Ilz and Danube. Due to a multitude of historic sites along the Upper (Bavarian) Danube the testimonia of historical floods are numerous (cf. Glaser 2013, Weikinn 1958-2002, Böhm 2011).

The research area is located between the Danube river kilometers 2588 (mouth of river Iller, near Ulm) and 2225 (mouth of river Inn, Passau). To work out the spatiotemporal differentiation the investigation area has been segmented into three branches based on the confluences of the northern alpine tributaries (from west to east) Iller, Lech, Isar and Inn (cf. Böhm 2011, Böhm et al. 2015). The individual branches can be additional assigned to historic sites. The first branch (confluence of river Iller) can be assigned to the ancient city of Ulm. The second one starts with the confluence of river Lech and concerns mainly the ancient city of Regensburg, the third with the confluence of river Isar and the historic city of Passau. In general the meaning of the tributaries for Danube discharge is significant (cf. Liedtke & Marcinek (1995).

The present workshop report will show the results of ongoing research activities. Down to the present day the assessment is still going on, the collected raw data will be edited and its chronologies will be presented and discussed among others in form of 31-year sliding means. Basis of the present research activity are mainly the entries of the database IBT (Inundationes Bavariae Thesaurus; cf. Böhm 2011, Böhm et al. 2015). The IBT itself contains more than 32.000 flood events within (central) Europe, all of them with a temporal relationship to flood events of the Bavarian alpine Danube tributaries.

The importance of ice jams in earlier times will be emphasized as well as the different effects of natural space conditions of the Alps in the south and the escarpment in the north which affects different precipitation patterns in dependence of seasons. In that context the chronologies will additionally be discussed in dependence of a spatiotemporal north-south aspect. Finally the atmospheric parameters encouraging floods shall be analyzed concerning reconstructed NAO-indices as well as sea level pressure reconstructions of Eastern North Atlantic and Europe from 1500 on (Luterbacher et al. 2002a, b). Keywords: Upper Danube (Bavaria, Germany), flood chronologies, climatic parameters, NAO-index REFERENCES Böhm, O. (2011): Hochwassergeschichte des bayerischen Alpenvorlandes: Die Hochwasser der Sommermonate im Kontext der

Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas. Dissertation, Universität Augsburg. Böhm, O., Jacobeit, J., Glaser, R. & K.-F. Wetzel (2015): Flood sensitivity of the Bavarian Alpine Foreland since the late Middle

Ages in the context of internal and external climate forcing factors. In: Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4721-4734, 2015. Börngen, M. and Tetzlaff, G. (Eds.) (2000-2002): Weikinn, C. – Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von der

Zeitenwende bis zum Jahre 1850, Hydrographie, Bd. 5&6. Glaser, R. (2013): Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas, 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen. – 3. Auflage. Darmstadt. Liedtke, H. & J. Marcinek (1995): Physische Geographie Deutschlands. Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E. Dietrich, D., Rickli, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck, C., Gyalistras, D., Schmutz, C. & H. Wanner (2002a):

Reconstruction of Sealevel Pressure fields over the eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500. – In: Climate Dynamics 18. 545-561.

Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Jones, P.D., Davies T.D., Portis, D., Gonzalez-Rouco, J.F., von Storch, H., Gyalistras, D., Casty, C. & H. Wanner (2002b): Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500. – In: Atmospheric Science Letters.

Weikinn, C.(1958-1963): Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von der Zeitenwende bis zum Jahre 1850 – Bd. I-IV, Akademieverlag, Berlin.

16

A NEW METHOD BASED ON THE BACKWATER EFFECT FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE WATER DISCHARGE OF THE FORMATIVE FLOODS AVERAGE

IN THE HOLOCENE IN A MEDITERRANEAN RIVER

Castelltort Xavier1, Balasch J.C1, Ribé M.2, Bladé E.2

1Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, Catalonia, Spain 2Flumen Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering,

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC, Barcelona, Spain Corresponding author: X. Castelltort <xavier.castelltort@gmail.com>

Nowadays, in reconstruction of historical floods it is the common use flow modelling based on 1D and 2D flow models. Many cases are conducted using 1D models like HEC-RAS because of its simplicity and well-tested set of assumptions. One of the problems presented is the variation, after centuries, of the flow geometry, which in many cases it does not fit with the position of the preserved floodmarks. This introduces mistakes in the reconstruction.

To diminish the effect of mistakes, and simultaneously, to extend the quantification up to Holocene palaeofloods, it is being developed a new method of discharges valuation based on the backwater effect produced in natural constrictions in the channel.

It is known that backwater effect produces an energetic rebound and increases water level upstream from a constriction by means of which it is possible to quantify discharges that passes through it. What is more relevant is the location of the end point upstream from the constriction. The end point is the place where the rise in water begins to cause downstream damage. This is possible due to the fact that the energetic rebound produced by backwater effect changes, upstream the constriction, the drainage pattern of the river, passing to be meandering. This drainage pattern allows room in the channel for downstream flow and the backwater effect. Generally, it is difficult to stablish the position of the end point, especially for an average of formative palaeofloods. In special cases, as that one is presented, it is possible to calibrate the position of the end point in the upstream direction by means of a tributary affected also by this effect and which flows into the main river between the constriction and the end point.

The river Ter, NE of Iberia, has developed a high sinuosity pattern upstream from an important lithological constriction through which it leaves a strike valley. By the analysis of the first couple of meanders just upstream the constriction, duplicated on a tributary, it is possible to evaluate the average Holocene formative discharges. Besides, there is an historical floodmark (1941) near the location of the end point. Keywords: backwater effect, Holocene palaeofloods, drainage pattern, numerical 2D flow model

17

HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ITALIAN SMALL CATCHMENTS

Coco Laura1, Buccolini M.1, Materazzi M.2, Pambianchi G.2

1Department of Engineering and Geology, University ‘G. d’Annunzio’ of Chieti, Italy 2School of Environmental Sciences – University of Camerino, Italy

Corresponding author: L. Coco <lauracoco@libero.it>

The present study aimed at reconstructing a reliable framework of late Quaternary evolution in some clayey small catchments of Italy. It started from the availability of definite chronological constrains for continental deposits that allowed considering them as significant geo-chronological markers.

Four sample areas in Central and Southern Italy were selected broadly representative of distinct physiographic units typical of peninsular and insular Italy: Formone River basin for hilly Tyrrhenian sector, Mount Ascensione and Atri district for hilly-coastal Adriatic sector, Northern Imera River basin for hilly island sector. They are characterized by significant climate differences, but have not only a similar geo-morphological setting and morpho-chronological features, but also analogous overall geomorphological dynamics.

The study was performed with an integrated approach based on: (i) geomorphological surveys, (ii) sampling and dating of continental deposits, (iii) topographical and morphometrical processing in GIS. All the areas are modelled into a clayey hilly landscape of Pliocene-Pleistocene age and are characterized by intense slope erosion processes (mass movements and badlands). Some Quaternary continental deposits, located nearly at the top of alluvial and slope deposits, were chronologically constrained from carbon levels rich in organic matter through radiocarbon dating by AMS (Accelerated Mass Spectrometry) technique (Beta Analytic Inc., Miami, Florida, U.S.A.) (Buccolini et al., 2014). Using GIS processing, the remnants of dated palaeosurfaces in the analyzed catchments were correlated and the initial surfaces reconstructed.

The analysis and comparison of results allowed us to define a broad framework of Holocene incision phenomena of secondary valleys in Italy. Based on radiometric data and geomorphological correlations of erosional/depositional surfaces, the evolution of small catchments was reconstructed in the sample areas relating coeval surfaces to different development stages of drainage evolution in the past 20,000 years. An analogous temporal evolution of hydrographic network among the analysed areas was hypothesized. The results suggested that rapid and intense erosion modelled the hillslopes of incised main river valleys as a consequence of Holocene climatic improvement (Orombelli and Ravazzi, 1996).

The outcomes of this research are consistent with literature data available throughout the Mediterranean Europe (Coltorti et al., 1991; Verheijen et al., 2009). Keywords: small catchments, Holocene evolution, Central and Southern Italy, radiocarbon datings REFERENCES Buccolini M., Materazzi M., Aringoli D., Gentili B., Pambianchi G., Scarciglia F. (2014) - Late Quaternary catchment evolution

and erosion rates in the Tyrrhenian side of central Italy. Geomorphology, 204, 21–30. Coltorti M., Consoli M., Dramis F., Gentili B., Pambianchi G. (1991) - Evoluzione geomorfologica delle piane alluvionali delle

Marche centro-meridionali. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 14, 87–100. Orombelli G., Ravazzi C. (1996) - The late Glacial and Holocene climate chronology and paleoclimate. Il Quaternario, 9, 439–

444. Verheijen F.G.A., Jones R.J.A., Rickson R.J., Smith C.J. (2009) - Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe. Earth-

Science Reviews, 94, 23–38.

18

FLOODS OF THE PAST, DESIGN OF TOMORROW – PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Cohen Kim M.1,2,3, Schielen R.4,5, Van der Meulen B.1, Bomers A.4, Hulscher S.4, Middelkoop H.1

1Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 2Department Applied Geology and Geophysics, Deltares, Utrecht/Delft, The Netherlands

3Department of Geomodelling, TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands 5Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment, The Hague, The Netherlands

Corresponding author: K.H. Cohen <k.cohen@uu.nl>

A joint research project (two PhD’s, 2016-2020) has been granted to Utrecht University and the

University of Twente, on the topic of detailed hydraulic modelling of selected largest-known historic river floods affecting the Lower Rhine valley and delta (The Netherlands and adjacent Germany). Besides the abstract authors, a wide group of advisors from academic, engineering and river management (government) positions takes part in the project, that contributes to the Water Safety theme.

Design standards for flood protection in deltas require magnitude estimates of extreme (millennial) floods. For the Rhine River, design discharges of 16,000 to 18,000 m3/s are considered appropriate (upper) values (for the station at the Dutch-German border). However, annual peak discharge obser-vational records are insufficiently long, and the actual recurrence times of the adopted design values that result from statistical extrapolation are quite uncertain. In recent years, major advances have been obtained in the GRADE (Generator of Rainfall and Discharge Extremes) project, where using a weather generator in combination with a runoff model for the Rhine basin, long (50.000 years) time series of Rhine discharge have been produced (Hegnauer et al. 2014). This creates plenty extreme discharge scenarios, but relies on stochastic resampling of modern (20th century) data, shifting the statistical uncertainty from discharge to weather and not fundamentally reducing it. Extending the observational record by using historic and sedimentological archives provides a complementary way to assess recurrence times and to reduce uncertainty (e.g. Toonen et al. 2016). For a selection of historically-known and geologically-geomorphologically evidently largest floods of the 1500 years, our project will quantify flood magnitudes, so that recurrence statistics are better tied and more accurate.

Numerous historic flood marks exist along the Lower Rhine, and further such markers can be harvested from sedimentary and archeological field data, notably on the extreme floods in 1926, 1809, 1651, 1374, 1342 and ~784/5 AD (e.g. Herget & Meurs 2010; Toonen et al. 2015). We now aim to quantify magnitudes of large historic floods of the lower Rhine, building on recent advances in paleoflood recon-struction (refs above) and hydraulic modelling (e.g. Warmink et al. 2013). Hereto, the interdisciplinary projects will combine (i) measured, (ii) archeo-sedimentary and (iii) historic written archives of river activity with (iv) state-of-the-art reconstructions and (v) 2D hydrodynamic modelling of past events that are (vi) calculated over a grid that narrowly mimics that designed for present-day binational flood modelling. A scenario-approach is advocated which includes sensitivity testing of land-reconstruction and flow-hydraulics uncertainties, and evaluates the consequences of historical discharges in present time. For each case-schematization (scenario), a best-fit hydraulic simulation of historic flood wave dispersal (v, vi) over historic landscape (iv) in the area from Cologne well into the Dutch delta apex region, honoring the data of i-iii), will associate to an upstream-incoming extreme discharge wave (‘at Andernach’), drawn from GRADE output (ref. above), yielding a set of best-fitting waves per case to specify uncertainty. These set of waves can also be released over present day landscapes (vi), converting (correct, modulate) past discharge to would-be-present values at any station along the modern river (Cologne, Duisburg, Lobith). That serial modeling fulfills the extreme flood frequency-magnitude data need felt from in modern design discharge rating curves. Furthermore, quantitative exploration of model-simulated historic extremes serves to evaluate limits to design-flood potential magnitudes, and allows to test inundation cascades in the present situation. Keywords: Design discharge, hydraulic modelling, historic flood reconstruction, physical geography REFERENCES Herget, J., Meurs, H. (2010) Reconstructing peak discharges for historic flood levels in the city of Cologne, Germany. Global and

Planetary Change 70:108-116. Toonen, W.H.J., Winkels, T.G., Cohen, K.M., Prins, M.A., Middelkoop, H. (2015). Lower Rhine historical flood magnitudes of the

last 450 years reproduced from grain-size measurements of flood deposits using End Member Modelling. Catena 130: 69-81. Toonen, W.H.J., Middelkoop, H., Konijnendijk, T.Y., Macklin, M.G., Cohen, K.M. (2016). The influence of hydroclimatic variability

on flood frequency in the Lower Rhine. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Hegnauer, M., Beersma, J.J., Van den Boogaard, H.F.P., Buishand, T.A., Passchier, R.H. (2014). Generator of Rainfall and

Discharge Extremes (GRADE) for the Rhine and Meuse basins, Final report of GRADE 2.0, Deltares report 1209424 Warmink, J.J., Straatsma, M.W., Huthoff, F., Booij, M.J., Hulscher, S.J.M.H. (2013). Uncertainty of design water levels due to

combined bed form and vegetation roughness in the Dutch River Waal. Journal of flood risk management, 6: 302-318.

19

A SNAPSHOT OF THE TERMINATION OF THE AFRICAN HUMID PERIOD: THE ABRUPT DESSICCATION OF THE GARAT OUDA DELTA/LAKE SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL SAHARA

Cremaschi Mauro, Zerboni A., Pizzi C., Perego A.

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy Corresponding author: M. Cremaschi <mauro.cremaschi@unimi.it>

The African Humid Period (AHP, ca. 11–5 ky BP) is one of the best-studied climatic phases of the whole Holocene. It was marked by the expansion of the African monsoon domain over the Sahara and the increased precipitation over the region. The onset of the AHP is well known, thanks to a number of studies carried out on continental palaeohydrological, offshore, and archaeological records; but the modalities followed by its termination are less clear. Continental and offshore studies highlighted a certain differentiation in the geomorphological response to reduced water availability of specific landscape units. As a consequence, some physiographic units desiccated immediately, whereas those connected to large water reservoirs survived the environmental crisis for several millennia (Cremaschi and Zerboni, 2009). The geomorphological system represented by the Garat Ouda delta/lake system (Libyan Central Sahara) is an example of a Mid-Holocene abrupt response to new climatic conditions, which deeply modify the landscape and affected Neolithic human groups (Cremaschi and Zerboni, 2011).

The Garat Ouda system is located on the left side of the Wadi Tanezzuft valley, which was a large river active up to the late Holocene. During the AHP, a lateral branch of the Wadi Tanezzuft fed a wide (greater than 80 Km2) delta-lake system in the area of Garat Ouda. The delta was composed by several palaeochannels, still evident in high resolution Ikonos satellite imagery; a detailed field survey demonstrated that throughout the Holocene the delta-lake system was attended by Mesolithic and Neolithic groups. The local archaeological record is very rich, consisting of fireplaces, lithics, pottery, grinding equipments, and animal bones (mostly fish), which are systematically distributed along the Northern shorelines of the lake (Mesolithic sites) and along the delta palaeochannels (Neolithic sites). The abundance of archaeological findings testifies that throughout the Holocene the delta-lake system was constantly attended by the Mesolithic and Neolithic communities.

At ca. 5 ky BP, the termination of the AHP triggered the reduction of the discharge of the Wadi Tanezzuft; its main course persisted for several millennia, but its lateral branch was abruptly ceased. The desiccation of the delta-lake system occurred rapidly (few centuries), allowing the perfect preservation of the geomorphological features. Moreover, the archaeological record and several radiometric datings confirm that the area was immediately abandoned and Neolithic groups moved along the banks of the main course of the Wadi Tanezzuft. The Early to Mid-Holocene evolution of the Garat Ouda delta/lake system represents a meaningful example of geomorphological and anthropological responses to palaeohydrological extreme events in arid lands. Keywords: Delta-lake system, African Humid Period, Drought, Geoarchaeology. REFERENCES Cremaschi M., Zerboni A., (2009) - Early to middle Holocene landscape exploitation in a drying environment: two case studies

compared from the central Sahara (SW Fezzan, Libya). Comptes Rendus Géoscience, 341, 689-702. Cremaschi M., Zerboni A., (2011). - 5. Human communities in a drying landscape. Holocene climate change and cultural response

in the central Sahara. In: Martini I.P., Chesworth, W. (Eds.), Landscape and Societies, Selected cases. Springer Science, 67–89.

