Erikson & Freud Info.:

Erik Erikson

•Revised and expanded his mentor Sigmund Freud’stheory of development

•proposed an 8 stage theory of personality development.

•His theory covers the entire life-span

•Underlying his theory are the beliefs that:development is a combination of social, biological, and personal experiential factors.

People can achieve a state of happiness/satisfaction during their lives.

Freud developed a segmented modelof the self:The Id- our primal/instinctual urges (biology)The Ego- our conscious self (psychology)The Superego-our moral code(social).

In the healthy person these three segments are relatively integrated. In the neurotic individual these parts are in conflict/out of balance.

ID SUPEREGO

ego

Erikson’s 8 stages:

1. Trust v. Mistrust-developing a basic sense of trustin the world based on your basic needs being met.2. Autonomy v. Shame -development of self confidence and self-control based on healthy encouragement and limit setting.3. Initiative v. Guilt - testing of personal power through exploration/manipulation of the environment based on encouragement.4. Industry v. Inferiority-desire to become productive based on success and recognition.5. Identity v. Identity Confusion-attempt to answer “who am I ?” 6. Intimacy v. Isolation - ability to relate intimately to others.7. Generativity v. Stagnation-act of caring extended to future. generations based on a satisfying personal life and freedom from self pre-occupying pressure.8. Integrity v. Despair-adjustment to aging and approaching death based on satisfaction with one’s past.

Focus on Stage 5-Identity v. DiffusionAttempt to answer “who am I?” and achieve a satisfyingsense of identity based on personal success and satisfaction combined with peer acceptance.

James Marcia’s (1966) work keyed in on Stage 5 (identity development in adolescence) as the key to understanding the self.

Marcia’s identity status paradigmMarcia’s identity status paradigm:

ForeclosedAchieved

MoratoriumDiffused

(*Notice the date Marcia developed his theory)

Kohlberg/Gilligan Info:

• In Piaget’s The Moral Judgment of the Child (1932) he argued children’s moral thinking fits the pattern of the 4 stages of cognitive development.

• Lawrence Kohlberg expanded Piaget’s work in this area.

• Kohlberg conducted his research in the late 1950s-1970s

• Conducted longitudinal studies (interviewing same subjects every 3 years)

• Focused on the development of principles of justice

• Focused on Moral Reasoning-the thinking processes involved in judgements about questions of right and wrong.

• Used Moral Dilemmas to assess a person’s stage- situations in which no choice is clearly and indisputably right.

Heinz’s Dilemma (Updated):Heinz’s wife is dying of cancer. He learns of a drug that canCure his wife. He goes to the pharmacist who invented the drugand asks to buy some.The pharmacist tells Heinz the drug will cost him $1,000,000 (It cost the pharmacist $100,000 to create thedrug.)Heinz, doesn’t have $1,000,000. Heinz goes to banks, holds fund raisers, does everything he can think of to raise the money. In the end he can only raise $200,000.Heinz goes back to the pharmacist, tells him he only has$200,000 for the drug and that time for his wife is running out.Heinz asks the druggist to sell him the drug at half price or let himpay back the remainder later.In response the pharmacist says, “The price is still $1,000,000.”What should Heinz do?Why? (i.e. explain your reasoning)

Kohlberg’s theory:PreconventionalLevel-Good/Bad (Pre-operational)stage 1: obedience/punishment orientation, rules are to avoid punishment.No consideration of the interests/needs of others.stage 2: hedonistic orientation. Fulfillment of personal needs still determines right or wrong but now individual recognizes that others have needs too.-“you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours”. Conventional Level- Following the Social Order (Concrete)stage 3:Living up to what is expected of you. Doing good to please others- Conformity (family,society,peers etc.). stage 4: orientation to authority/duty- Individuals must conform to the law. Authority must be respected.

Postconventional Level (Formal)•stage 5: social contract- Good is determined by socially agreed upon standards. •stage 6: Following universal ethical principles- justice, human dignity, and equality of human rights. •Stage 7?: Agape- love is extended to all ‘regardless of merit’-forgiveness

Gilligan’s theory• Gilligan’s theory focused on gender biases in Kohlberg’s theory

(i.e. Kohlberg based his stage model on his study of a male conception of morality- which he then used to judge both males’ and females’ stage of moral development). Freud wrote,” I cannot evade the notion (though I hesitate to give it expression) that for women what is ethically normal is different from what it is in men…they show less sense of justice…they are more often influenced in their judgements by their feelings.”

• Gilligan turns Freud’s judgement upside and makes feelings (i.e. care/compassion) the basis for her conception of morality.

• Conducts her work in the mid 1970’s-early 1980s• Her book In a Different Voice (1982) electrifies the Social Science

Community.• Still a stage model. • Still uses Moral dilemmas to assess. But she situates her dilemmas

in authentic problems facing her subjects.• Controversial Methodology-Talked to women about their decisions

to have/ not have abortions

A high school girl’s parents are away for the weekend and she’s aloneIn the house. Unexpectedly, on Friday evening, her boyfriend comesOver. They spend the evening together in the house and after awhile they Start necking and petting.1. Is this right or wrong? Are there circumstances that would make it right or wrong?2. What if they had sexual intercourse? Is that right or wrong? Why?3. (if applicable) Why do you think petting is okay but sexual intercourse is wrong?4. Are there any circumstances that would make sexual intercourse right (wrong)?5. …The girl thinks sex before marriage is OK for boys but not for girls. What reasons does she have for thinking that way?6. The girls parents return and find out the couple had intercourse-what should the parents do?7. Do you think these issues about sex have anything to do with moralityAnd immorality?8. Where do you think your ideas about what’s right and wrong come from?9. There’s a lot of talk these days about the new morality and the sexual revolution.What do you think about this?

Gilligan’s ModelLevel 1: Orientation toward Self-Interest like Kohlberg’s stage 1 and 2 pre-conventional morality is about fulfilling one’s own needs at any cost.

Level 2: Goodness=Responsibility for Others like Kohlberg’s stage 3 and 4 conventional. Morality is a matter of subordinating your own needs to fulfill the needs of others.

Level 3: Focusing on the dynamics between Self and OthersMorality is the quest to find a balance between your own needs and those of others.