Env Sci Galapagos
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Transcript of Env Sci Galapagos
7/23/2019 Env Sci Galapagos
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Galapagos Islands
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Description
• 600 miles of coast o Ecuador. Lays on one othe worlds longest lasting hot spots whichcreates oceanic crust.
• 13 main islands. Each with own characteristic.
• Sierra Negra last eruption 00! " #sh $ miles
high.
• % ma&or ocean currents create this 'astcollection o marine di'ersity.
•
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Natural (eser'es o the
)alapagos
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)alapagos *arine (eser'e
• +n 1,,- the protected area which included nautical miles around each island was e/tendedand ecame the )alapagos *arine reser'e.
• Lie ranging rom corals to shars to penguinsto marine mammals.
2*any nati'e and endemic species depend entirelyon marine en'ironments and e'olutionary and
ecological processes that occur on land and thatha'e a direct relationship with the sea.
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• he Ecuadorian )o'ernment passed an emergency decree in1,!, ormally estalishing the )alapagos +slands National 4ar.
•
he par ser'ice sees to protect nati'e species and eradicatein'asi'e plants and animals.
• he go'ernment o Ecuador has designated ,$5 o the landarea o the )alpagos +slands as the country7s 8rst national
par. he remaining 35 is distriuted etween the inhaitedareas o Santa 9ru: San 9rist;al <loreana and +saela.
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Endangered Species are causedby…
• =aitat loss>alteration>ragmentation
• +n'asi'e Species
• +ntroduction o inection
• 4oaching>hunting
• +ncreased ourism
• )loal ?arming
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$5,5
35
135
%-5
Vertebrate Species
9ritically Endangered
Endangered
@ulnerale
Near hreatened
Ather
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15
1!5
35
-5
335
Plant Species
9riticallyEndangered
Endangered
@ulnerale
Near threatened
Ather
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65
135
315
115
3,5
Marine Life
9riticallyEndangered
Endangered
@ulnerale
Near hreatened
Ather
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Erosion
• Sot 'olcanic ash such as tuf or pumice erode
Buicly into more gentle shores while harderand newer asaltic Cows orm rugged steeperisland walls.
• Seasonal rainstorms round of the summits othe higher peas gi'ing these islands an oldermore inhaitale appearance.
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EutrEutrophication
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Eutrophication Solutions
• Minimizing non-point sourcepollution
Nonpoint source FN4SG pollution comes rom manydifuse sources. N4S pollution is caused y rainall or
snowmelt mo'ing o'er and through the ground. #s therunof mo'es it pics up and carries away naturaland humanmade pollutants 8nally depositing them intolaes ri'ers wetlands coastal waters and ground waters.
• Shell!sh in Estuaries
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El NiHo
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El Nino Solutions
• +t is part o the weather system. – ?hich means it is a selsustaining period in which
it occurs.
– +t can e calculated when these periods will occur
and thus can e prepared or them in time. – ?e now what things can trigger it such as
?esterly ?ind Iursts.
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ourism and 4opulation
Ieore1,,1
Ietween1,,1 00$
00$01!
4opulationJ %000 4opulation douleseach year reachingK0000
4opulationJK%0000
2ourism generates %1- million>y
63 mil enters local economy F!15 o )alapagos economyG
No. o ouristsJ%0000
No. o ouristsJ1%!000
No. o ouristsJ1!000
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ourism and 4opulationJ+mpacts
*ore 9argo ships>planesJ riss• Ail spills Fessica 001GF+saella 01!G
• +ncreased numer o inhaitants calls or rapidgrowth o inrastructure and pulic ser'ices.
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ourism and 4opulation Solutions
• 1,$- MNES9A declared )alapagosislands a ?orld =eritage Site.
• 1,,0 he MN placed the islands on its+n DangerO list Fupheld in ulyG.
• 00$ the ?orld =ealth 9ommittee*ission (eport +mplemented Pero4eople on +rregular Status in )alapagosO
– )i'en cards which help withorgani:ation and management.
– +n 00,J
» 63 irregular shipped to mainland
» 6,% inormed on status
» !$ anned rom returning or ayear.
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ourism and 4opulationJ+mpacts
• 01% 1, Ecuadorians were remo'ed witharmed guards or +llegal *igration.
• he National 4arJ – *onitor @isitors sites.
– 9hange +tinerary or increasedpressure.
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+n'asi'e Species
• Scientists and conser'ationists agree that introduced plantsand animals represent the single greatest threat to theterrestrial ecosystems o )alapagos.