20

THE LARGEST FLASH FLOOD OF 18.CENTURY IN CZECH LANDS IN FOCUS

Elleder Libor1, Krejčí J.2, Šírová J.1

1Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic 2Aqualogic Consulting, Psáry-Dolní Jirčany

Corresponding author: L. Elleder <elleder@chmi.cz>

The flash flood that occurred at the turn of July and August 1714 in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands

is probably the most important case of its kind in the Czech lands, and may likely be ranked among the most notable occurrences of extreme weather even within the larger Central European context. What is the main motivation for to deal with 1714 flood? Several reconstruction of historical flash flood was carried out in last time, some of these very are very inoperative (Balasch et al, 2015). Within the catchment basin of the Sázava River, the water level rose in August 1714 about three meters above modern flood levels and 1.5m above the highest historical flood-mark. Taking into account the time period – i.e., the beginning of the 18th century – some of the concurrent accounts of the flood are uncommonly detailed, containing not only a specification of the damage caused, but also high water mark figures and, at least in broad strokes, a record of the changing water levels over time. The flood caused tremendous material damage at the time, breaching e.g. about 70 fish ponds and destroying essentially all bridges; over 230 people were killed. It was revealed that the area of Žďárské vrchy (Žďár Hills) at the divide of the rivers Loučná, Chrudimka, Sázava, and Svratka which was impacted by the causative extreme precipitation may have measured 800 to 1000 square kilometers. Rough estimates of the headwater flow rate equal about four times current Q100 values! We therefore used the hydrological model Aqualog in order to determine whether an event of this scope was at all realistic. The goal was to assess whether it was realistically possible that precipitation may have been of such scope as to trigger a hydrological response of this intensity. For the simulation of the rainfall-runoff processes to estimate peak outflow from catchment model Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, which is part of the water management modeling system AquaLog (AquaLog, 2013), was applied. Model is based on the parameterization of the characteristics of soil moisture (Burnash, 1995). The contribution presents this extreme event at the same time in a wider European context, including flash floods in summer 1714 in France, Upper Swabia, Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Saxony and Slovakia. Keywords: historical hydrology, flash-flood, reconstruction, Aqualog, Sázava River REFERENCES Aqualog, 2013. Modelovací nástroje, [online], edited 2012 [cit. 2014–09–01]. Available from http://www.aqualogic.cz/en/submit–

an–article/60–modelovaci–nastroje/57–aqualog>. Balasch, J. C., Ruiz-Bellellet, J. L., Tuset, J. Martin de Oliva, J., 2010 Reconstruction of the 1874 Santa Tecla’s rainstorm in

Western Catalonia (NE Spain) from flood marks and historical accounts, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10, 2317–2325.

Burnash, R., J., C., 1995. The NWS River Forecasting System–Catchment modelling. SINGH, V. P. Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resourcces Publications, 311–366.

Elleder, L.; Munzar, J.; Šírová, J.; Ondráček, S.; Krejčí, J.; Lopaur, M.; Dragoun, Z. 2014. Přívalová povodeň v létě 1714 na Českomoravské vrchovině – rekonstrukce katastrofy po 300 letech (in czech.), Flash flood in 1714 in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands – Reconstructing a Catastrophe after 300 Years, Meteorologické zprávy, 67-2014, 6, 161-173.

21

FLASH FLOOD AND HYDROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTS DURING THE LAST DECADES: EXAMPLES FROM MARCHE REGION

Fazzini Massimiliano1, Farabollini P.1, Macchia V.2, Scalella G.2

1School of Sciences and Technologies, University of Camerino, Italy 2Marche Region- Ancona, Italy

Corresponding author: P. Farabollini <piero.farabollini@unicam.it>

In 1999 July the 9th, a severe rainfall event interested an area about 30 km2 in the middle portion of the Tenna river (central Marche), involving the territorial municipality of Rapagnano, Montegiorgio, Magliano di Tenna, Falerone and Casette d’Ete, located on the hydrographic left of the river. The mentioned hilly areas have a low relief energy, with flat summit, are strongly anthropized and are characterized by the presence of arenaceous, pelitic-arenaceous and arenaceous-pelitic lithologies of Pliocene age.

The flash flood event started at 2.30 pm, with the maximum about 4.00/5.00 pm, then continues, with minor intensity, until 10.30/11.00 pm. During two days (July 9 and 10) the total rainfall was of about 120mm, whereas in this area, the monthly average is about 45mm. The event produced several gravitational phenomena and local flood events in correspondence of the secondary hydrographic network.

The recognized gravitational phenomena were essentially distinguished in fall and flow typologies: the flows phenomena evolved about 30 minutes after the maximum rain intensity and are related to the pores over pressure induced by the intense rainfall (high in short time).

The mud-flow phenomena took place from terrains interested by ploughing and consequent tilling after the grain harvesting and from sunflowers cultivation terrains, caused damages at the road network and commercial activities (Magliano di Tenna supermarket); somewhere, the mud-flows involved terrains also valley ward, producing conspicuous damages to cultivations.

About the secondary hydrographic network, the removal of large amounts of eluvio-colluvial material from the slopes, have been favoured by the concentration of detritus materials, with casual elements (woods, branchs, shrubs, various obstacles, etc.), forming canalised flood with big erosive energy.

In correspondence of the crossings with the road systems, we have a major problems: damages of the crossings, damages of the bridges non correctly dimensioned, removal of road places, overflows in correspondence of the minor drains. In correspondence of the lateral natural channels we have the major flooding problems: in many cases we have the increase of the water level about of 6 meters due to the solid transport induced by the rainfall event.

Through the 1825 cadastral map is possible to evidence that the hydrographic network are deeply modified, due to the intense anthropisation of the area, creating a different government of the superficial water (biggest narrowing and/or rectification of the fluvial axis; obstruction of the stream due to the building of the anthropic structures and infrastructures without appropriate hydraulic criteria, etc.).

The flash flood event allowed to establish that the phenomena previous described, and related damages, are associated to various causes: difficulties of discharge of the connection works between main and secondary hydrographic network; inadequate functional character and capacity of draining of the rain discharge network; unsuitability or complete absence of the remedial works on the fluvial river and secondary channel maintenance, intense presence of hydrogeological disorder and slope instability, emphasized by the progressive abandonment of the cultivation of the soil.

Finally, during the new millennium, several hydro-meteorological events similar to the one just described, affected the Marche landscape, so always more strictly dependent of evident climatic change. In particular, the floods of Aspio valley on September 2006, of Cassette d'Ete in March 2011 - with a victim - and of May 2014 in Senigallia - including a relationship to synoptic situations bearing of such events - have been analysed.

Keywords: extreme rainfall, flash flood, anthropisation, Marche region, climatic change

22

SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND MICROFAUNAL EVIDENCE OF MULTIPLE TSUNAMI INDUNDATION OF THE CHALIKIOPOULOU LAGOON, CORFU (IONIAN ISLANDS, GREECE)

Finkler Claudia1, Fischer P.1, Baika K.2, Rigakou D.3, Metallinou G.3, Hadler H.1, Vött A.1

1Institute of Geography - Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany 2Centre Camille Jullian - Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, France/ Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities - Hellenic Ministry of

Culture, Greece 3Ephorate of Antiquities of Corfu, Greece

Corresponding author: C. Finkler <c.finkler@geo.uni-mainz.de>

Corfu Island is the northernmost island of the Ionian archipelago and located in an extraordinary tectonic stress field between the shallow Adriatic Sea and the deep Ionian Sea, seismically highly active. Here, subduction of the Calabrian Arc in the southwest and the Hellenic Arc in the southeast is accompanied by the movement of the Cefalonia Transform Fault and several adjoining fault systems. On Corfu Island, the Corfu Thrust as compressional structure is accompanied by frequent shallow earthquakes (Kokkalas et al. 2006). Uplifted and submerged notches strongly support the idea that coastal changes on the island are strongly linked to earthquakes and associated crustal movements (Pirazzoli et al. 1994, Evelpidou et al. 2014, Mastronuzzi et al. 2014). These co-seismic movements are also potentially associated to extreme wave events. Corresponding traces of relative sea level changes were detected in near-coast lagoons on Corfu by Fischer et al. (2015).

The geoarchive of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon was investigated in the frame of this study. The lagoon is located in the east of the island, southwest of the modern city of Corfu, and faces the lake-like Gulf of Corfu in the east (Partsch 1887). It features a well-protected environment with shallow waters of less than 1 m in depth. Several vibracores were drilled and investigated by a multi-proxy approach including sedimentological, geophysical, geochemical and microfaunal investigations.

Our results revealed several tsunami-related high-energy sand layers intersecting the autochthonous mud of a quiescent lagoonal environment. Geochronological data suggest a correlation to both local and supra-regional tsunami events known from the eastern Mediterranean. Keywords: palaeotsunami, neotectonics, Ionian Sea, geoarchive REFERENCES Evelpidou, N., Karkani, A., Pirazzoli, P.A. (2014) - Fossil shorelines at Corfu and surrounding islands deduced from erosional

notches. The Holocene, 24, 1565-1572. Fischer, P., Finkler, C., Röbke, B.R., Baika, K., Hadler, H., Willershäuser, T., Rigakou, D., Metallinou, G., Vött, A. (2015) - Impact

of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece) – geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence. Quaternary International, 401, 4-16.

Kokkalas, S., Xypolias, P., Koukouvelas, I., Doutsos, T. (2006) - Postcollisional contractional and extensional deformation in the Aegean region. In Dilek, Y. & Pavlides, S. (Eds.). Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409, 97-123.

Mastronuzzi, G., Calcagnile, L., Pignatelli, C., Quarta, G., Stamatopoulos, L., Venisti, N. (2014) - Late Holocene tsunamigenic uplift in Kerkira Island, Greece. Quaternary International, 332, 48-60.

Partsch, J. (1887) - Die Insel Korfu. Eine geographische Monographie. Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft 88. Gotha: Justus Perthes.

Pirazzoli, P.A., Stiros, S.C., Laborel, J., Laborel-Deguen, F., Arnold, M., Papageorgiou, S., Morhange, C. (1994) - Late-Holocene shoreline changes related to palaeoseismic events in the Ionian Islands, Greece. The Holocene, 4, 397–405.

23

COMBINING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT), DIRECT PUSH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY LOGGING, SEISMICS AND VIBRACORING FOR GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND

GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Fischer Peter1, Wunderlich T.2, Wilken D.2, Hadler H.1, Erkul E.2, Mecking R.2, Günther T.3, Heinzelmann M.4, Vött A.1, Rabbel W.2

1Institute for Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany

2Institute of Geosciences, Dept. of Geophysics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany 3Leibniz-Institute for Applied Geophysics, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany

4Institute for Archaeology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany Corresponding author: P. Fischer <p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de>

A methodological approach combining two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and stratigraphical data based on vibracoring and, for the first time in geoarchaeological research, direct-push electrical conductivity (DP-EC) logging was applied to two different types of archives, the Holsterburg site in Central Germany located in a fluvio-terrestrial zone and the Corfu City site in Greece located in a near-coastal zone. It was shown that DP-EC logs trace fluctuations over grain size in high resolution which reflect changes of depositional conditions in the course of time. In addition, constraints from DP-EC logs in form of layer interfaces and electrical resistivities were incorporated into the ERT inversion process minimizing the ambiguity of inversion results.

Based on these results, the approach was accomplished by seismic measurements and tested on a profile crossing an abandoned channel of the Tiber river (Fiume Morto) in ancient Ostia, Italy. In this study, different ways of constraining the ERT results have been tested. Structural constraints such as layer interfaces derived from reflection seismics and vibracores suffer from the possible non-uniformity of sedimentological, seismic and resistivity interfaces, which might produce artifacts. This can be overcome by the use of blocked Direct Push Electric Conductivity (DP-EC) logs, from which structural constraints such as layer interfaces as well as resistivities for certain regions in the model can be derived. The blocking is necessary for matching the different scales of structural resolution of both methods. Our favored approach is to use several laterally interpolated DP-EC logs as starting model for the ERT inversion. In the upper layers, DP-EC logs correlate mainly with the grain size distribution. Below, electric conductivity is mainly influenced by the differing salt content of the pore water overprinting the influence of grain size. This case study is a good example that electric conductivity must not be misunderstood as a proxy of grain size but depends on both matrix and pore fill properties. Keywords: Direct Push, geoarchaeology, sedimentary archives, palaeoenvironmental proxies

24

THE FLOOD OF THE 6TH CENTURY AD IN THE TAGLIAMENTO RIVER (NE ITALY): GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF

THE MEDIEVAL DILUVIUM

Fontana Alessandro1, Frassine M.2

1Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy

2Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per l'area metropolitana di Venezia e per le province di Belluno, Padova e Treviso, Padova, Italy

Corresponding author: A. Fontana <alessandro.fontana@unipd.it>

In the Mediterranenan basin, strong geomorphic processes occurred in several areas during the early

Middle Age. In some alluvial plains a fast and strong activity phase was triggered and this led many rivers to avulse and/or to form widespread alluvial depositional units. According to some scholars, the severe flooding episode described by the Lombard historian Paolo Diacono as the aquae diluvium of 589 AD, corresponds to one of the most significant phases occurred in Northern Italy, even if its importance and areal extent is debated (Cremonini et al., 2013). Major changes are clearly testified in the alluvial systems of NE Italy and a wealth of information is especially documented in the alluvial megafan of Tagliamento River, both in the stratigraphic and in the archaeological records.

Between the 5th and 9th century, the Tagliamento River experienced its last strong avulsive phase, with the abandonment of the path followed since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC (Lugugnana branch) and the activation of the branches of Concordia Sagittaria and Latisana; these two directions are 15 km a part one from the other but, at the end of this period, only the branch of Latisana survived. The temporary activation of the branch of Concordia is clearly documented by the alluvial unit that sealed large sectors of the Roman city of Concordia Sagittaria with a thickness of 1-5 m of silty sands, burying also the floor of the palaeo-Christian basilica, which is dated to the first part of the 6th century (Fontana, 2006; Fontana et al., 2014).

In Cordovado, 10 km upstream of Concordia, a recent excavation exposed part of a gravelly braided palaeochannel with several embedded trunks, up to 5-meters long. Their radiocarbon dating measured a calibrated age between the second half of 6th century and the first part of the 7th, well matching the time of the hydraulic disaster described by Paolo Diacono (Frassine et al., 2014).

Along the present direction of Tagliamento, the river formed a fluvial ridge reaching up to 4 m over the surrounding floodplain and sealed the Roman landscape. This elevated landform rapidly became an attracting feature for the early Medieval villages and, in Latisana, its first occupation is dated at least since the 11th century. The depositional period coinciding with the avulsive phase was also characterized by the structuration of the present cuspate delta of Tagliamento, consisting of 2 wings where now the tourist cities of Lignano Sabbiadoro and Bibione are present (Fontana, 2006).

Since early studies, many Authors considered this Early Medieval period both for its archaeological and geomorphic importance, trying to sort out the natural from the human-induced component. Several papers stressed the importance of the coincidence between an important natural event/events and the lack of territorial management, particularly when compared to the strong anthropogenic control occurred in the centuries before.

New stratigraphic and geomorphologic data from the megafan of Tagliamento support the assessment of the magnitude of the natural component (mainly driven by climate) of the alluvial processes occurred in the early Middle Ages. In particular, the chronological information allows to constrain one of the main flooding phases between the second half of the 6th and the first part of the 7th century. This evidence confirms the importance of so-called “Diluvium” described by Paolo Diacono but, in the Tagliamento River, the alluvial period lasted until the 10th-11th century. Keywords: avulsions, radiocarbon dating, late Holocene, Venetian-Friulian Plain. REFERENCES Cremonini S. , Labate D., Curina R. 2013) - The late-antiquity environmental crisis in Emilia region (Po river plain, Northern Italy):

Geoarchaeological evidence and paleoclimatic considerations. Quaternary International, 316, 162.178. Fontana A. (2006) - L’evoluzione geomorfologica della bassa pianura friulana e le sue relazioni con le dinamiche insediative

antiche. Monografie del Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, 46, Udine, 288 pp.; enclosed Geomorphological Map of the Low Friulian Plain, scale 1:50,000.

Fontana A., Mozzi P., Marchetti M. (2014) - Alluvial fans and megafans along the southern side of the Alps. Sedimentary Geology, 301, 150-171.

Frassine M., Fontana A., Bezzi A., (2014) - Viabilità romana nel territorio di Morsano al Tagliamento (PN): la direttrice Concordia-Norico dal telerilevamento allo scavo archeologico. Journal of Ancient Topography, XXIII, 107-128.

25

THE ROLE OF LOCAL DOWNPOURS AND FLOODS IN THE MODELLING OF THE

NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE CARPATHIANS

Gębica Piotr1, Starkel L.2, Cebulak E.3, Limanówka D.3, Pyrc R.3

1University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów 2 Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków

3 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management –National Research Institute, Kraków Branch Corresponding author: P. Gębica <pgebica@wsiz.rzeszow.pl>

The convectional or frontal downpours and their interrelations with the orographic barriers result in

floods of the catastrophic character. These phenomena are very common in high mountains (Alps, Himalaya), however occur also in the lower mountains (Starkel 1976). The Carpathian Range, being a barrier for air masses moving from the north, causes their piling up and generates intensive rainfalls at the windward side of the range. The morphological escarpments in the Flysch Carpathians (northern margin of Beskidy Mts and scarp of Carpathian Foothills) of the relative height of 100-300 m, favor the development of convective air movements and rainstorms. These rainstorms sometimes overlap long-termed rainfalls producing floods, as e.g. in July 1997, May and June 2010 (Cebulak 1998). During the flood in 1997 the largest morphological changes in the marginal part of the Beskidy Mts and their foothill were produced by downpours on 7-9 July, overlapping the long-termed rainfalls (Froehlich 1998, Patkowski 2002). The rainstorm on 7 June, 1985, ranging 60-90 mm during 2 hours, that covered part of the Ropa River basin situated in the edge of the Beskid Niski Mts, produced debris flows in the forested valleys (Gil 1998). The relocation of atmospheric front (storm zone) 6-7 km wide along the northern edge of the Bieszczady Mts generated torrential rainfall in the Upper San River basin in July 2005 (Cebulak et al. 2008). The rainfalls between 19 and 27 June, 2009, of the downpour character, ranging a height 70-90 mm a day, that occurred along the edge of Carpathian Foothills, resulted in the catastrophic local floods as well as the development of landslides and earth flows (Bryndal et al. 2010, Starkel 2011).

