J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24 Damanhour ...

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J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24

Damanhour University ISSN 1687-1464

MITIGATING THE SALT STRESS AFFECTED ON

CUCUMBER PLANT VIA AMINOLEVULINIC ACID AND

TRIACONTANOL.

Sary Hassan Mostafa Brengi

Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt

ABSTRACT

Two pots experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Wadi El

Natrun, Beheira governorate, Egypt, during the two successive winter seasons of

2016 /2017 and 2017 /2018. The aim of these experiments was to study the effect

of foliar application of aminolevulinic acid (25 and 50 mg L-1) and triacontanol

(25 and 50 mg L-1 ) on the growth, yield and chemical properties of cucumber

(Cucumis sativus L . cv. Hesham) under four salinity levels (tap water , 2, 3, and 4

dsm-1). The obtained results of the two seasons indicated that increasing salinity

levels from 2 to 4 dsm-1 reduced significantly all studied parameters, i.e., plant

height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight , leaves area and total fruit yield,

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, protein and chlorophyll contents.

While Na+ and Cl- were increased. The results ,also, revealed that the

aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol significantly increased plant growth (plant

height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and leaves the area), mineral content

(nitrogen, phosphoure, potassium, calcium and K/Na ratio), protein and

chlorophyll contents as well as reduced the contents of Na+ and Cl- , under salt

stress conditions, compare to control(distilled water only) treatment. Application

of triacontanol (25 ppm); improved growth and fruit yield under salt stress during

both seasons. Triacontanol enhanced salinity tolerance in both seasons by

increasing K/Na ratio, proline accumulation and the activation of peroxidase and

catalase enzymes. Under each salinity level combining with triacontanol (25 ppm)

was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salinity on

cucumber plants.

Keywords; Cucumber, Salt stress, aminolevulinic acid, triacontanol, proline,

peroxidase, catalase

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INTRODUCTION

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stress and hampering factor for

vegetable crop production (Machado and Serralheiro, 2017). Salinity

reduces the growth and productivity of plants and decreases food

production (Zhang et al., 2013). Under saline soils, excessive Na+ levels;

reduce the availability of essential nutrients such as K+ and Ca2+ (Khan

et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Iqbal and Ashraf, 2013). Higher

concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in plant tissues, caused by salinity; reduce

the plant growth and yield as well as alternating the biochemical and

physiological processes within the plant (Khan et al., 2010; Wakeel et

al., 2011; Nimir et al., 2015.). Also, salinity reduces the contents of

photosynthetic pigments due to the dearth of water caused by osmotic

stress and ion imbalances (Nimir et al., 2015).

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important

vegetable crop that is grown in Egypt and all over the world. Cucumber

is defined as salt-sensitive crop (Wang, 1998; Alpaslan and Gunes,

2001; Stepien and Klobus, 2006; Zhu et al., 2008). Salinity stress

reduces the growth and yield of cucumber (Stepien and Klobus, 2006;

Zhu et al., 2008; Gurmani et al., 2018). Dorota (1997) reported that the

cucumber plants which grown with salinity level upper than 2.5 dS m-1

reduced yield by 13%.

Some studies reported that the exogenous application of

aminolevulinic acid enhanced the resistance of swiss chard (Beta

vulgaris L.) (Liu et al., 2014), cucumber (Zhen et al., 2012) and tomato

(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Zhang et al., 2015) to salt stress by

improving the tissue water status, biosynthesis of chlorophyll and

aggravates the antioxidant activity, which depresses the production of

ROS (Memon et al., 2009; Naeem et al., 2010; 2012; Zhang et al., 2012).

Triacontanol (TRI) has been classified as a plant hormone (Singh

et al., 2012). Exogenous application of triacontanol, at very low

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concentration, to different plant species such as pigeon pea, groundnut,

maize, rice and wheat stimulated plant growth (Pujari et al., 1998;

Verma et al., 2011; Perveen et al., 2011; 2013). Triacontanol improved

the growth of soybean plants and increased the contents of chlorophyll

and proline contents as well as the uptake of calcium and potassium

under salt stress (Krishnan and Kumari, 2008).