• Since the disco'ery o )alapagos in 1!3! humans ha'erought many alien species to the islands.
• ,!5 o the archipelagoQs nati'e species remain intact today
• he numer o pri'ate 'essels tra'eling through theislands greatly increases the threat o hull and anchortransport o potentially in'asi'e marine species.
Especially in'asi'e marine speciesJ• North 4aci8c Sea Star F#sterias amurensiG
• Iarnacle 9hthamalus 4roteus
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• # total o 36 'erterate species ha'e eenintroduced to )alapagos with 30 o them ecomingestalished.
• Some $!0 introduced plant species ha'e eenregistered in )alapagos with nearly ,05 o themrought delierately y humans or agricultural andornamental purposes.
• #ppro/imately !%3 alien insect species more than1>% o the total insect auna ha'e een registered in)alapagos.
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+n'asi'e Species Solutions
• 9D< estalished )alapagos +nspection and RuarantineSystem F)+#RSG. *onitors and checs all cargocontainments rom oats and planes along withaggage rom tourists>'isitors.
• 9ommunity EducationQ was implemented or thelocals to learn aout the harms o alien species.
• Iiological 9ontrolJ=ypothesis aout enemy organisms o e/isting in'aders was
researched. #ustralian Ladyug was introduced later in 00
Fon purposeG which decreased populations o 60 in'asi'especies Fmainly insectsG.
006 4ro&ect +saela " (estoration o +saela in terms o si:eand scope Feradication o goats>doneys rom N.+saela>Santiago and 4inta.
• Eradication o <resh water ilapia and cattle rom
<lorena in 013.
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Newest SolutionJ
• he 9harles Darwin <oundation created the 9ontrol o+n'asi'e 4lants in =ighlands o )alapagosQ pro&ect in
01%J
– hey use iological control methods Fsuch as the #ustraliansLadyugG.
– Eradication o IlacIerryQs. *ainly y hand picing.
+n'asi'e Species Solutions
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=aitat Loss
• Land can ecome less suitale ashaitat e'en i it is not directlycon'erted to other uses.
• =aitat <ragmentationJ• Splitting populations into smaller
groups.• +ncreasing crowding and
competition within the ragments.• (educing species7 oraging ranges
and access to prey and watersources
• +ncreasing riction etweenanimals and humans as animalsrange into de'eloped areas
Land can ecome less suitale as haitat e'en i it is not directly con'erted
to other uses.
#ll orms o de'elopment alter natural ecosystems.
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*igration T =awaiiani:ation
• 4eople rom mainland in'adedO theislands.
•
4opulation increase o'er 3005 in thelast ew decades.
• 9urrent 4opulationJ %0000 – 4ressure put on +slands Froads pulic
ser'icesG.
– )arage dumped in open areas andurnt with no treatment.
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A'er<ishing
• "hose #ho do not participate in the tourismindustry in some #ay are usually !sherman
• Sea $ucumbers% and Shar&s !shed to supply'sian mar&ets for medical and lu(urious means
• Sea cucumbers dropped to )*+ of their originalpopulation in a fe# decades
• In ,*% the !shing of Sea $ucumbers #asbanned
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A'er<ishing Solutions
• .*,) the S/G began #or&ing #ith Galapagos0ational Par&% $onser1ation International% 2areand "he $harles 3ar#in Station to apply data fordi4erent techni5ues to better inform and impro1e
management – "his #ill #or& on the bioeconomical modeling of area to
e1aluate alternati1e zoning options for Galapagos
Pro1ide solutions for marine life and for the local people
• /irst 5uantitati1e stoc& assessment of the Sea
$ucumber population in the #orld "hisinformation #ill be used for re-zoning% aidpreser1ation and sustainable tourism6!shing
• Sea $ucumber !shing banned in Galapagos
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)loal?arming>9ontamination
• =igher temperature in ocean illscoral rees supports algal loomsand the the loss o some endemic
species.
• 4ollution rom products Fcars
chemicalsG runs of into oceanurther illing lie.
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9ontamination Solutions
• #ter the essica spill in 001 9D<collected samples rom eaches orresidual hydrocarons le'els.
– hey ound le'els o residual contaminants in thesamples that were not rom spill FpollutionG.
– he same ollow up procedure ound higher le'elso the containments and similar le'els o thehydrocarons Fwhich means there ha'e een
continual spillsG.
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Iiliography
• httpJ>>www.galapagos.org>
• httpJ>>www.en'ironmentandsociety.org>arcadia>e'olutionworldheritagegalapagosislandsnationalpar