The extreme rainfalls of high intensiveness, generated by air convective movements, favor the flood occurrence, and in the scarps of the Beskidy and Carpathian Foothills are of crucial importance in the formation of system of stream valleys and alluvial fans in the fore-mountain zone.

Key words: heavy downpours, morphological escarpments, local (flash) floods, Carpathians REFERENCES Cebulak E., (1998)- Przegląd opadów ekstremalnych, które wywołały powodzie w XX wieku w dorzeczu górnej Wisły. In: Starkel

L., Grela J. (Eds), Powódź w dorzeczu górnej Wisły w lipcu 1997 roku. PA N, Kraków, 21-37. Cebulak E., Limanówka D., Malota A., Niedbała J., Pyrc R., Starkel L., (2008)- Przebieg i skutki ulewy w dorzeczu górnego Sanu

w dniu 26 lipca 2005 r., IMGW, Warszawa, 1-55 pp. Bryndal T., Cabaj W., Suligowski R., (2010)- Hydrometeorologiczna interpretacja gwałtownych wezbrań małych cieków w

źródłowej części Wielopolki w dniu 25 czerwca 2009 roku. In: Magnuszewski A. (Ed.), Hydrologia w ochronie i kształtowaniu środowiska. Monografia Komitetu Inżynierii Środowiska PAN, 69, Warszawa, 81-91.

Froehlich W., (1998)- Transport rumowiska i erozja koryt potoków beskidzkich podczas powodzi w lipcu 1997 roku. In: Starkel L., Grela J. (Eds), Powódź w dorzeczu górnej Wisły w lipcu 1997 roku. P A N, Kraków, 133-144.

Gil E. (1998)- Spływ wody i procesy geomorfologiczne w zlewniach fliszowych podczas gwałtownej ulewy w Szymbarku w dniu 7 czerwca 1985 roku. In: Starkel (Ed.), Geomorfologiczny i sedymentologiczny zapis lokalnych ulew, Dokumentacja Geograficzna 11, 85-107.

Patkowski B. (2002)- Rola ekstremalnych wezbrań w kształtowaniu koryta Uszwicy (na przykładzie powodzi w latach 1997-1998). Prace Instytutu Geografii AŚ w Kielcach, 139-152.

Starkel L. (1976)- The role of extreme (catastrophic) meteorological events In contemporary evolution of slopes. In: E. Derbyshire (Ed.), Geomorphology and Climate, Wiley, 203-246.

Starkel L. ( 2011)- Złożoność czasowa I przestrzenna opadów ekstremalnych – ich efekty geomorfologiczne I drogi przeciwdziałania im. Landform Analysis, 15, 65-80.

26

ALLUVIAL FAN EVOLUTION AND CHANGES IN STREAM PROPERTIES IN THE AREA OF THE LITTLE HUNGARIAN PLAIN DURING THE LATE GLACIAL

Gulyás Sándor1, Törőcsik T.1, Sümegi B.P.1, Molnár D.1, Sümegi P.1,2

1University of Szeged, Department of Geology and Paleontology, 2-6. Egyetem str, Szeged, H-6722, Hungary. 2Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archeology, 49 Úri str., Budapest, H Hungary

Corresponding author: S. Gulyás. <gulyas.sandor@geo.u-szeged.hu>

Prior to the construction of the M85 motorway between Győr and Csorna, NE Hungary as part of rescue archaeological excavations in 2011 and 2012, a comprehensive chronological, geological and paleontological investigations were implemented. These studies managed to elucidate a unique Late Pleistocene and Late Glacial evolution of the alluvial fan system underlying the area of the Little Hungarian Plain. The alluvial fan was constructed by streams discharging the watershed area of the Bakony Mts. located to the SE. At about 25-15 ka the two major rivers of the plain, the Rába and the Marcal shifted their course from S-N to E-W. As a result, the two streams incised into the alluvial fan capturing the streams coming from the southeast, from the area of the Bakony Hills. The northern half of the fan, known as the Csorna Plain today, was isolated from its major sediment sources. Meanwhile sediment transportation continued to the southern part of the fan. The isolation of the northern part of the fan creating a system of abandoned riverbeds was accompanied by a major drop in the groundwater table bringing about the desiccation of the unsaturated topsoil area of the fan. Incipient aeolian processes resulted in the initial accumulation of wind-blown sands forming small ridges and dune-like features. An exchange to dust accumulation and formation of loess-like deposits ceased sand accumulation fixing the surface and conserving the underlying aeolian morphology. It also contributed to the straightening and canalization of the abandoned branches. Human activities of tillage and settling significantly altered the fluvial characteristics and future landscape evolution of the former northern part of the alluvial fan. Keywords: alluvial fan, river capture, abandoned riverbeds, Late Glacial, Little Hungarian Plain

27

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF MARSHLAND DESTRUCTION IN NORTH FRISIA (GERMAN NORTH SEA COAST) BY THE GROTE MANDRENKE IN 1362 AD

Hadler Hanna1, Vött A.1, Newig J.2, Emde K.1, Finkler C.1, Fischer P.1, Willershäuser T.1

1Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany 2Institute of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Germany; †

Corresponding author: H. Hadler <hadler@uni-mainz.de>

Characterized by Pleistocene Geest landscapes, Holocene fens and marshes and extensive tidal flats, the coastal region of North Frisia (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) has constantly been affected by natural environmental changes. Beginning in the 11th cent. AD, the extensive reclamation of cultivated land by dike building resulted in major man-made changes of the so far natural coastal landscape. Between the 12th and 14th cent. AD, present-day tidal flats around the island Hallig Südfall represented intensively managed marshland, belonging to the historical Edomsharde district and its main settlement Rungholt.

For North Frisia, it is well known that during medieval and early modern times, extreme storm surge events caused major losses of land associated with a massive landward shift of the coastline. Today, cultural traces like remains of dikes, drainage ditches, dwelling mounds (terps) or even plough marks are still visible in the Wadden Sea and provide evidence of the once cultivated marshland.

In order to elucidate the major environmental changes that considerably altered the coastal landscape of North Frisia since medieval times, geophysical and geomorphological investigations were carried out at two different study sites between the present day Wadden Sea and Geest fringe. Our study thereby aimed at evaluating the impact of medieval storm surges on the coastline by identifying traces of storm surge events in the Wadden Sea and marshlands. We further aimed at reconstructing the historical landscape and deciphering the complex interactions between man and environment.

Based on a multi-proxy analysis of sediment cores retrieved from the tidal flat zone around Hallig Südfall and from the Hallig itself, we identified a late medieval palaeosol associated with the formerly cultivated marshland most probably belonging to the Edomsharde and local trade centre of Rungholt. However, remains of these medieval marsh deposits were found partly eroded and covered by a coarse-grained high-energy deposit including abundant shell debris and artefacts. Based on sedimentological, geochemical, micropalaeontological and geochronological data, our results, for the first time, provide geological evidence of the 1st Grote Mandrenke (or St. Marcellus’ flood). This extreme storm surge event in 1362 AD caused vast losses of land along the North Frisian coastline and destroyed the trading post of Rungholt. Towards the Geest fringe near Mildstedt, extensive Holocene fens were abruptly inundated by the sea during the same extreme storm surge. Subsequent daily flooding caused rapid siltation of the fens, so that – only some decades later – the newly formed Südermarsch could already be embanked and cultivated. Keywords: storm surges, North Sea, Rungholt, Mandrenke REFERENCES Bantelmann A. (1966) - Die Landschaftsentwicklung an der schleswig-holsteinischen Westküste, dargestellt am Beispiel

Nordfrieslands. Die Küste, 14/2, 1-99. Busch A. (1923) - Die Entdeckung der letzten Spuren Rungholts. Jahrbuch des nordfriesischen Vereins für Heimatkunde, 10, 1-

32. Hagemeister J. (1980) - Rungholt. Sage und Wirklichkeit. – Verlag Lühr und Dircks, St. Peter-Ording, 55 pp. Henningsen H.H. (1998) – Rungholt. Der Weg in die Katastrophe Bd. 1. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum, 152 pp. Henningsen H.H. (2000) – Rungholt. Der Weg in die Katastrophe Bd. 2. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum, 176 pp. Newig J., Haupenthal U. (Eds., 2016) – Rungholt. Rätselhaft und widersprüchlich. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum,

175 pp.

28

ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF LAKES AND SUBMERGED PALEO-KARST OF THE CROATIAN ADRIATIC COAST DURING THE LATE QUATERNARY;

THE CASE OF NOVIGRADSKO MORE CATCHMENT

Hasan Ozren1, Miko S., Ilijanić, N.1, Brunović D.1, Papatheodorou G.2, Bakrač K.1, Razum I.3, Geraga M.2

1 Croatian Geological Survey, Sachova 2, Zagreb, Croatia

2Laboratory of Marine Geology & Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece 3 Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, Zagreb, Croatia

Corresponding author: O. Hasan <ohasan@hgi-cgs.hr>

During the Holocene, some of the coastal karst depressions in the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast

developed into larger lakes. Although scarce, these lakes are evenly distributed along the coast, offering complete and well-dated lake and marine sediments spanning throughout the most of the Holocene. The ongoing LoLADRIA (Lost Lake Landscapes of the Eastern Adriatic Shelf) project is using 5-10 m long lacustrine or marine sediment cores collected in 17 sites along eastern Adriatic coast (EAC). These sediments allow multiproxy reconstructions of the Holocene environmental change. Along with the sediment sampling, high resolution geophysical methods allow insight into the preserved changes and seismotectonics of marine sediments, submerged landscapes, and morphology of paleo-lakes in Lošinjski kanal, Kvarnerić, Novigradsko and Karinsko more, Pirovački zaljev and Koločepski kanal. The thickness of paleo-lake sediments varies from 2 m up to more than 10 m. Intensive paleoseismic and recent seismic activity is evident in Koločepski kanal geophysical profiles. Most of the present day lakes along the EAC formed during the early Holocene, but some last from the Pleistocene.

In effort to outline the Holocene paleo-environmental evolution of four well-defined neighbouring karst subcatchments in the Novigradsko more catchment (central part of the EAC), a multi-proxy approach (chemical analysis, particle size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, L*a*b* spectrum, C/N analysis, bulk XRD analysis) with well-defined 14C AMS radiocarbon chronology was adopted. Four long marine sediment cores (3,5-to 6,5 m) were sampled in the Zrmanja river mouth, Novigradsko more, Karinsko more and Modrić bay along with fourteen soil sediment cores or profiles in their respective subcatchments. Marine sediments span over the last 11.500 yr. Three marine sediment cores penetrated the marine sediment sequences and terminated in terrestrial sediments predating the Holocene sea-level rise. In the core from Novigradsko more terrestrial sediments occur after 11.440 cal. yr. BP, in Modrić bay after 10.380 cal. yr. BP, and in Karinsko more after 10.200 cal. yr. BP. The shallow and isolated Karinsko more bay shows evidence of a short-lived brakish/freshwater lake-marsh system, recognized by low Sr/Ca ratio (Dodd & Crisp, 1982), elevated Pb/Al, Mg/Al ratios, elevated C/N (Lamb et al., 2006)) and Mo concentration, and also pollen and foraminiferal assemblages. After that period typical marine sedimentation was present. The evidence of anthropogenic changes with pronounced erosion due to deforestation in the subcatchments is evident in all marine cores. It is detected as elevated magnetic susceptibility, (Maher, 2007), change in color (influx of red terra rossas visible as high a* and b*) (St Onge et al., 2007), elevated Pb (Shotyk et al., 1998), lithogenic elements, TOC, C/N (Lamb et al., 2006) and decreased carbonates. Significant deforestation started in the southern-most subcatchment of Karinsko more at 1.030 cal. yr BP, followed by deforestation in the Zrmanja river subcatchment at approximately 720 cal. yr BP. The human influence in the southern Velebit mountain slopes as recorded in the Modrić bay core began 460 cal. yr. BP. Erosional maximum is evident in all three cores at approximately same interval from 170 to 395 cal. yr BP. Keywords: Holocene paleo-lakes, LoLADRIA, relative sea-level rise, deforestation REFERENCES Dodd, J.R. & Crisp, E.L. (1982) - Non-linear variation with salinity of Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in water and aragonitic bivalve shells

and implications for paleosalinity studies, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 38, 45-56. Lamb, A.L., Wilson, G. P., Leng, M.J. (2006) - A review of coastal palaeoclimate and relative sea-level reconstructions using δ13C

and C/N ratios in organic material. Earth-science reviews 75, 29-57 Maher, B.A. (2007): Environmental magnetism and climate change. Cont. Physics 5, 247-274. Shotyk, W., Weiss, D., Appleby, P.G., Cheburkin, A.K., Frei, R., Gloor, M., Kramers, J.D., Reese, S., & Van Der Knaap, W.O.

(1998): History of atmospheric lead deposition since 12,370 14C yr BP recorded in a peat bog profile, Jura Mountains, Switzerland, Science 281, 1635-1640.

St-Onge, G., Mulder, T., Francus, P., Long, B. (2007): Chapter two: continuous properties of cored marine sediments. In: Hillaire, C., Anthony, E.J. (Eds.), Proxies in Late Cenozoic. Paleoceanography. University of Quebec, Montreal, 63–98.

29

FORMATION, GROWTH AND OUTBURST FLOOD OF LAKE MASHEY, ALTAI MOUTAINS, SIBERIA

Herget Juergen1, Neuwirth B.2, Borodavko P.3, Krautblatter M.4, Litvinov A.3

1 Department of Geography - University of Bonn, Germany 2 DELAWI - Dendroanalytical Laboratory Windeck, Germany

3 Siberian Branch - Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia 4 Landslide Research - Technical University Munich, Germany Corresponding author: J. Herget <herget@giub.uni-bonn.de>

Lake Mashey is a thermokarst lake located in the headwater of the river of the same name in the Altai

Mountains of southern Siberia. The lake is ponded by a rock-glacier covered terminal moraine of Mashey Glacier in combination with a lateral rockfall debris cone. Even though a spillway existed, the entire lake drained by seeping through the moraine dam. 3D-geoelectrical investigations confirmed the existence of permafrost within the dam. Due to missing water supply from the glacier, the lake basin runs dry in winter time until its reformation by meltwater supply next spring. Note, that the permafrost within the dam did not close the seeping pipes in the meantime.

Dead tree trunks within the lake basin indicate the relatively young age of the lake. Their dendrochronological and –ecological investigation provides information the lateral growth rates of the lake and environmental condition of its vicinity.

After a period of intensive precipitation in July 2012, the level of the dry spillway was reached by the rising lake level and became active. Due to the steep slope, rapid incision occurred and the resulting gap caused an outburst flood devastating the valley downstream. Based on the traces of the flood, its magnitude can be quantified by indirect methods and related to previous estimations for such kind of event. Keywords: outburst flood, permafrost, thermokarst, dendroecology REFERENCES Borodavko P.S. & A.S. Litvinov (2013) - Russian Altai Mountains: Lake Mashey and Lake Sofiyskoe. In: Borodavko, P.S., G.E.

Glazirin, J. Herget & I.V. Severskiy (Eds.): Hazard assessment and outburst flood estimation of naturally dammed lakes in Central Asia. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 35-43.

30

OUTBURST FLOOD FROM ARTIFICIAL LAKE MOEHNE IN WESTERN GERMANY IN MAY 1943 AFTER BOMBING

Herget Juergen, Gregori L.

Department of Geography - University of Bonn, Germany Corresponding author: J. Herget <herget@giub.uni-bonn.de>

During World War II three of Germany's dams located on the Moehne, Sorpe and Eder Rivers in

western Germany were attacked on the same night. This operation was carried out by the Royal Air force during the night of 16th to 17th of May 1943 as a low-level surprise attack using special heavy rotating bombs. The aim was to cause destruction by the outburst flood and limit water supply for the weapon production in the industrial Ruhr District and the city of Kassel downstream. The flood waves released by their destruction caused widespread devastation on infrastructure and killed about 2000 people.