Literature about the interactions between aminolevulinic or

triacontanol and salinity levels are scant. There is a real need for more

detailed studies on the subject. Accordingly; the aim of the current study

was to investigate the effect of foliar application of aminolevulinic and

triacontanol on growth, yield and chemical composition of cucumber

under salt stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Growth conditions and treatments

Two pots experiments were carried out during the two successive

winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 .The experiments were

performed in a private farm located at Wadi El Natrun, Beheira

governorate, Egypt, under greenhouse conditions.

The cucumber uniform seedlings cv. ‘Hesham’ (four weeks old)

was transplanted in plastic pots (30 cm diameter and 35 cm height), filled

with 8 kg of sandy soil, and placed in a greenhouse conditions. Before

sowing, the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil (Table 1) were

determined according to the methods described by Jackson (1967) in

both seasons of cultivation . The experiment design was split plots in a

randomized complete block design, whereas the salinity levels arranged

in the main plots and the foliar spraying treatments were randomly

placed in the sub-plots. Each treatment was composed of six replicated

pots with one plant for each pot. The experiment included 20 treatments

representing the combinations of four salinity levels (0, 2, 3 and 4 ds m-

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1) and five treatments of foliar applications of 5-aminolevulinic acid as

25 and 50 mg L-1 and triacontanol (25 and 50 mg L-1), in addition

distilled water as a control treatment. The spraying were applied twice;

the first one was carried out after 7 days from transplanting and the

second were applied one week later. All sprays were conducted in the

morning with the spraying solution using a hand pressure sprayer. All

treatments received identical doses of N, P and K fertilization. Other

agricultural practices were adopted whenever it was necessary and as

commonly recommended in the commercial production of cucumber.

Table (1): Chemical and physical properties of the experimental soil

during both seasons of experimentation during both seasons of 2016 /2017

and 2017 /2018.

Chemical properties

Season pH EC

( dSm-1)

Organic

matter

(%)

N (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm)

2016 7.80 0.46 0.08 17.34 12.61 26.27

2017 7.83 0.45 0.08 16.67 12.58 31.34

Physical properties

Season Sand

(%)

Silt

(%)

Clay

(%) Texture

Bulk

density

(g cm-3)

CaCO3

(%)

2016 87.73 9.03 3.24 Sandy 1.52 2.43

2017 88.23 8.10 3.67 Sandy 1.53 2.48

Plant measurements

After, 80 days from transplanting, six cucumber plants were

selected randomly and tagged from each treatment for measuring the

following: plant height (cm), plant fresh and dry weight (g), leaves

number, branch number and leaves area (cm2) using the formula of leaf

area-leaf weight relationship as described by Bremner et al. (1966).

Fresh plant samples were oven dried for at 70°C until a constant weighty

was obtain plant dry weigh (g) and the dried tissues were ground for

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further analysis. Total leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD index) was

measured using a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter devise (Konica Minolta,

Kearney, NE, USA) according to Yadava (1986). The total N in the dry

plant tissues was determined by Kjeldahl method as described by Jones

(1991). The contents of K, P, Ca, Na and Cl were determined according

to Cottenie et al. (1982). Free proline content was determined according

to Bates et al. (1973). The activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase

(CAT) were determined according to methods described by Pundir et al.

(1999) and Aebi (1984), respectively.

Statistical analysis

All the obtained data were statistically analyzed using CoStat

program (Version 6.4, Co Hort, USA, 1998–2008). Least significant

difference test at 0.05 level of probability was used to compare the

differences among the means of the various treatment combinations .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Vegetative growth

Results presented in Tables (2 and 3) showed that all studied

growth parameters (plant height, plant fresh, plant dry weight, number

of branches, number of leaves and leaves area) decreased significantly

as salinity levels increased in both seasons. The reduced rate of growth

varied depending on the level of imposing salinity stress. The highest

values of growth parameters were obtained from tap water, while that of

4 dam-1 gave the lowest ones. At salinity level at 4 dsm-1, the estimated

percentages of reductions for plant height by 37.15% and 38.74%, plant

fresh weight by 60.23% and 60.59%, plant dry weight by 34.15% and

34.76%, number of branches by 38.7% and 39.43%, number of leaves

by 39.27% and 39.76% and leaves area by 54.60% and 55.06% in the

first and second seasons, respectively, relative to the tap water control.

