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EU enlargementEU enlargement
Foreign policy beyond the nation state
April 1, 2014
Foreign policy beyond the nation state
April 1, 2014
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OverviewOverview
EU foreign policy
The big bang enlargement
Beyond enlargement: EU foreign policy in the neighborhood
EU foreign policy
The big bang enlargement
Beyond enlargement: EU foreign policy in the neighborhood
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Relevance of this caseRelevance of this case
A case for foreign policy from an supranational organization
Soft power, coercion and FP Cooperation & collaboration in FP Overlap between domestic and foreign
policy
A case for foreign policy from an supranational organization
Soft power, coercion and FP Cooperation & collaboration in FP Overlap between domestic and foreign
policy
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Historical background:From economic to social & political integration
Historical background:From economic to social & political integration
1952- European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
1957 - European Economic Community (EEC)
1987 - Single Europe Act 1993 - The European Union (EU)
1952- European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
1957 - European Economic Community (EEC)
1987 - Single Europe Act 1993 - The European Union (EU)
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Key EU StructuresKey EU Structures
European Council- sets overall political direction
European Parliament -represents EU citizens
Council of the EU - passes EU laws European Commission - manages day-
to-day business of EU
European Council- sets overall political direction
European Parliament -represents EU citizens
Council of the EU - passes EU laws European Commission - manages day-
to-day business of EU
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EU foreign policyEU foreign policy
EU foreign policy is more than the sum total of its member states’ foreign policies.
EU foreign policy is divided between three ‘pillars’:
1st pillar: European Community
2nd pillar: Common Foreign and Security Policy
3rd pillar: Justice and Home Affairs
EU foreign policy is more than the sum total of its member states’ foreign policies.
EU foreign policy is divided between three ‘pillars’:
1st pillar: European Community
2nd pillar: Common Foreign and Security Policy
3rd pillar: Justice and Home Affairs
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EU foreign policyEU foreign policy
Lisbon Treaty (2009): goal to provide EU with greater coherence as an international actor through some key reforms:External actionLegal personalityPresidentEuropean External Action Service
Lisbon Treaty (2009): goal to provide EU with greater coherence as an international actor through some key reforms:External actionLegal personalityPresidentEuropean External Action Service
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Despite the advances in European integration, EU foreign policy continues to suffer from divisions on many levels of policy-making that undermine the ambition to speak with one voice.
Although the Lisbon Treaty formally dissolves the pillar structure of the Union, the different fields of policy-making remain distinctive.
Despite the advances in European integration, EU foreign policy continues to suffer from divisions on many levels of policy-making that undermine the ambition to speak with one voice.
Although the Lisbon Treaty formally dissolves the pillar structure of the Union, the different fields of policy-making remain distinctive.
Challenges in EU FPChallenges in EU FP
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Economic vs Security integration: In the areas of external economic relations,
member states have delegated significant functions to the European Commission (EC), European Parliament (EP) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Foreign affairs and security policy, however, remain essentially intergovernmental.
Economic vs Security integration: In the areas of external economic relations,
member states have delegated significant functions to the European Commission (EC), European Parliament (EP) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
Foreign affairs and security policy, however, remain essentially intergovernmental.
Challenges in EU FPChallenges in EU FP
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The big bang enlargementThe big bang enlargement
Early 1990s: great strides forward in European integration
Completion of Internal Market, 1992 Maastricht Treaty, 1992 Prospect of enlargement
The key dilemma: widening vs deepening
Early 1990s: great strides forward in European integration
Completion of Internal Market, 1992 Maastricht Treaty, 1992 Prospect of enlargement
The key dilemma: widening vs deepening
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Perspectives of the big threePerspectives of the big threeThree largest members had distinct views Germany - widen & deepen France - deepen first UK – widen as way of stopping or even
turning back efforts to deepen
Three largest members had distinct views Germany - widen & deepen France - deepen first UK – widen as way of stopping or even
turning back efforts to deepen
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‘United’ Germany regarded widening and deepening of the EU as two complimentary processes, rather than ‘either / or’.
Germany pushes for deepening and enlargement to the east (‘widening’), based on national self-interest and a sense of moral commitment to east central Europeans.
‘United’ Germany regarded widening and deepening of the EU as two complimentary processes, rather than ‘either / or’.
Germany pushes for deepening and enlargement to the east (‘widening’), based on national self-interest and a sense of moral commitment to east central Europeans.
GermanyGermany
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FranceFrance
Not against widening but didn’t want it to come at expense of further integration
Concerned that enlargement would dilute the Union
Strict conditions on new membership
Not against widening but didn’t want it to come at expense of further integration
Concerned that enlargement would dilute the Union
Strict conditions on new membership
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UKUK
Wanted more flexible union and saw enlargement as way to slow down deepening
Key value saw in EU was free-trade market Also saw importance of ensuring stability in
Eastern Europe As a result became early proponent of
enlargement
Wanted more flexible union and saw enlargement as way to slow down deepening
Key value saw in EU was free-trade market Also saw importance of ensuring stability in
Eastern Europe As a result became early proponent of
enlargement
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The Copenhagen criteriaThe EU specified 3 key conditions for
applicants:1. Applicants had to be democracies.2. Applicants had to have functioning market
economies which could compete in the single market.