To obtain a basis for the preparation of plans for precluding or reducing damages from such occurrences in the future, these flood waves were carefully studied. In addition to these early studies carried out soon after the event, recent reconstructions of the outburst flood from Moehne Lake gained new insights in the dynamics of the outburst flood waves passing through the densely settled valley downstream of the dam. Discharge was measured by the lowering lake level and could be modelled according to palaeostage indicators at numerous locations along the flood's pathway. The wavefront velocity is registered in the historical record. Retention effects and emptying of artificial lakes along the River Ruhr helped to reduce the flood level significantly in the lower reaches. Keywords: outburst floods, dam failure, dam bombing, Moehne REFERENCES Blank, R. (2012) - The Battle of the Ruhr 1943 – aerial warfare against an industrial region. Labour History Review, 77, 35-48. Euler, H. (2007) - Wasserkrieg – 17. Mai 1943, Rollbomben gegen die Möhne-, Eder- und Sorpestaudämme. Motorbuch Verlag,

Berlin, 256 p. Kirschmer, O. (1949) - Destruction and protection of dams and levees. Schweizerische Bauzeitung 20, 277-281 and 21, 300-303

(english translation online available at http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/Military Hydrology 1949 - Destruction And Protection of Dams And Levees.pdf (1 Jul 2016)

31

SEDIMENTARY RECORD AND LATE HOLOCENE PALEOHYDROLOGY OF THE BLUE LAKE (MODRO JEZERO, CROATIA)

Ilijanić Nikolina1, Miko S.1, Jarić A.2, Brenko T.2, Hasan O.1, Šparica M.M.1

1Croatian Geological Survey, Sachova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

2 Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb , Croatia Corresponding author: N. Ilijanić <nilijanic@hgi-cgs.hr>

Sediment cores from lakes can be used to identify historical changes in lake levels and environmental changes, as they have specific physical and geochemical properties. In Blue Lake (“Modro jezero”) sedimentary record drought and high water level periods can be tracked. Blue Lake is a karst lake formed as a collapse doline and is less than 1 km away from the Red Lake (“Crveno jezero”). The lake formed, together with a neighboring Red Lake, at the edge of a late Miocene lake. It is surrounded by the town Imotski located in Dalmatia, southern Croatia. The wider area is inhabited since Neolithic. The lake bottom is located at 242 m a.s.l., and is 195 x 75 m wide. The fluctuation of the water level in the Blue Lake is from about 241 (bottom—in this case the lake is dry) to 342 m a.s.l. The highest recorded water level was at 345 m a.s.l. The water level fluctuations in both lakes follow the groundwater level oscillations in the surrounded aquifers (Bonacci and Roje-Bonacci 2008). The Blue Lake dries up every 4 years on average (Bonacci 2006; Bonacci and Roje-Bonacci 2008; Palandačić et al. 2012). The drought period, which started in summer 2011, provided the access to the lake bottom, and therefore a possibility for a drilling campaign, performed in January 2012. The 8.2 m long sediment core was collected and high resolution images, trends in spectral color parameters (L*a*b*), magnetic susceptibility, grain size, elemental composition and organic carbon through the core were obtained. These were used to reconstruct historical changes in lake hydrology. The core covers the last 2400 years. It starts with a shallow-water sequence interrupted by several deep water phases and indicates evolution from a wetland prior to 1800 cal BP (lithological zone A). A deeper, carbonate producing lake formed from 1800 to 1300 cal BP (zone B) with frequent drought periods. A deep lake with no visible terminations of sedimentation lasted for the next 600 years (zone C). During the Little Ice Age and modern period (zones D and E) the frequency of drying out of the lake increased but their duration was much shorter without significant organic carbon accumulation. This period is accompanied by elevated influx of terrigenous material into the carbonate producing lake. Discontinuity surfaces in sediment core were visible in sediment texture and correlated with sediment brightness (L*), elemental composition and organic carbon. This is based on the assumption that flood/deep lake layers were enriched in carbonates and draughts/low lake layers in siliciclastics and by combining these parameters discrete drought layers were identified. Within the core several faults were detected and were correlated with earthquakes which occurred in the time of sedimentation indicating to tectonic activity of the wide area of southern Dalmatia. The lake deposits, which cover the time-span from ca 2400 cal BP to the present, show that the hydrological balance dominated by groundwater flow. The Blue Lake with its unique position within a karst aquifer and high sedimentation rate will allow the construction of a simplistic climate-hydrology model in which variations in groundwater generation within the lake are recorded in sediments at a three-year resolution. Keywords: karst lake, sediment record, drought periods, paleoenvironmental reconstruction REFERENCES Bonacci O., Roje-Bonacci T. (2008). Water losses from the Ričice reservoir built in the Dinaric karst. Eng Geol 99(3–4):121–

127. Bonacci O. (2006). Crveno i Modro jezero kod Imotskog [Red and Blue Lakes near Imotski]. Hrvatske Vode 14(54):45–54

(Croatian). Palandačić A., Bonacci O., Snoj A. (2012). Molecular data as a possible tool for tracing groundwater flow in karst environment:

example of Delminichthys adspersus in Dinaric karst system. Ecohydrology 5(6):791–797.

32

EXTRACTING PALAEOFLOOD DATA FROM COARSE-GRAINED PLEISTOCENE RIVER TERRACE ARCHIVES IN EPHEMERAL RIVER SYSTEMS

Mather Anne, Stokes M.

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8A Corresponding author: A. Mather <amather@plymouth.ac.uk>

Field based palaeoflood event reconstruction has the potential to contribute to the development of our

understanding of longterm landscape evolution (Stokes et al 2012). However the reconstruction of past flow event histories (magnitude and frequency) over long-term (Quaternary) timescales is fraught with difficulties. Here we make a preliminary exploration of some of the practicalities of flood reconstruction from fluvial terrace archives using commonly available sedimentological and geomorphological observations from a field perspective.

We utilize Manning and palaeostage indicators to reconstruct historic events that can be used as benchmarks for a lesser used competence based approach (Clarke 1996), which is applied to coarse-grained strath terrace deposits. We evaluate the results against gauged records for extreme and catastrophic events that affected the same region (SE Spain) in 1973 and 2012.

The findings suggest that the competence approach is most effectively applied to terrace deposits if the channel geometry is taken into account when sampling both in cross section and in longitudinal section and calibrated against the sedimentology for palaeo-flow depth (based on channel geometries and bedforms). Problems can arise where constrictive channel geometries allow boulder jams to develop, acting as sediment traps for the coarsest material and leading to downstream ‘boulder starvation’. Useful sites to target for palaeoflood reconstruction, therefore, would be upstream of such constrictive reaches where the coarsest transportable bedload has been effectively trapped. Sites to avoid would be downflow, where the deposited material would poorly represent palaeoflood competence.

Underestimation from maximum boulder preservation and limited section exposure issues would appear to outweigh possible overestimation concerns related to fluid density and unsteady flow characteristics such as instantaneous acceleration forces. Flood data derived from river terrace deposits suggests that basal terrace geometries and coarse boulder lags common to many terrace sequences (or major channel erosion surfaces in the rock record) are likely the result of extreme flow events in arid, ephemeral river settings. However the often associated conglomeratic fining upwards sequences overlying these units preserve either waning flood or more common lesser magnitude events. Keywords: palaeoflood, competence, coarse-grained, sedimentology REFERENCES Clarke A.O. (1996). Estimating probable maximum floods in the upper Santa Ana basin, Southern California, from stream

boulder size. Geological Society of America 2: 165-182 Stokes M, Griffiths J.S., Mather A.E. (2012). Palaeoflood estimates of Pleistocene coarse grained river terrace landforms (Río

Almanzora, SE Spain). Geomorphology 149: 11-26.

33

DATABASE OF ALLUVIAL 14C DATES IN SIBERIA

AND ITS PALEOHYDROLOGICAL INTERPRETATION

Matlakhova Ekaterina Yu.¹, Panin A.V.¹ ²

¹Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia ²Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences

Corresponding author: E.Yu. Matlakhova <matlakhova_k@mail.ru>

We collected and analyzed published radiocarbon dates from Siberia to pick absolute dates on alluvial

and associated deposits. After filtering unreliable dates, >300 radiocarbon dates from Ob’, Yenisei, Lena, Angara, Selenga and other Siberian river catchments were included into the database. Each date was supplied with information on geographic location and coordinates, catchment area (as classes divisible by 10), geomorphological position, characteristics of geological section and dated materials. Also the information about published sources was given.

Documented sections refer to fluvial forms in a wide range of catchment sizes. In the database catchment areas are presented as classes 0...6 at intervals with a 10-fold increment: 0–10º...105–106 km2. The “zero class” (area <1 km2) refers to gullies and small valleys with ephemeral flow that are termed balka-valleys, or balkas. Balkas are common fluvial landforms in steppes where they have catchment areas in the range 10º–10¹

km².

To extract palaeohydrological signal we used two kinds of proxies: sedimentological (S) and geomorphological (G). We used the following indicators of low activity (LA): organic horizons (soil, peat) in overbank alluvium, balka bottoms and gully fans (S); small river palaeochannels (G); and the following indicators of high activity (HA): active sedimentation on river floodplains (burial of organic horizons),

balka bottoms and gully fans (S); erosion by flood flows on floodplains, in bottoms of balkas and gullies,

river incision, big palaeochannels, channel avulsions and chute cutoffs (G). Each date that received palaeohydrological interpretation was regarded as the indicator of a particular

Local Palaeohydrological Event (LPE). To correlate LPEs over large regions, 14C dates were calibrated (IntCal13) and probability density functions (PDFs) of individual dates were summed separately for the HA- and LA-classes using the online version of OxCal 4.2 program (Bronk Ramsey, 2009). To exclude the influence of both the form of calibration curve and the time trends, we analyzed relative PDs (RPDs) obtained by dividing particular PDs by the PD of the total massive of dates. The resultant RPD-graphs for HA- and LA-events were used to establish hydroclimatic chronology.

Extreme flood events were characteristic for the Lateglacial around 13-15 cal ka BP. In the Early Holocene, low floods and fluvial stability prevailed in the interval 11.5-6.5 cal ka BP, though few high flooding and erosion events were detected around 10900-10400, 9000-8800, 7500-6900 cal ka BP. In the Late Holocene the most pronounced drought period was found between 2000-700 cal ka BP that finished along with the end of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). Since the AD XIIIth c. and till the end of the XIXth c. two phases of high flood and erosion activity were revealed at 700-550 and 300-100 cal ka BP that correspond closely to the two cold phases within the Little Ice Age. Comparison of results over Siberia with previously published Holocene flood chronologies in Europe (Benito et al., 2015; Panin, Matlakhova, 2015) revealed high concordance in the last millennium (the hydrological response to the MWP and LIA climate oscillations) and less similarity in earlier time.

This study contributes to the RFBR Project 14-05-00146 "Periodization and correlation of fluvial

processes in Russia based on geostatistical processing of absolute chronology data". Keywords: floods and droughts, hydroclimatic chronology, radiocarbon dates. REFERENCES Benito G., Macklin M.G., Panin A., Rossato S., Fontana A., Jones A. F., Machado M. J., Matlakhova E., Mozzi P., Zielhofer C.

(2015) Recurring flood distribution patterns related to short-term Holocene climatic variability. Scientific Reports, 5, 16398. Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009) Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51 (1), 337–360. Panin A., Matlakhova E. (2015) - Fluvial chronology in the East European Plain over the last 20 ka and its paleohydrological

implications. Catena 130, 46-61.

34

EVIDENCE OF LARGE PROGLACIAL FLOODINGS IN THE VENETIAN-FRIULIAN OUTWASH PLAIN DURING THE LAST GLACIATION

Monegato Giovanni1, Mozzi P.2, Paiero G.3, Rossato S.2

1IGG-CNR, Torino, Italy 2Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy

3 Department of agricultural and food, environmental and animal sciences, University of Udine, Italy Corresponding author: G. Monegato <g.monegato@csg.to.cnr.it>

The outwash rivers of the Venetian-Friulian plain promoted a high-rate aggradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); large sedimentary bodies were fed by major glaciers lobes, namely Astico, Brenta, Piave and Tagliamento. LGM glaciers along the south-eastern side of the Alps were temperate-type glaciers, hold up by high precipitation rates and characterized by large amount of liquid water trapped in subglacial lakes or funneled in speedy streams. The stratigraphic analysis of these sedimentary bodies is possible through open sections granted by gravel quarries and natural scarps of the river banks. Rapid changes from coarse gravels to well sorted sandy gravels few kilometers downstream have been identified in all sectors. Large boulders, from 1 up to 2 m of b size, are present in many sites, especially in the Cormor megafan of the Tagliamento outwash plain, from the end-moraine system to about 13 km far to the south (Zanferrari et al., 2008). These were previously interpreted as the evidence of dismembered frontal moraines (Venturini, 1988). However, the boulders are located only in this sector of the plain and lie stratigraphically above a paleosoil radiocarbon dated to 27 14C ka BP (Monegato et al., 2007), thus belonging to the LGM sandur of the Tagliamento glacier. In some dugs these boulders are associated to large bars, showing a rough cross-bedding. A similar sedimentary structure was observed 2 km downstream of the LGM frontal moraines in the Astico outwash system, a transfluence tongue of the Adige-Brenta glacial complex (Rossato et al., 2013). In this case a well preserved bar fills a deep cut in the horizontal bedding of the outwash gravels, marking the evidence of a high-energy cut and fill process. The occurrence of cross-bedded bars, embedding large boulders up to 2 m of diameter, in the piedmont plain of the south-eastern Alps is peculiar. The break of natural dams, such as the frontal moraines or the glacier itself, may have triggered catastrophic floods that determined the formation of such gravel bars with meter-size clasts as well as moving iceberg with loaded boulders far from the terminus. Keywords: Venetian-Friulian Plain, LGM, catastrophic floods, fluvioglacial deposits REFERENCES Monegato G., Ravazzi C., Donegana M., Pini R., Calderoni G., Wick L. (2007) - Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during

the Last Glacial Maximum in the Tagliamento end moraine system (eastern Alps). Quaternary Research, 68, 284-302. Rossato S., Monegato G., Mozzi P., Cucato M., Gaudioso B., Miola A. (2013) - Late Quaternary glaciations and connections to

the piedmont plain in the pre-Alpine environment: the middle and lower Astico valley (NE Italy). Quaternary International, 288, 8-24.

Venturini C. (1988) - L'anfiteatro morenico del Tagliamento: evidenze di archi würmiani sepolti nelle alluvioni dell'alta pianura friulana e relative implicazioni glaciali e neotettoniche. Gortania - Atti Museo Friulano Storia Naturale, 10, 65-80.

Zanferrari A., Avigliano R., Monegato G., Paiero G., Poli M.E. (2008) - Explanatory notes to the Geological Map of Italy at the scale 1:50.000 - Sheet 066 “Udine”. APAT-Servizio Geologico d’Italia - Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Graphic Linea, Tavagnacco (UD). 176 pp.

35

DRIVERS AND IMPACTS OF ABRUPT RIVER CHANGES IN THE ADIGE ALLUVIAL PLAIN AND NORTHERN PO DELTA

Mozzi Paolo1, Piovan S.2, Corrò E.3

1Department of Geosciences - University of Padova, Italy 2Department of Historical and Geographic Sciences and the Ancient World - University of Padova, Italy

3Department of Humanistic Studies - University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, Italy Corresponding author: P. Mozzi <paolo.mozzi@unipd.it>

Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidences indicate that the formation of the southern Venetian plain by the Adige and Po rivers has been mainly driven by avulsions, rather than lateral migration of channel belts. Major avulsion events in the upstream tracts of these rivers led to significant changes of river courses and forced the migration of delta lobes in the coastal area (Piovan et al., 2012). The northernmost branch of the Po River (Saline-Cona Po) was active between 4 and 3 cal ka BP and had a SW-NE direction towards the Venice Lagoon, about 30 km north of the present river position (Piovan et al., 2010). The Adige River was also flowing about 20 km more to the north than it presently does, and was a tributary of the Po River. This hydrographic network led to the formation of a wide delta in the southern sector of the Venice Lagoon. The deactivation of the Saline–Cona Po branch through avulsion just upstream of Rovigo, around 3 cal ka BP, led to a southwards shift of the Po delta system. The Adige River kept its mouth in the same area until Roman times, building its own delta on top of the previous one. The Adige avulsion at Bonavigo during the Early Middle Ages led to the abandonment of the northern path of the river at the foot of the Euganean Hills and towards the Venice Lagoon. As a consequence, the delta in the southern Venice Lagoon was definitely abandoned and the Adige River started to build a new delta in its present position, about 15 km more to the south.

The chronostratigraphy of the alluvial sediments, based on corings and radiocarbon dating, provides good indications on the sedimentary and geomorphic output of these dramatic changes in river patterns. But it does not allow to accurately constrain the timing of each avulsion. It can be speculated that each event may have occurred in time-spans that go from the single extreme flood to clusters of enhanced flooding during decennial-to-centennial scale climatic phases (Rossato et al., 2016). To this respect, the attribution of the Early Medieval Adige avulsion at Bonavigo (La Cucca) to the 589 AD destructive flood, described by Paul the Deacon in its chronicle of the Lombard Kingdom, remains undetermined. This also in consideration that long-term river instability is documented in the Emilia Po Plain throughout the 3rd-6th century AD (Cremonini et al., 2013).

The geoarchaeology of the city of Adria highlights the human impact and the resilience of settlements in face of enhanced flooding in the Adige and Po floodplains. Two major Medieval sedimentary events are recorded in the alluvial stratigraphy in Adria (Corrò and Mozzi, 2016). The first one took place between the 9th-11th centuries AD. In the 11th–15th centuries AD, a wide marshy area extended north, west and east of the city, as evidenced by an extensive peat layer that was buried by the second alluvial event in the 15th–16th century AD. Floodplain aggradation led to the burial of a 9th-century AD church under about 2 m of overbank fines, turning it into an underground hall, now known as the ‘crypt’ of the modern San Giovanni church. Enhanced flooding was probably related to the artificial diversion of part of the discharge of the Adige River into the minor Tartaro River by the monks of the Order of Saint Benedict, who started land reclamation in the area. Keywords: avulsion, palaeofloods, palaeohydrography, Po Plain REFERENCES Corrò E., Mozzi P. (2016) - Water matters. Geoarchaeology of the city of Adria and palaeohydrographic variations (Po Delta,

Northern Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2016), doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.001 Cremonini S., Labate D., Curina R. (2013) - The late-antiquity environmental crisis in Emilia region (Po river plain, Northern

Italy): geoarchaeological evidence and paleoclimatic considerations. Quaternary International, 316, 162-178. Piovan S., Mozzi P., Stefani C. (2010) - Bronze Age palaeohydrography of the Southern Venetian Plain. Geoarchaeology, 25, 6-

35. Piovan S., Mozzi P., Zecchin M. (2012) - The interplay between adjacent Adige and Po alluvial systems and deltas in the late

Holocene (Northern Italy). Géomorphologie, 4, 427-440. Rossato S., Fontana A., Mozzi P. (2015) - Meta-analysis of a Holocene 14C database for the detection of paleohydrological crisis

in the Venetian-Friulian Plain (NE Italy). Catena 130, 34-45.