The obtained results were in accordance with those found by (Stepien

and Klobus, 2006; Zhu et al., 2008; Gurmani et al., 2018; Xiong et al.,

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2018 ;Wu et al., 2018) who reported that the high concentrations of

NaCl; decreased the growth of cucumber plants and other vegetable

crops such as B. napus.

Concerning the foliar application of aminolevulinic (ALA) and

triacontanol on the various vegetative growth parameters the recorded

results (Tables 2 and 3) clarified that spraying cucumber plants with any

of the tested of aminolevulinic and triacontanol levels, significantly

(P<0.05), stimulated plant height, plant fresh, plant dry weight, number

of branches, number of leaves and leaf area compared to control

treatment during both seasons. Moreover, the treatment with 25 mgL-

1 ALA exhibited the highest mean values for the previously mentioned

growth parameters followed by TRI at 50 mg L-1. At 25 mg L-1 ALA the

estimated percentage of increases for plant height by 10.36% and

11.31%, number of branches by 22.84% and 22.11 , number of leaves

by 16.51% and 16.62% in the first and second season, respectively.

While, the spray of 50 mg L-1 TRI enhanced the plant fresh weight by

29.51% and 27.95%, plant dry weight by 24.38% and 22.42 and leaves

area by 19.52% and 17.69% over the control treatment during both

seasons, respectively. Recently, Xiong et al. (2018) showed that the

application of ALA increased the growth (fresh and dry weights) of

Brassica napus L. Seedlings under NaCl stress. In addition, Aziz et al.

(2013) reported that the foliar application of TRI on sunflower plants

improved root and shoot fresh weights as well as lengths under both

saline and normal conditions. Moreover, the enhancement of growth by

TRI was also shown in salt-stressed wheat plants (Perveen et al., 2011).

The application of TRI on salt-stressed plants may improve salinity

tolerance by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities,

photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity (Muthuchelian et al., 2003;

Perveen et al., 2011).

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Table (2): Plant height (PH), plant fresh weight (FW) and plant dry weight (DW)

of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of both

aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016/2017 and

2017/2018.

Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018

Salinity

dsm-1 ALA and TRI

PH

(cm) FW (g) DW (g)

PH

(cm) FW (g)

DW

(g)

Tap water 255.03 652.5 74.82 258 657.91 75.47

2 219.41 381.76 65.67 219.49 388.57 66.9

3 184.08 291.95 55.12 183.56 293.52 55.41

4 160.29 259.53 49.27 158.05 259.25 49.24

LSD 0.05 6.85 11.45 3.39 4.22 17.37 5.62

*control 190.26 333.26 52.67 189.02 336.13 53.2

**ALA 25 209.98 401 64.73 210.39 404.74 65.49

***ALA 50 205.25 395.02 58.29 206.43 398.22 58.84

****TRI25 207.21 421.3 64.88 209.74 429.89 66.11

*****TRI50 210.81 431.61 65.51 208.3 430.08 65.13

LSD at 0.05 3.76 19.74 2.97 3.48 27.96 4.69

Tap water

control 249 585.86 70.28 248.67 588.98 70.66

ALA 25 259.5 685.62 78.5 261 685.95 78.55

ALA 50 255.5 622.52 72.75 260.67 623.71 72.91

TRI 25 251.5 669.29 76.55 259.67 686.32 78.57

TR I50 259.67 699.19 76 260 704.58 76.64

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control 198.83 297.63 53.94 200.5 307.39 55.74