3. Applicants had to take on all obligations of the EU.
The Copenhagen criteriaThe EU specified 3 key conditions for
applicants:1. Applicants had to be democracies.2. Applicants had to have functioning market
economies which could compete in the single market.
3. Applicants had to take on all obligations of the EU.
Criteria for membershipCriteria for membership
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See mix of both “soft power” and coercion Soft power- attraction of membership and
access to economic benefits Coercion - threat of withholding membership
Result: Conditionality creates powerful pressure on
candidates to make significant legal & institutional changes
See mix of both “soft power” and coercion Soft power- attraction of membership and
access to economic benefits Coercion - threat of withholding membership
Result: Conditionality creates powerful pressure on
candidates to make significant legal & institutional changes
Political conditionality Political conditionality
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Late 1990s political momentum for EU enlargement increases as a result of:
Series of pro-enlargement presidencies Kosovo war 9/11
Late 1990s political momentum for EU enlargement increases as a result of:
Series of pro-enlargement presidencies Kosovo war 9/11
Widening takes precedenceWidening takes precedence
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Key question becomes whether to accept all 10 candidates at once (big bang) or to differentiate between candidates
Proponents of a ‘big bang’ argued that admitting ten countries at once would:
Minimize the problem of exclusion Necessitate only one large-scale adjustment
by the EU
Key question becomes whether to accept all 10 candidates at once (big bang) or to differentiate between candidates
Proponents of a ‘big bang’ argued that admitting ten countries at once would:
Minimize the problem of exclusion Necessitate only one large-scale adjustment
by the EU
Differentiation or not? Differentiation or not?
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Those against a ‘big bang’ argued that admitting ten countries at once would:
Reduce pressure on applicants to undertake reforms
Force the front-running applicants to wait for the ‘laggards’
In the end “big bang” wins
Those against a ‘big bang’ argued that admitting ten countries at once would:
Reduce pressure on applicants to undertake reforms
Force the front-running applicants to wait for the ‘laggards’
In the end “big bang” wins
Differentiation or not?Differentiation or not?
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Beyond enlargement: EU foreign policy in the neighborhood
Beyond enlargement: EU foreign policy in the neighborhood Serious obstacles for further enlargement: The difficult negotiations over
institutional reforms that resulted in the Lisbon Treaty and the economic recession
Normative appeal of the European Union may be waning in an increasingly multipolar world with rising new powers.
Serious obstacles for further enlargement: The difficult negotiations over
institutional reforms that resulted in the Lisbon Treaty and the economic recession
Normative appeal of the European Union may be waning in an increasingly multipolar world with rising new powers.
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The question about what kind of relationship the European Union should build beyond enlargement became a pressing issue.
There was concern that Eastern enlargement could create new divisions in Europe between insiders and outsiders, triggering instability and a growing sense of insecurity in the countries bordering the EU.
The question about what kind of relationship the European Union should build beyond enlargement became a pressing issue.
There was concern that Eastern enlargement could create new divisions in Europe between insiders and outsiders, triggering instability and a growing sense of insecurity in the countries bordering the EU.
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In 2004, European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was set up with the aim to create a ring of well-governed neighbours surrounding the European Union from North Africa, the Middle East to Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.
The EU has also become increasingly involved in diplomatic mediation and crisis management operations in the neighbourhood.
In 2004, European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was set up with the aim to create a ring of well-governed neighbours surrounding the European Union from North Africa, the Middle East to Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.
The EU has also become increasingly involved in diplomatic mediation and crisis management operations in the neighbourhood.
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However, EU foreign policy effectiveness and coherence are put in question:
In Eastern Europe, the democratic transition has stalled in favour of more autocratic regimes.
The EU’s response to the Arab Spring of 2011 and the democracy movements in North Africa and the Middle East has been fragmented.
However, EU foreign policy effectiveness and coherence are put in question:
In Eastern Europe, the democratic transition has stalled in favour of more autocratic regimes.
The EU’s response to the Arab Spring of 2011 and the democracy movements in North Africa and the Middle East has been fragmented.
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ConclusionConclusion
Soft power isn’t always as soft as it appears
Period of 2004-2007 capped fundamental reshaping of Europe from Cold War All done with out force or threat of force
Both material and ideational/moral interests played role in enlargement
Soft power isn’t always as soft as it appears
Period of 2004-2007 capped fundamental reshaping of Europe from Cold War All done with out force or threat of force
Both material and ideational/moral interests played role in enlargement