36

LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM TANSFORMATION IN THE EASTERN PERIPHERY OF THE

CHUYA BASIN (SE ALTAI, RUSSIA)

Nepop Roman K. 1,2, Agatova A.R.1,2

1Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russia 2Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Corresponding author: A.R. Agatova <agatr@mail.ru>

The southeastern part of Russian Altai (SE Altai), mountains of southern Siberia, is one of the areas

where extensive ice-dammed lakes were formed in intermountain depressions throughout the Pleistocene. Repeated draining of these reservoirs led to significant landscape changes in the drainage valley network over hundreds of kilometres. The Kuray-Chuya system of intermountain depressions, SE Altai, is well-known due to the giant Pleistocene glacier-dammed palaeolakes with their cataclysmic runoff into the Arctic Ocean along the River Ob.

The study area discussed in this paper includes the eastern periphery of the Chuya basin and framing Chikhachev range. We present the results of our multidisciplinary investigations of the fluvial system transformation controlled by paleoenvironmental changes. Our researches utilized different methodological approaches. Detailed geomorphological investigations and process analyses were based on interpretation of aerial photographs, Landsat-TM images, topographic maps, and field investigations including mapping of landforms and deposits of different genesis. Selected exposures were studied to examine the sediments and landforms associations. Suitable material (including paleosoils, buried peat layers, charcoals, vegetation fragments from peat and boggy deposits) from key locations were sampled for determining the radiocarbon chronology of fluvial system evolution and the timing of major geomorphic processes. The bio-composition of plant remnants from peat and boggy deposits, the species composition of forest vegetation from charcoal fragments, pollen analysis, micromorphological studies of contemporary and buried soils as well as litho-stratigraphic and morphological pedogenetic descriptions for the soil-sedimentary sequences were determined for palaeolandscape reconstructions, revealing environmental conditions and sedimentation patterns. The spatial distribution of archaeological sites, the state of their preservation affected by environmental changes, and their affiliation to a certain archaeological culture was used for timing and analyzing the patterns of Holocene landscape evolution and estimating ages (terminus ante quem) of associated landforms.

Generally 10 sections in 4 locations were studied. 23 new radiocarbon dates indicate main stages of hydrological system transformation in the eastern periphery of the Chuya basin. In Late Pleistocene glaciers extended from the high ranges into the major valleys and impounded extensive lakes. Within the Chuya intermountain depressions shorelines of those ice-dammed lakes more clearly are expressed in topography up to 2,100 m a.s.l. Their location even at 2,250 m a.s.l. (the highest reported altitude) indicates that these giant ice-dammed lakes didn’t occupy the study area. Western slope of the Chikhachev range and eastern periphery of the Chuya depression were affected by glaciation at that time. Subsequent degradation of this glaciation controlled further transformation of hydrological system in the region. There are geomorphological evidences of moraine-dammed lakes formation in the Boguty valley. Most likely at earlier stages a single lake was developed. Further destruction of moraine dams leaded to partial basin drying and formation of the system of residual lakes. The contemporary Boguty river channel connects these Holocene lakes. Generally climate was one of the major factors that controlled the Holocene evolution of regional hydrological system.

The results of studying climatic proxy archive supports our conception of generally more humid and warmer climate conditions in the first half of the Holocene within the SE Altai and a more arid and cold climate in the second one. We also established the periods of repeated intensification of slope processes within the study area. Intensive mudflows took place here. Besides climatic reasons, they could be triggered by strong earthquakes, which are quite common nature phenomena in the SE Altai and neighboring NW Mongolia. Keywords: moraine-dammed lakes, paleoenvironmental changes, Holocene, Russian Altai

37

A MULTI-PROXY APPROACH TO SHORT-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF FONDO PAVIANI (VERONA, NORTHERN ITALY)

Nicosia Cristiano1, Dal Corso M.2 , Cupitò M.3; Leonardi G.3, Dalla Longa E.3, Kirleis W.2

1 CReA Patrimoine - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 2 Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany

3 Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, University of Padova, Italy Corresponding author: C. Nicosia <cristianonicosia@yahoo.it>

Fondo Paviani is a Late-Final Bronze Age (14th-12th century BCE) fortified settlement that developed as a central place in the eastern Po Valley, among the Terramare Culture area. The site is located in the lowlands south of Verona, in the “Valli Grandi Veronesi” area. It covers an area of ca. 20 ha and it is surrounded by a moat and by a quadrangular earthen rampart, according to the typical Terramare structure. Artefacts such as Baltic amber ornaments, glass-making by-products, bronze objects comparable to Danubian-Carpathian metallurgical productions and painted fine pottery of Mycenaean type imported from Greece and southern Italy (Jones et al., 2002) witness the site’s importance.

The site lies within the relict valley of the Menago river, one of the terraced valleys resulting from the Holocene incision of the late-Pleistocene fluvioglacial fan formed by the outwash of the Garda glacier (the so-called “ancient Adige alluvial fan”). A series of wide stratigraphic exposures, integrated by auger observations and archaeological excavation data, allowed us to investigate the interior of the site, the earthen rampart and the valley outside the site. The fill of this valley, made up by ca. 2 meters of organic sediments, was the object of a multi-proxy analysis based on field stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, archaeobotanical analyses, thin section micromorphology and soil physico-chemical analyses (see Nicosia et al. 2011; Dal Corso et al. 2016). What is noteworthy about the investigated sequence is that it records the environment before and after the moment of the general collapse of the Terramare civilization. This collapse led to a dramatic depopulation of the entire Terramare area in the Po plain at the end of the late Bronze Age (i.e. slightly before the middle of the 12th century BC – see Cremaschi et al., 2006).

Interestingly, Fondo Paviani does not appear to have been affected by this collapse. On the contrary, it continued to be inhabited and maintained a leading role in the new system of trade and population of the Po plain in the final Bronze Age (mid 12th- mid 10th century BC – see Leonardi & Cupitò, 2015) Keywords: Terramare culture, Po plain, Bronze Age REFERENCES

Cremaschi, M., Pizzi, C., Valsecchi, V. (2006) - Water management and land use in the terramare and a possible climatic co-

factor in their abandonment: the case study of the terramara di Poviglio S. Rosa (northern Italy). Quaternary International 151, 87-98.

Cupito, M., Leonardi, G., Dalla Longa, E., Nicosia, C., Balista, C., Dal Corso, M., Kirleis, W. (2015) - Fondo Paviani (Legnago, Verona): il central place della polity delle Valli Grandi Veronesi nella tarda Età del bronzo. Cronologia, aspetti culturali, evoluzione delle strutture e trasformazioni paleoambientali. In: Leonardi, G., Tinè, V. (Eds.), Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria 2 - Preistoria e Protostoria del Veneto. Grafiche Antiga, Crocetta del Montello, 357-376.

Dal Corso, M., Nicosia, C., Balista, C., Cupitò, M., Leonardi, G., Dalla Longa, E., Kirleis, W. (2016) - Bronze Age crop processing evidence in the phytolith assemblages from the ditch and fen around Fondo Paviani, northern Italy. Vegetation History & Archaeobotany (doi:10.1007/s00334-016-0573-z).

Jones, J.E., Vagnetti, L., Levi, S.T., Williams, J., Jenkins, D., De Guio, A. (2002) - Myce-naean and Aegean-type pottery from Northern Italy: archaeological and archaeometric studies. Studi Micenei Ed Egeo-anatolici XLIV/2, 221-261).

Nicosia, C., Balista, C., Cupitò, M., Ertani, A., Leonardi, G., Nardi, S., Vidale, M. (2011) - Anthropogenic deposits from the Bronze age site of Fondo Paviani (Verona, Italy): pedochemical and micropedological characteristics. Quaternary International 243 (2011), 280-292.

38

HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE MWP-LIA CLIMATE OSCILLATION IN THE WEST-CENTRAL RUSSIAN PLAIN

Panin Andrei¹ ², Murashova V.³, Syrovatko A.4, Alexandrovskiy A.², Bronnikova M.², Ershov I.5, Krenke A.5, Nefedov V.5,

¹Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia

²Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences ³State Historical Museum

4Kolomna Archaeological Centre 5Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Corresponding author: A.V.Panin <a.v.panin@yandex.ru>

Well-developed luvisol (forest-type soil) with radiocarbon dates around 1 ka BP (the so called 1000-yr

soil, or Gnezdovo soil) buried under overbank alluvia is a common feature of river floodplains in the Central Russian Plain indicating a relatively long period when floodplains were not subject to inundation by floods. Another strong evidence for low levels of river floods at that time is provided by the Early Medieval settlements on present-day floodplains with their culture-bearing horizons being associated with the Gnezdovo soil. Gnezdovo soil is buried under sandy overbank sediments that point at significant increase of flood magnitudes in the first half of the 2nd Millennium AD. To establish detailed chronology of hydrological changes, we have studied a number of Early Medieval to Modern Time archaeological sites in the floodplains of the Upper Dnieper, Moskva, Middle Oka Rivers and their tributaries:

1. Gnezdovo settlement (IX-XI c AD), one of a key points in the Upper Dnieper valley at the Early Medieval trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium ("from Varangians to the Greeks"); 54.7778ºN, 31.8721ºE.

2. Kapyrevschina (late X – early XIII c. AD) at River Vop', right tributary of Dnieper; 55.1946ºN 32.8414ºE.

3. Pischulino (VIII – X c. AD) at River Khmost', right tributary of Dnieper; 54.8776ºN 32.46130ºE. 4. Zvenigorod Biostation at the upper Moskva River – several sites dated from XIII to early XIX c. AD;

55.7033ºN, 36.7335ºE. 5. Novy Jerusalem monastery (constructed in mid-XVII c. AD) at River Istra, the left tributary of River

Moskva; 55.9239ºN, 36.8428ºE. 6. Schurovo occupation site (three phases: IV-V, VI-VII and VIII-X cc. AD) at middle Oka River;

55.0379ºN, 38.7622ºE. Radiocarbon and luminescence dating of buried soils containing culture-bearing horizons and

overbank alluvial covers (Panin et al., 2014; Panin, Matlakhova, 2015) combined with archaeological chronology make the basis for chronology of palaeohydrological changes. The last two millennia can be divided into two major epochs with different flood magnitudes:

1. Low flood epoch: since the start of the New Era till XIII-XIV c. AD. Floodplains were not subject to inundation during the most part of this epoch and were covered by well-developed forest-type soil ("Gnezdovo soil"). Since the VIII-IX c. AD floodplains were most actively occupied by people, which coincides with the MWP. This is in contrast to the rest parts of Europe where active flooding was occurring throughout the MWP (Benito et al., 2015).

2. High flood epoch since the XIV-XV c. AD till mid XIX c. AD, which correlates with the LIA. Three sub-epochs can be recognized: (2a) XV – early XVI c.: high magnitude of floods, burial of the Gnezdovo soil and culture-bearing horizons. (2b) Mid XVI – late XVII c.: low or no floodplain inundation, formation of floodplain soil, reoccupation of floodplains. (2c). Early to mid XVIII – mid XIX c.: high floods, accumulation of well-laminated overbank alluvial layer, final disappearance of permanent occupation sites on floodplains.

The XXth century represents intermediate hydrological conditions: floodplains are moderately inundated, overbank sedimentation is limited so that soil cover has been formed on floodplains.

This study contributes to the RFBR Projects 16-06-00380 and 14-06-00423. Keywords: Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age, river floodplains, river floods, buried soils REFERENCES Benito G., Macklin M.G., Panin A., Rossato S., Fontana A., Jones A. F., Machado M. J., Matlakhova E., Mozzi P., Zielhofer C.

(2015) - Recurring flood distribution patterns related to short-term Holocene climatic variability. Scientific Reports, 5, 16398. Panin A.V., Adamiec G., Arslanov K.A., Bronnikova M.A., Filippov V.V., Sheremetskaya E.D., Zaretskaya N.E., Zazovskaya E.P.

(2014) - Absolute chronology of fluvial events in the Upper Dnieper river system and its palaeogeographic implications. Geochronometria, 41(3), 278-293.

Panin A., Matlakhova E. (2015) - Fluvial chronology in the East European Plain over the last 20 ka and its paleohydrological implications. Catena 130, 46-61.

39

INFERRING LGM SEDIMENTARY AND CLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE BRENTA MEGAFAN (NE ITALY) THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF A 14C AGES DATABASE

Rossato Sandro, Mozzi P.

Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy Corresponding author: S. Rossato <sandro.rossato@unipd.it>

Studying the well-preserved sedimentary and geomorphic record of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)

is of the utmost importance for better understanding the characteristics and the fluctuations of the last moment in the history of the Earth when the climate significantly differed from the present one (Bowen, 2009). The European Alps and their foreland constitute a key region for LGM studies, as evidence of the onset, acme and decay of this event is widespread (Heiri et al., 2014) and chronologically framed between 30 and 17.5 kyears cal BP (Ivy-Ochs et al., 2008; Preusser et al., 2011; Ravazzi et al., 2014, Scapozza et al., 2014).

The analysis of a database of radiocarbon ages is here proposed as a tool for investigating major glaciofluvial systems of the LGM in the Alpine foreland, and their relations with glacier dynamics and climatic fluctuations. Our research concerns the Brenta megafan (NE Italy), where 110 radiocarbon dates integrate a robust regional stratigraphic and palaeoclimatic framework. Age-depth models allowed us to calculate sedimentation rates, while the time distribution of peat layers, which recurrently formed in this region during the LGM, were estimated through meta-analysis. The reliability of statistical results was carefully evaluated using Pearson and Spearman coefficients.

Sedimentation rates in the Brenta megafan markedly fluctuated during LGM: ≈1.8 m/kyear between 40 and 26.7 kyears cal BP; ≈3 m/kyear between 26.7 and 23.8 kyears cal BP and ≈1.4 m/kyear from 23.8 to 17.5 kyears cal BP, when the distributary system deactivated due to fan-head trenching. This is evidence that sediment input and routing in the glaciofluvial distributary system was particularly efficient during the central part of LGM, when glaciers were stable at their outermost position.

Meta-analysis indicates an increase in peat production in correspondence with global (Heinrich Event 3 and/or the Greenland Interstadial 5.1 and 4 for the 30.5, 29.6 and 28.8 kyears cal BP peaks) and regional (23.5 kyears cal BP) wet events. Other peaks at 22.2, 21.8, 20.2 and 19 kyears cal BP correlate with fluctuations of south-eastern Alpine glaciers. Significant peat production continued until ≈18 kyears cal BP, when the last peak occurred, whilst a marked decrease is recorded concomitantly with the onset of Heinrich Event 2 (i.e. the 26 kyears cal BP trough).

The good correspondence of sedimentary events in the Brenta glaciofluvial system with the dynamics of glaciers and glaciofluvial and lacustrine systems in the southern Eastern Alps, such as the reference system of the Tagliamento glacier (Monegato et al., 2007), suggests a common climatic forcing on the whole region during the LGM. Peat layer production in the floodplain fens increased significantly in correspondence with glacier withdrawals and/or wetter climatic episodes, constituting a good proxy for climatic fluctuations during glacial periods. It also allows correlations across different continental environments and regions in the northern hemisphere. Keywords: European Alps, peat layers, Venetian-Friulian plain, alluvial sedimentation REFERENCES Bowen D.Q. (2009) - Last Glacial Maximum. In: Gornitz V. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments.

Springer, Dordrecht, 493-495. Heiri O., Koinig K.A., Spötl C., Barrett S., Brauer A., Drescher-Schneider R., Gaar D., Ivy-Ochs S., Kerschner H., Luetscher M.,

Moran A., Nicolussi K., Preusser F., Schmidt R., Schoeneich P., Schwörer C., Sprafke T., Terhorst B., Tinner W. (2014) - Palaeoclimate records 60-8 ka in the Austrian and Swiss Alps and their forelands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 106, 186-205.

Ivy-Ochs S., Kerschner H., Reuther A., Preusser F., Heine K., Maisch M., Kubik P., Schlüchter C. (2008) - Chronology of the last glacial cycle in the European Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science, 23, 559-573.

Preusser F., Graf H.R., Keller O., Krayss E., Schlüchter C. (2011) - Quaternary glaciation history of northern Switzerland. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart E&G / Quaternary science journal, 60(2-3), 282-305.

Ravazzi C., Pini R., Badino F., De Amicis M., Londeix L., Reimer P.J. (2014) - The latest LGM culmination of the Garda Glacier (Italian Alps) and the onset of glacial termination. Age of glacial collapse and vegetation chronosequence. Quaternary Science Reviews, 105, 26-47.

Scapozza C., Castelletti C., Soma L., Dall'Agnolo S., Ambrosi C. (2014) - Timing of LGM and deglaciation in the Southern Swiss Alps. Géomorphologié: Relief, Processus, Environnement, 4, 307-322.

Monegato G., Ravazzi C., Donagana M., Pini R., Calderoni G., Wick L. (2007) - Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end moraine system (eastern Alps). Quaternary Research, 68, 284-302.