ALA 25 226.63 338.66 70.65 228.63 351.82 73.33

ALA 50 216 401.58 65.48 217.7 402.75 65.64

TRI 25 227.87 433.41 69.87 227.63 445 71.65

TRI50 227.7 437.53 68.4 223 435.89 68.16

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control 168.71 237.23 45.75 165.38 243.59 46.95

ALA 25 188.63 308.88 58.08 189.45 308.76 58.07

ALA 50 186 297.23 49.67 186 302.01 50.56

TRI 25 189 305.54 59.85 188.5 305.6 59.91

TRI50 188.04 310.89 62.25 188.47 307.65 61.56

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control 144.5 212.33 40.72 141.56 204.55 39.44

ALA 25 165.16 270.84 51.69 162.47 272.44 52.02

ALA 50 163.48 258.73 45.28 161.33 264.41 46.27

TRI 25 160.47 276.95 53.27 163.18 282.63 54.33

TRI50 167.84 278.8 55.4 161.72 272.2 54.15

LSD0.05 7.52 39.47 5.93 9.27 74.53 12.51

*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50 (50 mg

L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol), and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1

triacontanol).

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The interaction effects between salinity levels and foliar

applications of either aminolevulinic or triacontanol on the plant growth

parameters of cucumber are presented in Tables (2 and 3). The combined

treatment of tap water and aminolevulinic acid at 25 mg L-1 recorded

the highest mean values of plant height, plant fresh weight, plant dry

weight, number of branches, number of leaves, and leaves area of

cucumber in both seasons.

Yield

In the current study, the results in Table (4) demonstrated that the

number of fruits per plant, average weight of fruit and total yield per

plant were decreased with increasing salinity levels . The peak reduction

was in parallel with a salinity level at 4 dsm-1 which reduced the number

of fruits per plant by 58.03% and 60.85%, average weight of fruit by

15.73% and 11.54%, and total yield per plant 64.66 % and 64.70 % in

the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to the tap water

control. The results of Table (4) showed that the foliar application of

ALA and TRI enhanced the number of fruits plant-1, average weight of

fruit and total yield plant-1, compared with the control plants. The

highest increment percentages was found with TRI at a concentration

of 50 mg L-1 which increased the number of fruits plant -1 by 42.98%

and 13.11%, average weight of fruit by 3.68 % and 31.24 %, and total

yield plant-1 48.01% and 44.58% in the first and second seasons,

respectively, compared to the control treatment. Several studies reported

that TRI increased the yield of different plant species such as pea,

tomato, green gram, water chestnut, tomato, soybean and hyacinth bean,

(Ivanov and Angelov 1997; Borowski et al. 2000 ; Kumaravelu et al.

2000; Chaudhary et al. 2006; Sharma et al. 2006; Nogalska et al. 2008

and Naeem et al. 2009).

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Table (3): Number of branches (NOB), number of leaves (NOL) and leaves area

(LA) of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of

aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017/2018.

Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018

Salinity

dsm-1 ALA and TRI NOB NOL LA NB NOL LA

Tap water 5.53 48.61 6030.76 5.58 49.00 6086.16

2ds m-1 4.88 46.02 4429.51 4.97 46.92 4514.46

3 ds m-1 4.46 36.9 3688.21 4.48 37.12 3710.1

4 ds m-1 3.39 29.52 2737.96 3.38 29.52 2735.2

LSD0.05 0.55 1.37 395.54 0.833 1.45 439.24

*Control 4.03 36.53 3748.09 4.07 36.95 3792.45

**ALA 25 4.91 42.56 4341.34 4.97 43.09 4388.54

***ALA 50 4.34 39.85 4137.94 4.38 40.22 4172.83

****TRI25 4.75 41.07 4400.78 4.84 41.85 4490.28

*****TRI50 4.8 41.31 4479.9 4.77 41.10 4463.28

LSD0.05 0.35 1.53 357.65 0.514 2.73 397.55

Tap

wat

er control 5.44 46.62 5151.98 5.47 46.87 5180.22

ALA 25 6 51.11 6452.5 6.00 51.14 6453.94

ALA 50 5 47.94 5950.6 5.01 48.03 5961.92

TRI 25 5.44 49.52 6251.34 5.58 50.74 6435.27

TRI50 5.78 47.86 6347.36 5.82 48.25 6399.44

2 d

s m

-1

control 4.11 41.29 4161.71 4.25 42.66 4300.47

ALA 25 5.27 48.55 4632.96 5.49 50.46 4808.73

ALA 50 5.11 45.54 4426.8 5.12 45.66 4439.52

TRI 25 5.1 47.04 4403.81 5.22 48.28 4516.37

TRI50 4.8 47.69 4522.26 4.78 47.55 4507.2

3d

sm-1

control 3.58 33.43 3262.88 3.68 34.3 3355.28

ALA 25 4.78 38.84 3582.61 4.77 38.82 3579.44

ALA 50 4 36.43 3481.05 4.08 37.06 3539.9

TRI 25 5 37.63 4118.5 5.00 37.66 4121.28

TRI50 4.94 38.15 3996.02 4.88 37.76 3954.61

4d

sm-1

control 3 24.78 2415.77 2.9 23.96 2333.82

ALA 25 3.57 31.74 2697.29 3.6 31.93 2712.07

ALA 50 3.24 29.48 2693.31 3.29 30.13 2749.99

TRI 25 3.46 30.11 2829.47 3.53 30.72 2888.22

TRI50 3.67 31.52 3053.95 3.58 30.86 2991.87

LSD0.05 0.71 3.07 715.31 1.37 7.28 795.10

*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50

(50 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI

50 (50 mg L-1 triacontanol).

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Table (4): Number of fruits per plant (NOF), average weight of fruits (AWF) and total

yield plant-1 (TY) of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of

aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during the seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.

Treatments 2016/2017 2017/2018

Salinity

dsm-1

ALA and

TRI NOF AWF TY NOP AWF TY

Tap water

43.53 92.83 4040.35 43.93 94.8 4076.88

2ds m-1

33.4 93.33 3117.48 35 90.97 3176.41

3 ds m-1

26.22 86.61 2272.6 24.33 97.79 2284.56

4 ds m-1

18.27 78.23 1427.95 17.2 83.86 1439.3

LSD0.05

1.32 2.50 125.02 3.58 Ns 194.44

*control 23.22 85.78 2026.59 26.08 81.03 2069.15

**ALA 25 31.48 88.71 2831.63 31 91.9 2866.42

***ALA 50 30.75 87.88 2754.16 31 89.37 2775.15

***TRI25 33.11 87.43 2960.99 33 90.64 3019.06

*****TRI50 33.2 88.94 2999.6 29.5 106.34 2991.65

LSD0.05 1.05 Ns 80.23 5.93 23.95 154.05

Tap

wat

er control 26.67 92.97 2478.8 33.33 80.58 2492.07

ALA 25 46 92.58 4258.13 45 94.87 4261.15

ALA 50 44.67 92.87 4148.2 47 88.87 4156.62

TRI 25 50 93.28 4663.8 51.67 92.7 4783.91

TRI50 50.33 92.44 4652.8 42.67 116.97 4690.65

2 d

s m

-1

control 27.67 92.5 2559.3 31.33 84.93 2642.99

ALA 25 34.33 93.38 3204.3 36 93.37 3332.71

ALA 50 34 93.91 3192.9 34.67 92.49 3201.99

TRI 25 35.67 92.98 3314.7 37 91.89 3397.59

TRI50 35.33 93.86 3316.2 36 92.17 3306.78

3d

sm-1

control 21.43 85.23 1828.25 22.67 84.18 1879.55

ALA 25 26.11 86.86 2267 24.33 93.35 2265.86

ALA 50 25.89 86.54 2239.5 25.33 89.78 2274.51

TRI 25 28.33 86.57 2452 26 94.43 2452.72

TRI50 29.33 87.83 2576.25 23.33 127.22 2550.16

4d

sm-1

control 17.13 72.42 1239.99 17 74.42 1261.98

ALA 25 19.47 82.02 1597.07 18.67 86.03 1605.97

ALA 50 18.47 78.21 1436.03 17 86.32 1467.47

TRI 25 18.47 76.89 1413.48 17.33 83.51 1442.04

TRI50 17.8 81.61 1453.17 16 89 1419.03

LSD0.05 2.09 4.69 160.46 15.80 Ns 410.663

*Control (distilled water), **ALA 25 (25 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ***ALA 50

(50 mg L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and*****

TRI 50 (50 mg L-1 triacontanol).