40

VALLEY DIS-EQUILIBRIUM AFTER A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD: A MARTIAN CASE STUDY

Rossato Sandro1, Pajola M.2, Baratti E.3,4, Coradini M.5,6

1Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Italy 2NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

3Department DICAM, University of Bologna, Italy 4Ingegneri Riuniti S.p.A., Modena, Italy

5European Space Agency (ESA), France 6Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL, Pasadena, California, USA

Corresponding author: S. Rossato <sandro.rossato@unipd.it>

Earth is not the only place in the Solar System where water sculpted the landscape. Indeed, in the

past Martian history, liquid water was flowing on the surface of the planet and leaved back a wide range of geomorphic features (Balme et al., 2011). These have been connected to the presence lakes, rivers, glacial and periglacial settings, and valley networks. Unfortunately, 3.5 billion years passed since the major Martian water fluxes vanished (Bibring et al., 2006), thus the original water-related landforms are deeply altered.

Amongst the watery systems, those involving lakes and their tributary and outlet rivers are particularly interesting. Their complexity provides the chance to obtain more and more detailed information about their evolution, compared to a single river or lake. Moreover, Martian paleolakes are believed to have been favorable settings for life to arise, spread and for the preservation of its traces, as it is on Earth, therefore becoming one of the primary targets of Mars exploration programs (Cabrol and Grin, 2010).

Several estimates of paleodischarge rates have been derived for tributaries and/or outlets of Martian paleolakes, valley networks, or outflow channels (e.g., Coleman., 2013). In one of the latest studies Baratti et al. (2015) not only estimated a paleodischarge of the outlet of a tributary-lake-outlet system, but also identified a breach in the lake rim that is likely to have occurred in the early evolutionary stages. This event led to a catastrophic flood (estimated peak discharge: ∼5.6x106 m3/s) that sculpted the outlet. Here we present a geomorphic study of the system, aiming to the identification of the paleowater levels before and after the flood, along with other possible modifications occurred in the system.

The system is located in the Memnonia quadrangle and its deactivation has been dated back to about 3.5 Gy ago, during Late Hesperian age, very close to the liquid-water disappearance from the surface of Mars. As mentioned above, the study area is characterized by two main paleorivers (up to 5 km wide) connected one to the other by a paleolake that formed within a meteor crater (~20 km diameter). Various fluvial and lacustrine terraces have been identified, testifying at least four main evolutionary phases during a long period of time, which may range from tens of thousands to million years. In particular, in the inlet valley a single paleowater level prior of the final stage of the system has been recognized, attributable to a pre-breach period. On the other hand, the crater that hosted the lake and the outlet valley allow to reconstruct a more complex scenario. In particular, three different paleolake levels have

been identified, one of them ascribable to a pre-breach period (∼500 m above the bottom of the crater)

and the others after it (∼100 and 50 m above the bottom of the crater, respectively). Eventually, the outlet valley, that is the most complex sector of the whole system, is characterized by the presence of some minor tributaries originating from the western side and by four fluvial terrace families. These landforms are connected to paleowater levels comparable to those identified in the paleolake. The uppermost terraces are located at about 500 m above the valley bottom and are probably the only ones that formed prior of the catastrophic breach; the remaining three are fairly below, being comprised between 200 and 50 m above the valley bottom. Reconstructed longitudinal profiles suggest also that a remarkable steepening of the valley bottom took place after the catastrophic flood. Keywords: Martian flood, catastrophic event, thalweg re-equilibrium, terrace correlation REFERENCES Balme M.R., Bargery A.S., Gallagher C.J., Gupta S. (Eds.) (2011) - Martian Geomorphology. Special Publications vol. 356,

Geological Society of London, London, UK. 237 pp. Baratti E., Pajola M., Rossato S., Mangili C., Coradini M., Montanari A., McBride K., (2015) - Hydraulic modeling of the tributary

and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 120 (10), 1597-1619. Bibring J.P., Langevin Y., Mustard J.F., Poulet F., et al. (2006) - Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from

OMEGA/Mars express data. Science, 312 (5772), 400-404. Cabrol N.A., Grin E.A. (Eds.) (2010) - Lakes on Mars. Elsevier, New York, USA. 390 pp. Coleman N.M. (2013) -Hydrographs of a Martian flood from a breached crater lake, with insights about flow calculations, channel

erosion rates, and chasma growth. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 118 (2), 263-277, doi:10.1029/2012JE004193.

41

MEGAFANS IN THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS: AN OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH

Sinha Rajiv, Mishra K., Tandon S.K.

Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Corresponding author: R. Sinha <rsinha@iitk.ac.in>

Megafan research across the world has come a long way during the last few decades and some of the major issues that have emerged include (a) well-constrained definition of megafans, (b) hydrological and sediment transport characteristics of the feeder river, (c) morphological description of megafans, (d) alluvial architecture below the megafan, (e) major controls of megafan formation. Leier et al. (2005), based on data from 202 rivers across different continents, set out the following conditions for the formation of fluvial megafans: (a) aggrading river basins with high sediment flux, (b) moderate to extreme seasonal discharge fluctuations producing channel instability and fan-shaped sediment lobes, and (c) adequate spacing between river exits from mountains.

Four major active megafans have been recognized in the eastern Gangetic plains, namely, Teesta, Kosi, Gandak and Sone out of which the first three are formed by Himalayan-sourced rivers and the last one by a cratonic river. In contrast, no megafans exist in the modern landscape of the western Gangetic plains although relict megafans have been inferred in the paleo-Sutlej and paleo-Yamuna alluvial plains in NW India. One of the important fluvial processes operating on these megafans is the nodal avulsion of the feeder river as exemplified best by the Kosi river. The convexity of the fan surface and radial drainage are the other morphological characteristics exhibited by most megafans. Stratigraphic data from megafans are limited but sedimentary packages in the subsurface of the megafans are known to be consisting of multi-storied sand bodies that are laterally or vertically stacked depending upon avulsion patterns of the feeder system. Our review suggests that the major controls of the spatial distribution of the megafans in the Indo-Gangetic plains may include (a) mountain front tectonics manifested as spacing between the mountain exits and that between the mountain front and the axial river, (b) differential basinal subsidence translated into accommodation space, (c) along strike tectono-climatic variability reflected in differential uplift rates and rainfall variation, and (d) hydrological characteristics of the feeder river such as stream power and sediment flux.

42

IMPACT OF LAST MILLENNIUM DECADAL TO CENTENNIAL CLIMATE ANOMALIES ON EXTREME PRECIPITATION AND SYNOPTIC SCALE CIRCULATION

OVER SOUTH-EAST POLAND

Slawinska Joanna1, Bartoszek K. 2

1 Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, New Jersey, United States

2 Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Poland Corresponding author: J. Slawinska <joanna.slawinska@nyu.edu>

Both external forcing (solar radiation, volcanic eruptions) and internal fluctuations have been proposed to explain such climatic anomalies as Little Ice Age. Confidence in these hypotheses is limited due to the high uncertainty and limited number of proxies, as well as only one observed realization of the Last Millennium. Here, we evaluate different hypotheses on origin of the Little Ice Age, focusing in particular on the long-term response of Arctic sea ice and oceanic circulation to solar and volcanic perturbations. For that, we analyze the Last Millennium Ensemble of climate model simulations carried out with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. We discuss if external forcings, such as 13rd century Samalas eruptions and prolonged solar minima could lead to anomalous state of the Atlantic Meridional Circulation and subsequently European hydroclimate. In particular, we focus on wet periods/droughts as well as changes in number of extreme precipitation events over south-east Poland. In order to explain this, we analyze changes of the synoptic scale circulation over Europe and its connections with decadal patterns of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulations and its coupling with North Atlantic Oscillation. In the end, we discuss the possible linkages and physical mechanisms connecting low-frequency changes of North Atlantic climate and statistics of high-frequency events and compare briefly our results with some historical and paleontological records.

Keywords: low-frequency climatic anomalies, eastern Europe, volcanic forcings, internal variabilities REFERENCES

Otto-Bliesner B. L., Brady E. C., Fasullo J., Jahn A., Landrum L., Stevenson S., Rosenbloom N., Mai A., Strand G. (2016) -

Climate Variability and Change since 850 CE: An Ensemble Approach with the Community Earth System Model. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00233.1

Slawinska J., Robock A. (2016) - Volcanic Eruptions as a Cause of the Little Ice Age. J. Climate, in review. Bartoszek, K. (2016): The main characteristics of atmospheric circulation over East-Central Europe from 1871 to 2010.

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. doi: 10.1007/s00703-016-0455-z. Bartoszek K., Skiba D. (2016): Circulation types classification for hourly precipitation events in Lublin (East Poland). Open

Geosciences. doi: 10.1515/geo-2016-0019. Gagen M. H., Zorita E., McCarroll D., Zahn M., Young H. F., Robertson, I. (2016) - North Atlantic summer storm tracks over

Europe dominated by internal variability over thepast millennium. Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo2752.

Cohen J., Screen J. A., Furtado J. C., Barlow M., Whittleston D. Coumou D., Francis J., Dethloff K., Entekhabi D., Overland J., Jones J. (2016) - Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. doi:10.1038/ngeo2234. Lehmann J., Comuou D. (2015) - The influence of mid-latitude storm tracks on hot, cold, dry and wet extremes. Scientific

Reports.doi: 10.1038/srep17491.

43

PARADOXES OF FLUVIAL ACTIVITY IN YOUNG OROGENIC SYSTEMS

Starkel Leszek

Institute of Geography, Polish Academy Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Corresponding author: L. Starkel <starkel.@zg.pan.krakow.pl>

In young orogenic systems expanding from central massifs towards overthrust margins and gradually incorporating younger elements of depositional piedmont, phases with reverse tendencies may be observed. In the western Himalayas the wide belt of the Siwaliks, forming the western piedmont, is built of folded and overthrust Neogene – early Quaternary sedimentary units, dissected by great Himalayan rivers. On the Siwalik foreland, contemporary fluvial aggradation, resulting in disturbing river network pattern by reactivation of fault lines (Jain and Sinha 2005), is observed.

In the eastern Himalayas the situation is different. The Siwalik zone is reduced to a narrow belt, which even totally disappears and, between the Tista and the Torsa rivers, forms a golf-like wide, semi-circular depression bordered by a steep front of the Himalayas to 2000 m a.s.l. high. This front is dismembered by a number of parallel deep valleys draining the Lesser Himalayas and only the Tista river system is rooted in the Sikkimese High Himalayas. That marginal zone is characterized by extreme annual rainfall reaching 6000 mm and heavy rains of an order of 1000 mm, repeating 2-3 times in the century (Starkel 1972). This marginal part of this reduced zone had been, meantime, partly deforested and cultivated, especially in the Tista basin known of gardens of Darjeeling tea (Starkel and Basu 2000). The effect of that are extensive alluvial fans which spread in the foreland, and many of them are rooted deeply in uplifting mountains (Starkel and Sarkar 2002). It is the effect both of heavy rains and human activity. But also in headwaters of streams of that northern cultivated part we observe a very great number of landslides, especially debris flows, which cause aggradation to 10 meters during one event and huge replaced blocks to stop totally the deepening of channels in the Tista drainage system (Starkel, Basu 2000, Starkel et al. – in print). Only at the margin of rising mountains the deepening of a canyon is progressing.

The totally opposite tendency, i.e. the normal aggradation trend we observe in a submontane depression of the extensive Ganga-Brahmaputra Lowland. The system of alluvial fans is interrupted, especially in the Jaldaka catchment, where across the rivers the tectonically uplifted, W-E elongated hills with steep scarps (Guha et. al. 2007, Starkel et al. 2008) are rising. Several rivers outflowing from the mountains cross these hills by antecedent, 20-40 m deep, gorges. On flat surfaces of the hills to 40-60 m high there are thick gravel covers with well-developed mature reddish soils. The OSL dates fluctuate between 50-60 thousand years, but some 14C dates are younger. This documents the late Pleistocene uplift of several blocks in that undeveloped part of the Siwalik belt (see Guha et al. 2007, Starkel et al. 2015). So, it is the paradox that we face present-day diverse tendencies in evolution of this marginal part — the rising eastern Himalaya and the subsiding Ganga-Brahmaputra lowland. In the marginal part of the mountains the heavy rains and human activity turned incision to accretion in the valleys. In the subsiding foreland basin, on the contrary, the young reactivation of fault-lines periodically stopped the fluvial aggradation which has been continuing there since millions of years.

Keywords: Himalaya, piedmont, incision, aggradation

REFERENCES Guha D., Bardhau S., Basir S.R., De A.K., Sarkar S., 2007, Imprints of Himalayan thrust tectonic on the Quaternary sediments

of the Neora-Jaldhaka valley, Darjeeling Sikkim Sub-Himalayas, India, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 30, s. 464–473. Jain V., Sinha R., 2003, Rivers systems in the Gangetic plains and their comparison with the Siwaliks: a review, Current

Science 84, 8, s. 1025–1033. Starkel L., 1972, The role catastrophic rainfall in the shaping of relief of the lower Himalaya (Darjeeling Hills), Geographia

Polonica, 21, s. 103–160. Starkel L., Basu S.R., (eds.), 2000, Rains, landslides and floods in the Darjeeling Himalaya, Indian Nat. Sc. Academy, New

Delhi. Starkel L., Płoskonka D., Adamiec G., 2015, Reconstruction of late Quaternary neotectonic movements and fluvial activity in

Sikkimese-Bhutanese Himalayan Piedmont. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica 49, 71–82. Starkel L., Sarkar S., 2002, Different frequency of threshold rainfalls transforming the margin of Sikkimese and Bhutanese

Himalaya, Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica, 36, s. 51–67. Starkel L., Sarkar S., Soja R. Prokop P., 2008, Present-day evolution of the Sikkimese-Bhutanese Himalayan Piedmont, Prace

Geograficzne IGiPZ PAN, 219. Starkel L., Wiejaczka Ł., Kiszka K., The role of tributaries in the shaping of Himalayan River channel (example of middle course

of Tista river valley), in print.

44

A COMPARISON OF ALLUVIAL AND BEDROCK RIVER SEDIMENTARY ARCHIVES FOR

RECONSTRUCTING HOLOCENE PALAEOFLOODS IN NEW ZEALAND

Toonen Willem H.J.1, Fuller, I.1,2, Macklin M.G.1,2, Holt K.2

1Department of Geography & Earth Science - Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom 2Institute of Agriculture & Environment - Massey University, New Zealand

Corresponding author: W.H.J. Toonen <wht1@aber.ac.uk>

Current assessment of flood risk in New Zealand is compromised by short instrumental flow records (less than 50 yr) in most large river catchments. These typically do not include the largest floods that have occurred in the past and which would cause the most damage to life, property and infrastructure. This paper reports the first Late Holocene palaeoflood reconstruction in the North Island of New Zealand within the Manawatu river (c.5950 km2), based on a coring campaign to examine the sedimentary infill of oxbow lakes ('lagoons') in the lower part of the catchment. Study reaches are fully alluvial, with an extensive suite of infilled palaeochannels developed on a series of low elevation cut-terraces and on very low-gradient fluvial plains. The geochemical proxies for the grain-size of individual flood units, recovered by percussion and piston coring, were compared with modelled overtopping discharges for each study site, and the monitored discharge record in order to correlate flood units with historically-known events. The sedimentary record extends beyond the historical period, and can be used to identify major flood events that occurred in the past. Flood chronologies are constrained using a combination of radiocarbon dating, documentary sources, palynology (pin-pointing the European colonisation), and geochemistry (associated with heavy-metal pollution).

The setting of the Manawatu river was compared with other flood-prone river systems in the same hydroclimatic region (south-west North Island); the Whanganui (7380 km2) and Hutt Rivers (650 km2). Largest floods are for all these catchments generated by westerly storms throughout the year, but the specific local geological setting and potential for palaeoflood reconstructions varies greatly. In the Whanganui catchment two sedimentary archives have been investigated: 1. Slackwater deposits on an alluvial bench c.20 m above the present river level (on the so-called Taupo terrace, commonly used for settlement) within the bedrock reach of the Whanganui Gorge; 2. Palaeochannel fills on terraces 6-8 m above the river level within a mixed alluvial-bedrock reach located in the piedmont zone downstream. For the Hutt River, the shallow channel fills of the high-gradient wandering, semi-braided gravel-bed reaches at the margin of the greywacke Tararua Range were explored for potential palaeoflood records.

Holocene palaeoflood records differ significantly in both length and nature between the three catchments, conditioned by tectonic and land use histories, which strongly influence local flood sedimentation styles. Terrains with elevated post-European settlement rates of sediment supply, particularly in the Manawatu and Whanganui, generated high-resolution palaeoflood records. Results of this study demonstrate that fluvial sedimentary archives from a range of alluvial as well as bedrock river environments are required for reconstructing regional Holocene flood histories in New Zealand, but that palaeoflood studies and their expected results need to be tailored to fit the highly diverse local setting. Keywords: Manawatu, Whanganui, Hutt river, New Zealand, oxbow, lagoon, palaeofloods, slackwater.

45

FLOW FREQUENCIES AND FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGIES IN A TROPICAL MEANDERING SYSTEM. RIBEIRA DE IGUAPE RIVER (SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL)

Veneziani Yuri, Rodrigues, C.

1Department of Geography, University of São Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author: Y. Veneziani <yuri.veneziani@usp.br>

The fluvial landforms development as floodplains, levées, backswamps and terrace levels of

meandering systems in humid tropical environments are directly related to past and current channel processes which include cumulative and episodic formative events that can last about hours, days, decades, hundreds or thousands of years. The formative episodic extreme processes tend to happen in morphological units with similar hydrodynamics and magnitude in part due the characteristics of pre-existent forms and sedimentary deposits themselves. In this study the spatial and geomorphological mapping identification of these forms and their formative thresholds were considered as the first step to identify hydrodynamic spatial trends and to estimate, with tools of hydraulic geometry, the magnitude and the frequency of the extreme flow events for each identified morphological unit.

The geomorphological detailed mapping (1: 25,000) was produced for a specific and preserved fluvial meandering system located in Ribeira de Iguape River Basin, in the Southern of Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo State Brazil. In order to recognize morphological units and their topographic thresholds, this map was supported by GIS and by cross sections (XS) MDEs (x). Those tools were useful to estimates and correlate, for the first time, the magnitude and frequency of extreme flows for each fluvial unit in two different positions of the longitudinal profile. Were utilized daily series of water levels from the gauges called 5F-001 (upstream, 1939-2015) and 4F-015 (downstream, 1962-2015), from what were built histograms based on altitudes of each morphological units and from were estimated the recurrence interval of corresponding flows.

The 5F-001 cross section includes three compartments: bankfull (<25m), floodplain (25 to 27m) and first terrace level (>27m to the base of high terraces). We found that the global average water level was 19.8m (≈40% of the channel depth), lower than annual average that was 21.2 and 20.9m in 1983 and 1998 respectively. About of 85% of the 26,765 daily water level were below of 20.5m, 0.3% were above bankfull and less than 0.1% were above the terrace at XS. By isolating the events of temporally contiguous records, were found that the water levels that exceed the floodplain topography totalized 39 events (RI≈1.9 years), of which 12 exceed the first terrace level (RI≈6.3 years), lasting up to 7 days. The 4F-015 cross section included two main compartments: the bankfull and floodplain (>13m). The average of annual registered water levels was 10.1m and the highest annual average was 11.8m and 11.2m, in 1983 and 2010 respectively. About 80% of the flow records are below 10.8m (≈60% of depth), and 98% are below the bankfull. Thus, 382 records are over 13m, totalizing 123 events which persisting up to 31 consecutive days (may/21 to jun/20/1983), in a recurrence interval of around half year. The study suggests that in the longitudinal profile, similar fluvial units may correspond to different extreme flows thresholds, implying different recurrence intervals. It follows that, for the fluvial reach considered in this study, there is no an unique association between the frequency of flows and fluvial morphologies, suggesting that this associations might be valid for less heterogeneous longitudinal profile sections in terms of its composition and arrangement of forms. It was possible concluded, lastly, that part of the difference obtained when comparing the XS may be due to the different intervals of historical data series utilized. Keywords: Floods, Geomorphology, meandering fluvial system, Brazil. REFERENCES Benito G., Brázdil R., Herget J., Machado M. J. (2015). Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16,

3517-3539. Brunsden D. (1996) Geomorphological events and landform change. Z. Geomorph. N.F.,40,3,273-288. Gupta,A. (1983) High magnitude floods and stream channel response. Spec. Publs int Ass. Sediment.6,219-227

46

MAJOR FLOOD EVENTS RECORDED IN THE HOLOCENE SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE OF THE UPLIFTED LADIKO LAKE BASIN NEAR ANCIENT OLYMPIA

(WESTERN PELOPONNESE, GREECE)

Vött Andreas1, Willershäuser T.1, Röbke B.R.2, Fischer P.1, Obrocki L.1, Hadler H.1, Lang F.3, Emde K.1

1 Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany

2 Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands 3 Department of Classical Archaeology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, El-Lissitzky-Str. 1, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Corresponding author: A. Vött <voett@uni-mainz.de>

Detailed palaeoenvironmental studies were conducted in the Ladiko and Makrisia basins near the Alpheios River and ancient Olympia (western Peloponnese, Greece) to assess major landscape changes during the Holocene. Previous studies and literature data document that the area experienced crust uplift of minimum 13 m to 30 m since the mid-Holocene. Geological archives were sampled along a vibracore transect. We carried out geophysical studies using ERT and Direct Push-Electrical Conductivity measurements to detect stratigraphical changes and subsurface bedrock structures. Sediment cores were analyzed using sedimentological, geochemical and micropalaeontological methods. Geochronological reconstruction of major landscape changes is based on a set of 24 radiocarbon dates.

The stratigraphical record of the uplifted lake basins of Ladiko and Makrisia revealed two major lithostratigraphical units. Unit I, predominantly composed of clay, silt and silty fine sand, reflects prevailing low-energy sedimentary conditions typical of quiescent (fluvio-)limnic waterbodies. Unit II is made out of fine to coarse sand and documents repeated interferences of unit I associated to abrupt and temporary high-energy flood type (= heft) events. We found signals of four different heft events (H1 to H4) showing strong stratigraphical and geochronological consistencies along the vibracore transect. The following age ranges were determined: H1 – between 4360-4330 cal BC and 4320-4080 cal BC; H2 – between 2830-2500 cal BC and 2270-2140 cal BC; H3 – between 1220-1280 cal AD and 1290-1390 cal AD; H4 – between 1640-1800 cal AD and 1650-1800 cal AD.

We tested different hypotheses concerning the trigger mechanisms and causes of the flood events against the background of strong Holocene crust uplift and using a variety of different methodological approaches. Geomorphological aspects, micropalaeontological contexts, geochronological data sets, numerical simulation of flooding events, and the palaeoclimate background were taken into account. We hypothesize that, during the mid-Holocene, the study area was affected by tsunami events, namely between 4360-4330 cal BC and 4320-4080 cal BC (H1) and between 2830-2500 cal BC and 2270-2140 cal BC (H2). These ages are very well consistent with the supra-regional and regional tsunami signal retrieved from many coastal archives in large parts of western Greece. The timing of flood events H1 and H2 is also highly consistent with ages of (supra-)regional (seismo-)tectonic events known from literature and is not consistent with increased flood indices of palaeoclimate data available for western Greece. Tsunami inundation scenarios based on numerical simulation are highly consistent with vibracoring and geophysical (ERT, DP-EC) data. In contrast, heft events H3 and H4 are potentially related to phases of increased precipitation and flooding activity in the Mediterranean or to land-based geomorphological processes triggered by regional tectonic events (RTE).

Early Helladic settlement and cult activities documented at ancient Olympia (ca. 2600-2500 BC) have most probably been affected by heft event H2. The site must have been again subject to major flood events during the 13/14th cent. AD and the 17-19th cent. AD associated to heft events H3 and H4.

Keywords: flood event, palaeotsunami, neotectonics, Peloponnese

47

MULTI-PROXY INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-ENERGY DEPOSITS FROM COASTAL SEDIMENT ARCHIVES NEAR RETHYMNO, NORTH COAST OF CRETE (GREECE)

Werner Vera1, Baika K.2, Tzigounaki A.3, Fischer P.1, Reicherter K.4, Papanikolaou I.5, Vött A.1

1Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany 2 Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université, MMSH, Aix-en-Provence, France and Ephorate of Underwater

Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Greece 3 Ephorate of Antiquities of Rethymnon, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Greece

4 Neotectonics and Natural Hazard Research Group, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Universität Aachen, Germany 5 Agricultural University of Athens, Greece

Corresponding author: V. Werner <v.werner@geo.uni-mainz.de>

The north coast of Crete is exposed to both the Hellenic Trench zone and the Aegean volcanic arc.

Here, several tsunami events, such as the Late Bronze Age (LBA) tsunami associated to the Santorini eruption or the 365 AD tsunami are supposed to have affected the northern coast of Crete (Goodman-Tchernov et al. 2009; Flouri et al., 2013). Numerical tsunami models (Novikova et al., 2011; Flouri et al., 2013; Periáñez and Abril, 2014) and the discovery of probable tsunami deposits including volcanic Santorini ash at Palaikastro in northeastern Crete (Bruins et al., 2008) support this assumption. But so far, near-coast sedimentary archives including unequivocal palaeotsunami fingerprints along the north coast of Crete are unknown (Dominey-Howes, 2003).

Within the framework of an interdisciplinary research project, we searched for near-coast sedimentary archives in order to reconstruct the palaeotsunami history of northern Crete. To the west of Rethymno, we detected an excellent sediment archive and recovered a sediment core, around 10 m long. This sequence shows a thick unit of homogeneous lagoonal mud and covers the past 7000 or so years. It is intersected by several high-energy event layers of tsunami-related origin. To the east of Rethymno, we studied a cliff section showing pre-historic wall remains and an associated palaeosol. These are covered by a sheet of allochthonous sand including imbricated ceramic sherds, bone fragments, and boulders followed by a fining upward sandy sequence. Detailed multi-electrode geoelectrical studies were conducted and calibrated using vibracoring data. In this talk, we present sedimentological, geochemical, geochronological, and microfossil analyses and reconstruct the event-geochronostratigraphical development of both study sites. Keywords: Crete, palaeotsunami, geoarchives, microfossil analyses REFERENCES Dominey-Howes, D. (2004) - A re-analysis of the Late Bronze Age eruption and tsunami of Santorini, Greece, and the

implications for the volcano-tsunami hazard. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 130, 107-132, doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00284-1

Flouri, E.T., Kalligeris, N., Alexandrakisa, G., Kampanis, N.A., Synolakis, C. E. (2013) - Application of a finite difference computational model to the simulation of earthquake generated tsunamis. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 67, 111–125, doi:10.1016/j.apnum.2011.06.003.

Goodman-Tchernov, B.N., Dey, H.W., Reinhardt, E.G., McCoy F., Mart, Y. (2009) - Tsunami waves generated by the Santorini eruption reached Eastern Mediterranean shores. Geology, 37, 943-94, doi:10.1130/G25704A.

Novikova, T., Papadopoulos, G.A., McCoy, W. (2011) - Modelling of tsunami generated by the giant Late Bronze Age eruption of Thera, South Aegean Sea, Greece. Geophysical Journal International, 186, 665–680, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05062.x

Periáñez, R., Abril, J.M. (2014) - Modelling tsunamis in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Application to the Minoan Santorini tsunami sequence as a potential scenario for the biblical Exodus. Journals of Marine Systems, 139, 91-102.

48

49

ABSTRACT OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

(in alphabetical order)

50

FLOOD GENERATING PROCESSES AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN THE EBRO RIVER BASIN (IBERIAN PENINSULA)

Balasch J. Carles1, Ruiz-Bellet J.L.1, Tuset J.1,2, Castelltort X.1, Barriendos M.3, Pino D.4,5, Mazón J.4

1Universitat de Lleida, Catalonia, Spain

2RIUS Fluvial Dynamics Research Group, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain 3Department of Modern History. University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

4Department of Physics. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona·Tech, Catalonia, Spain 5Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC-UPC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Corresponding author: J.C. Balasch, <cbalasch@macs.udl.cat>

In this study, we analyze the great floods in the Ebro River basin since 1600 AD through the systematic (20th century) and reconstructed historical (previous) discharge data. These great floods are the main events recorded in Zaragoza (approximately in the centre of the basin), in Tortosa (near the outlet of the basin), and in Lleida (near the outlet of the Ebro’s most important Pyrenean tributary: the Segre River).

If only the floods exceeding the overbank flow at each location are considered, we can see a first period (1600-1850) with a relatively low frequency of floods, although the greatest event in the last 1000 years occurred within this period (that of 1787). In a second period (1850-1950), the flood frequency and their magnitude increased in Lleida (the Pyrenean Segre basin) and in Tortosa (near the outlet of the Ebro). In the third period (1950-2016), the reservoirs have a great role in moderating the peak flows across the basin.

Two floods are especially interesting: November 1617, that affected the Mediterranean catchments of the Iberian Peninsula and many Ebro headwaters’ catchments in the Pyrenees, which, nonetheless, left the Ebro basin upstream Zaragoza unaffected. October 1787 was the flood with the highest reconstructed peak flows, especially in the Pyrenees and near the outfall. This flood was the only one of all the major historical events considered that affected the whole basin area.

In all the cases, the historical peak flows are far higher than the greatest in the systematic series. As a consequence, the flood frequency estimates may change dramatically depending on whether the calculations include historical data or not.

In Upper Ebro (Zaragoza), ordinary and extraordinary flows seem to fall in a single line when plotted against their return period, whereas both in Segre (Lleida) and Lower Ebro (Tortosa), these two types of data produce two distinct populations. These could be caused by differences in the flood-causing meteorological processes (convective o rainy frontal systems) and in the hydrological behaviour of the sub-catchments (initial soil saturation, higher base flows).

Moderately high flows (i.e. ordinary annual maxima) occur in Tortosa mainly in winter and spring and most come down from Upper Ebro (Zaragoza). Extreme high flows (i.e. the greatest historical floods) occur in Tortosa mainly in autumn and most come down from Segre-Cinca.

The greatest floods of the system (1617, 1643, 1766, 1787, 1853, 1866, 1871, 1907) were related to extended rain events, exceeding more than 15 days of persistent rain due to very stationary synoptic situations, which caused soil saturation of large areas of the catchment and high base flow. Surprisingly, snowmelt is rarely a factor involved in those extreme floods, and only contributed to 1853 and 1871 floods Keywords: historical floods, Ebro River REFERENCES Pino D., Ruiz-Bellet J.L., Balasch J.C., Romero-León L., Tuset J., Barriendos M., Mazon J., Castelltort X. (2016) –

Meteorological and hydrological analysis of major floods in NE Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Hydrolgy (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169416300336).

Ruiz-Bellet J.L., Balasch J.C., Tuset J., Monserrate A., Sánchez A. (2015) – Improvement of flood frequency analysis with historical information in different types of catchments and data series within the Ebro River basin (NE Iberian Peninsula). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 59 (3), 127-157.

51

EX-AQUA PROJECT: PALAEOHYDROLOGICAL EXTREME EVENTS, EVIDENCE AND ARCHIVES

Fontana Alessandro1, Herget J.2, Toonen W.3, Sinha R.4

1Dipartimento di Geoscienze, University of Padova, Italy 2Department of Geography - University of Bonn, Germany

3Department of Geography and Earth Sciences - University of Aberystwyth, United Kingdom 4Department of Earth Sciences - Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Corresponding author: A. Fontana <alessandro.fontana@unipd.it>

Floods and droughts are some of the most serious natural hazards for human societies. In the last

decade, the catastrophic effects of these events have attracted the global attention to warrant the assessment of their magnitude and frequency, also in relation with climate change. The quantification of the recurrence time and the magnitude of the catastrophic events is mainly based on direct measures, but these are generally limited to last decades, while palaeohydrological researches can extend the records to centuries and millennia. The evidence of past flood episodes and the timing and magnitude of extreme events can be compared with modern data and provide a significant improvement on flood risk assessment. Moreover, the spatial and temporal distribution of extremes and flooding episodes can help to understand the role of climatic forcing on the occurrence of large events and the overall changes in flooding regimes during late Quaternary. In a stratigraphic and geochronological perspective, the traces of extreme palaeohydrological events can be sometimes followed from alluvial, to deltaic and marine environments, supporting or helping correlations.

In the last 20 years, research methods and gathering of data related to events or phases of palaeofloods and droughts strongly improved. Some of these phases have been clearly recognized at a Mediterranean scale during Holocene, but differences can be highlighted in sub-regions (Benito et al., 2015). Thus, a standardized methodology for creating and comparing local, regional and continental databases is important.

The EX-AQUA “Palaeohydrological extreme events, evidences and archives” is a project sponsored in 2016 by TERPRO commission of INQUA and it aims at gathering data about Quaternary hydrological events, mainly considering the Holocene and with a special focus on the late-Holocene (i.e. about last 5000 years) as this includes historic times for many regions. In a global perspective, this period allow to apply a multidisciplinary approach that takes into account sedimentological, geomorphologic, biological, archaeological and documentary data (e.g. historical and written sources, chronicles). These different sources of information allow to produce high-resolution records of extreme events, which could be used as a standard dataset for comparison with other environmental records.

The scientific community involved in EX-AQUA aims at sharing information about palaeohydrological series and the methodology for their investigation in the different continents. For these and other related purposes, the meeting “EX-AQUA 2016: Palaeohydrological extreme events, evidences and archives” has been organized in Padova next September, 26-28th. The conference is followed by a 3-days fieldtrip aimed at discussing methodology and results applied in selected case studies dealing with extreme events in the Venetian-Friulian Plain, the southern Alps, the Classical Karst and Istria Peninsula.

Keywords: palaeofloods, droughts, late Quaternary REFERENCES

Benito G., Macklin M.G., Panin A., Rossato S., Fontana A., Jones A.F., Machado M.J.,Matlakhova E., Mozzi P., Zielhofer C. (2015) - Recurring flood distribution patterns related to short-term Holocene climatic variability. Scientific Reports, 5, 16398, 1-12.

52

RECONSTRUCTING RIVER CHANNEL PALAEOGEOGRAPHIES OF THE FIUME MORTO IN ANCIENT OSTIA (ITALY) – EVIDENCE OF HIGH-ENERGY IMPACTS

IN LOCAL FLUVIAL ARCHIVES

Hadler Hanna1, Fischer P.1, Vött A.1, Heinzelmann M.2

1Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany 2Institute of Archaeology, University of Cologne, Germany Corresponding author: H. Hadler <hadler@uni-mainz.de>

Ostia, the harbour of ancient Rome (Italy), is situated in the coastal area of Latium at the banks of the Tiber River. Founded as a fortified castrum at the river mouth during the second half of the 4th cent. BC, Ostia secured the accessibility of the Tiber river entrance and thus the supply of ancient Rome. From the late 2nd cent. BC onwards, a continuous growth of imports - especially olive oil from Spain - testifies the increasing capacities of the harbour. With the foundation of Portus in the Roman Imperial period, Ostia also obtained a significant role as port of transhipment and commercial centre of Mediterranean trade. Following a major economic boom in the 2nd cent. AD, the harbour rapidly declined in the 3rd cent. AD when most trading activities subsequently shifted to Portus (Heinzelmann, 2010). Constant progradation of the Tiber finally caused the siltation of the harbour. Today, Ostia is located around 3 km distant from the coastline.

In order to better understand the spatio-temporal evolution of the Tiber River environment at Ostia, detailed geophysical and geoarchaeological investigation were carried out at two different sites that are both associated with the ancient harbour (Hadler et al. 2015, Vött et al. 2015). Our results are as follows. West of the archaeological site, a local depression at the southern banks of the Tiber was found to represent a lagoonal harbour basin of Roman Republic times. To the north of ancient Ostia, an abandoned meander of the Tiber River - the so-called “fiume morto” - served as a river harbour during the Roman Imperial period. By analysing a dataset of 62 electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) transects, 12 direct push electrical conductivity (DP-EC) logs and 12 vibracores, our study revealed different generations of harbour basins and river channel structures. We also found traces of repeated impact by high-energy wave events from the Thyrrenian Sea. Detailed sedimentological, geochemical and micropalaeontological analyses of the stratigraphical record provide distinct evidence that these high-energy deposits are not associated with Tiber floods but are associated with tsunami-related inundation of the harbours of Ostia.

We set up a detailed geochronostratigraphy based on more than 60 radiocarbon ages, several age estimates of diagnostic ceramic fragments found in sediment cores and on archaeological evidence from excavations. Our results are mainly consistent with historical reports on the harbour history and Tiber channel evolution. Detailed sedimentological, palaeo-environmental and geochronological results will be presented and discussed. Keywords: Ostia, Tiber River, ancient harbour, tsunami REFERENCES Hadler H., Vött A., Fischer P., Ludwig S., Heinzelmann M., Rohn C. (2015) - Temple-complex post-dates tsunami deposits

found in the ancient harbour basin of Ostia (Rome, Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science, 61, 78-89. Heinzelmann M. (2010) - Supplier of Rome or Mediterranean marketplace? The changing economic role of Ostia after the

construction of Portus in the light of new archaeological evidence. Bollettino Archeologia On Line, 1, 5-10. Vött A., Fischer P., Hadler H., Ludwig S., Heinzelmann M., Rohn C., Wunderlich T., Wilken D., Erkul E., Rabbel W. (2015) -

Detection of two different harbour generations at ancient Ostia (Italy) by means of geophysical and stratigraphical methods. In: Schmidts T., Vucetic M. (Eds.), Häfen im 1. Millennium A.D. Bauliche Konzepte, herrschaftliche und religiöse Einflüsse. RGZM Tagungen 22, Mainz.

53

HISTORICAL PALAEOHYDROLOGY AND LANDSCAPE RESILIENCE OF A MEDITERRANEAN RAMBLA (CASTELLÓN, NE SPAIN)

Machado Maria J. 1, Medialdea A4, Rico M.T. 2, Sánchez-Moya Y.3, Sopeña A. 3, Benito G1.

1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Serrano 115bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain 2Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain

3Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid, Spain 4Geography Department. University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN (UK). A.Medialdea@sheffield.ac.uk

Corresponding author: M.J. Machado <machado@mncn.csic.es>

Rambla de la Viuda (drainage area of 1500 km2) is a Mediterranean ephemeral river with a hydrological regime characterised by large floods. The region has a long history of anthropogenic land-use changes, which contributed to temporal phases of increased rates of sediment yield and changes in flood hydrology. Valley sides revealed important accumulations of slackwater flood deposits. These slackwater flood deposits emplaced by high stage floodwaters show a complete stratigraphy from which we can reconstruct long-term records of floods and environmental changes. Interbeded with these flood units, colluvial units can be observed, and several edaphic horizons developed on colluvial and fluvial deposits were identified.

The alluvial and colluvial chronostratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeobotanical (phytoliths) analysis of these units, together with the hydraulic flood modelling approach, made possible to determine: a) the way in which hydrological extreme events may be changing both in frequency and intensity as a result of climate variability, b) the weight of human influence (land-use) on soil hydrology, c) geomorphic channel changes, and c) the grade of resilience of landcover during this temporal scale (last 500 yrs).

Keywords: palaeoflood hydrology, land-use changes, vegetation changes, paleosols, ephemeral streams

54

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ALONG THE ALPHEIOS RIVER IN SEARCH OF AN ANCIENT RIVER HARBOUR OF OLYMPIA

(PELOPONNESE, GREECE)

Obrocki Lea1, Vött A.1, Lang F.2, Gehrke A.3, Fischer P.1, Hadler H.1, Willershäuser T.1

1 Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany 2 Department of Classical Archaeology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, El-Lissitzky-Str. 1, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

3 Seminar für Alte Geschichte, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Platz der Universität 3, 79098 Freiburg, Germany Corresponding author: L. Obrocki <lobrocki@uni-mainz.de>

The cult site of Olympia is located some 21 km inland from the Gulf of Kyparissia (western Peloponnese, Greece). Since the end of the 19th century AD, Olympia has been excavated under the auspices of the German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, DAI) which, in 2009, initiated the interdisciplinary research project “Olympia und seine Umwelt” aiming to reconstruct local landscape changes as a palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental base for archaeological and historical issues. Cooperating partners are Dr. Kollia (7th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Olympia) and Dr. Eder (Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna).

The main objective of our studies was to find the best potential river harbour site used in relation with the sanctuary at Olympia during Antiquity. We carried out detailed geoarchaeological investigations in the lower Alpheios River valley in the environs of a section of a polygonal wall that was discovered recently. Where covered by alluvial deposits, geophysical studies helped to trace this wall over a distance of several hundreds of meters. Moreover, we found geophysical evidence of another wall, running parallel in a distance of around 70 m. It may thus be speculated that the wall system in question was part of an artificial canal fringing the Alpheios River during ancient times.

Vibracoring and Direct Push electrical conductivity logging were carried out to investigate potentially associated stratigraphical units of local fine-sediment archives. We found fine-grained deposits accumulated under low-energy conditions that may indicate the position of a river harbour at the eastern end of the wall system, still in use during Roman times. We present results of our multi-proxy palaeo-environmental investigations and discuss them within archaeological contexts. Keywords: Olympia, Alpheios River, river harbour, canal

55

HOLOCENE ALLUVIAL RECORDS AND GEOMORPHIC CHANGES IN THE UPPER GUADALENTIN BASIN (SE-SPAIN)

Rodriguez-Lloveras Xavier1, Machado M.J.1, Sanchez-Moya Y.2, Sopeña A.2, Benito G.1

1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Serrano 115bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain 2Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid, Spain Corresponding author: X. Rodriguez-Lloveras <xavier@rodriguez-lloveras.com.es>

Sedimentary sequences infilling bottom valleys are excellent indicators of environmental and climatic changes in Mediterranean semiarid catchments. However, evolution of most Mediterranean infilled valleys includes cycles of channel aggradation and incision, resulting typically in accumulation of thin and patchy alluvial sequences with limited preservation. The upper Guadalentin basin (Rambla Mayor and Caramel River system, SE Spain) shows a unique geomorphological setting due to its poor connection with the lower basin that favoured the accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences during most of the Holocene. The study in two sub-basins (Guadalupe and Maria sites) was based on geomorphic mapping (1:25,000 in scale), with differentiation of the main morphogenetic alluvial units, stratigraphic and soil descriptions, geochemical analysis and radiocarbon dating. In the Maria sector, the bottom of the depression is covered by a major depositional infill dominated by sands and silt textures, showing three stratigraphic sets dated at 9000-8500, 5300-4800, 4000-3000 cal year BP. Each stratigraphic set is covered by paleosols displaying frequent bioturbation features. Since 5000 cal years BP, the alluvial sequences include a high amount of charcoal most probably related with increasing human activities in the catchment. Between 3000-2350 cal years BP, the paleogeographic setting changed to open catchment conditions resulting in a 15-m deep incision on the bottom infill. The new alluvial setting was characterized by the increase in the number of accumulation and incision cycles, including a cut-and-fill terrace dated at 2350-1900 cal year BP; and two nested terraces, one with discontinuous deposition between 1800-700 cal yr BP, and a second with episodic slackwater flood deposition over the last 400 years. The alluvial activity recorded over the last 3000 years is in agreement with the morpho-stratigraphic data from the Lower Guadalentin near Lorca, indicating that the fluvial connectivity throughout the Guadalentin catchment was only obtained in the Late Holocene. Keywords: Alluvial infills, paleosols, palaeohydrological changes, accelerated incision

56

HISTORICAL FLOODS IN BENEVENTO

Valente Alessio, Magliulo P., Russo F.

Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Italy Corresponding author: A. Valente <valente@unisannio.it>

This paper presents the results of the long-term analysis of floods occurred along the middle Calore River and its main tributaries (Tammaro, Sabato) in the surroundings of the town of Benevento since 1501 (Mazzacca, 1992; Zazo, 1986). Special focus was paid to the temporal and spatial variations of flood events. To this aim, a comparison of some selected historical extreme events using documents and maps was carried out. Such fonts allowed reconstructing the flooded area and understanding the changes in river channel, also taking into account the type and the spatial distribution of the fluvial landforms (Magliulo et al., 2013). For instance, historical maps analysis highlighted a sharp narrowing of the channel, with a reduction of the bars of the Calore R. in the stretch crossing Pantano locality to the west of Benevento, before and after 1838 and 1949 floods. Similarly, to the east of Benevento, where the flooding occurred several times also before the considered time span, a paleo-channel filled by muddy sediments was surveyed (Magliulo & Valente, 2014).

The oldest events were often reconstructed on the basis of administrative reports aimed to the compensatory damage, or new projects for the repair of damaged structures. In particular, the floods of 1597 and 1707 hit the southern district of Benevento, close to the confluence with the Sabato River. These events caused the destruction of the mills that were located here, which therefore needed to be rebuilt. In the framework of these re-building projects, the lifting of the working basis as well as the reorganization of the distribution channels were also considered (Mazzacca, 1992). The reconstruction of a new bridge in Benevento in place of the Vanvitelli Bridge, considered as the cause of the overflooding of the artisans district in 1949, took into account the hydrological characters of this event. A restoration of Vanvitelli Bridge built in 1768, was considered to repair the damages caused by the flood of 1770. In that case, the water of Calore River overcame the bridge, as occurred in the flood of 1949 (Mazzacca, 1992; Zazo, 1986), but not in the recent significant events (Valente et al., 2016).

For some floods, meteorological and hydrological data were also considered. More specifically, the most important events occurred during autumn, after a period of prolonged drought, and in consequence of incoming south-east winds. This caused a cyclonic cell in the northern area, close to the Matese massif. Such cell affected the area of Benevento with heavy rain in very few hours (Pinto et al., 2001), as revealed by the historic documents dealing with the 1740 flood and the well-known 1949 flood.

At last, examples are presented about the historical aspects of flood protection in Benevento in order to improve the understanding of risk analysis and therefore risk management. Flood walls, aimed to protect the present urbanized alluvial plain from floods, were built along the river banks. Other similar protections were built since VI and VII centuries in those stretches which were frequently hit by floods (i.e. the area of the mills). However the estimation of the flood, and therefore the possibility of damages, should to considered other variables, such as the land use and anthropic infrastructures (Magliulo & Valente, 2014).

Keywords: Historical floods, Calore River, Benevento, Southern Italy. REFERENCES Magliulo P., Valente A. & Cartojan E. (2013) - Recent geomorphological changes of the middle and lower Calore River

(Campania, Southern Italy). Environmental Earth Sciences, 70(6), 2785-2805. Magliulo P. & Valente A. (2014) - Mapping direct and indirect fluvial hazard in the Middle Calore River valley (southern Italy).

Proc. International conference on “Analysis and Management of Changing Risks for Natural Hazards”, Padova, Italy, 18 – 19 November 2014.

Mazzacca V. (1992) - Fiumi. A.G.M. Editrice, Ceppaloni (BN), 159 pp. Pinto J.G., Klawa M., Ulbrich U., Rudari R. & Speth P. (2001) - Extreme precipitation events over northwest Italy and their

relationship with tropical-extratropical interactions over the Atlantic. Mediterranean storms, CNR-GNDCI, Publ. n. 2560, 327-332.

Valente A., Iscaro C., Magliulo P. & Russo F. 2016. The flood event in Benevento on 14th-15th October 2015: a short report. Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, 38, 105-108.

Zazo A. (1986) - Curiosità storiche beneventane. De Martini–Ricolo Editrice, Benevento, 178 pp.

57

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

58

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Surname Name Affiliation E-mail

Agatova Anna Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk (Russia)

agatr@mail.ru

Artico Vincenzo Veneto Region – Direzione Difesa Suolo (Italy)

vincenzo.artico@regione.veneto.it

Balasch Carles University of Lleida (Spain) cbalasch@macs.udl.cat

Baratti Emanuele University of Bologna (Italy) emanuele.baratti@unibo.it

Beerten Koen Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Antwerpen (Belgium)

kbeerten@sckcen.be

Benedek Jozsef University of Cluj Napoca (Romania) jozsef@geografie.ubbcluj.ro

Benito Gerardo Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (Spain)

benito@mncn.csic.es

Böhm Oliver University of Augsburg (Germany) oliver.boehm@geo.uni-augsburg.de

Bomers Anouk University of Twente, Enschede (Netherlands)

a.bomers@utwente.nl

Camuffo Dario CNR-ISAC Instit. Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Padova (Italy)

d.camuffo@isac.cnr.it

Castaldini Doriano University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)

doriano.castaldini@unimore.it

Castelltort Xavier University of Lleida (Spain) xavier.castelltort@gmail.com

Coco Laura University of Chieti (Italy) lauracoco@libero.it

Cohen Kim University of Utrecht (Netherlands) k.m.cohen@uu.nl

Corrò Elisa Ca' Foscari University, Venice (Italy) elisa.corro@gmail.com

Cremaschi Mauro University of Milano (Italy) mauro.cremaschi@unimi.it

Elleder Libor Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague (Czsech Republic)

elleder@chmi.cz

Fazzini Massimiliano University of Camerino (Italy) fzzmsm@unife.it

Finkler Claudia University of Mainz (Germany) c.finkler@geo.uni-mainz.de

Fischer Peter University of Mainz (Germany) p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de

Fontana Alessandro University of Padova (Italy) alessandro.fontana@unipd.it

Franzinelli Elena Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus (Brazil)

elena.franzinelli@gmail.com

Frassine Matteo Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio - Padova (Italy)

matteo.frassine@beniculturali.it

Gębica Piotr University of Rzeszów (Poland) pgebica@wsiz.rzeszow.pl

Golfieri Bruno University of Padova (Italy) bruno.golfieri@unipd.it

Gomes Machado

Maria Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (Spain)

machado@mncn.csic.es

Gulyás Sándor University of Szeged (Hungary) gulyas.sandor@geo.u-szeged.hu

Hadler Hanna University of Mainz (Germany) hadler@uni-mainz.de

Hasan Ozren Geological Survey of Croatia, Zagreb (Croatia)

ohasan@hgi-cgs.hr

Herget Juergen University of Bonn (Germany) herget@giub.uni-bonn.de

Ilijanić Nikolina Geological Survey of Croatia, Zagreb (Croatia)

nilijanic@hgi-cgs.hr

Markelj Anže Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana (Slovenia)

anze.markelj@geo-zs.si

Mather Anne University of Plymouth (United Kingdom) amather@plymouth.ac.uk

Matlakhova Ekaterina Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)

matlakhova_k@mail.ru

Middelkoop Hans University of Utrecht (Netherlands) h.middelkoop@uu.nl

Monegato Giovanni CNR-IGG Instit. Geosciences and Georesources, Turin (Italy)

g.monegato@csg.to.cnr.it

Mozzi Paolo University of Padova (Italy) paolo.mozzi@unipd.it

Nepop Roman Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk (Russia)

agatr@mail.ru

59

Nicosia Cristiano University of Bruxelles (Belgium) cristianonicosia@yahoo.it

Obrocki Lea University of Mainz (Germany) l.obrocki2@geo.uni-mainz.de

Panin Andrei Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)

a.v.panin@yandex.ru

Righini Margherita University of Padova (Italy) margherita.righini@studenti.unipd.it

Rodrigues Cleide University of São Paulo (Brazil) cleidrig@gmail.com

Ronchi Livio University of Padova (Italy) livio.ronchi@unipd.it

Rossato Sandro University of Padova (Italy) sandro.rossato@unipd.it

Schielen Ralph University of Twente, Enschede (Netherlands)

r.m.j.schielen@utwente.nl

Sinha Rajiv Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (India)

rsinha@iitk.ac.in

Sinha Shikha Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (India)

rsinha@iitk.ac.in

Slawinska Joanna Rutgers University, New York (USA) joanna.slawinska@nyu.edu

Starkel Leszek Polish Academy Sciences, Krakow (Poland) starkel@zg.pan.krakow.pl

Stefani Marco University of Ferrara (Italy) stm@unife.it

Sümegi Pal University of Szeged (Hungary) sumegi@geo.u-szeged.hu

Surian Nicola University of Padova (Italy) nicola.surian@unipd.it

Toonen Willem University of Aberystwyth (United Kingdom) w.h.j.toonen@gmail.com

Valente Alessio University of Sannio, Benevento (Italy) valente@unisannio.it

Van der Meulen Bas University of Utrecht (Netherlands) b.vandermeulen@uu.nl

Vött Andreas University of Mainz (Germany) voett@uni-mainz.de

Werner Vera University of Mainz (Germany) v.werner@geo.uni-mainz.de

Willershäuser Timo University of Mainz (Germany) timo.willershaeuser@uni-mainz.de