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The interaction effects on the yield parameters of cucumber plants are

presented in Table (4). The statistical analysis revealed that the highest

mean values of a number of fruits, average weight of fruits and total

yield plant-1 were achived of the combined treatment of triacontanol with

tap water treatment, but, the lowest mean values of those parameters

were observed in the control and 4 dsm-1 treatment.

Chemical Composition

The results of chemical composition showed that the contents of

N, P, K+, Ca2+, protein and chlorophyll as well as K/Na ratio were

decreased significantly as NaCl concentration increased (Tables 5, 6 and

7 ). The highest percentages reduction was observed under the level of

salinity (4 dsm-1) which decreased the contents of nitrogen by 45.20%

and 45.71%, phosphoure by 62.12 and 61.54%, potassium by 48.48%

and 46.39%, calcium by 45.75% and 47.58%, K/Na ratio by 96.12% and

95.8%, protein by 45.27% and 45.70% and chlorophyll by 18.96% and

19.81% in the first and second season, respectively, compared to the tap

water control plants. On the other hand, Na+ and Cl- contents increased

significantly as NaCl concentration increased. The highest mean value

of Na+ and Cl- ware observed under the highest level of salinity (4 dsm-

1) which increased the Na content by 1261.54 % and 1157.14 % and Cl

by 440.48 % and 413.64 % compared to tap water treatment.

Many studies reported that the excessive level of Na+ in the soil

can induce an increase of osmotic stress and ion imbalances which are

reducing the uptake of essential elements such as K+, Ca 2+, and NO3- in

plants (Khan et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Iqbal and Ashraf, 2013).

In the current study, using foliar applications of ALA and TRI increased

the K+, Ca2+ contents progressively which enhances the nutritional status

of cucumber and in the same time reducing the negative impacts of both

Na+ and Cl-. The foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA was more effective

in increasing the contents of nitrogen by 14.41% and 16.23%,

phosphoure by 29.41 % and 29.40%, potassium by 12.26 % and 13.11

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%,calcium by 21.71% and 21.20%, K/Na ratio by 10.00% and 9.74%,

protein by 14.41% and 15.98% and chlorophyll by 6.81% and 7.19% ,

in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to the control

plants. In addition, the highest level reductions of Na and Cl in

cucumber tissues were observed with 25 mg L-1 ALA treatment;

reduced the contents of Na by 18.20 % and 18 % in the first and second

seasons, respectively, relative to control plants. However, the foliar

application of 50 mg L-1 TRI achieved the highest reduction of Cl

content, by 17.48% and 19.86 %, compared to distillate water sprayed

plants, in first and second seasons, respectively.

The results of this study are in parallel, more or less, with the

findings of Naeem et al (2009) who reported that the application of TRI

increased N, P, K, and Ca contents in hyacinth bean leaves. Also,

Krishnan and Kumari (2008) reported that chlorophyll pigments and

soluble proteins of soybean plants, under salt stress, were increased due

to using TRI. Moreover, application of ALA to Brassica napus, Brassica

campestris and lettuce improved the chlorophyll contents under salinity

stress (Wang et al., 2005; Naeem et al., 2010; Fuli et al., 2012; Zhang et

al., 2015; Tang et al., 2017). Anjum et al (2016) reported that the

application of ALA at 50 and 100 mg L-1 on Leymus chinensis plants

were the appropriate concentrations under both normal and saline

conditions.

The interaction effects on the nitrogen, protein, phosphor, potassium

, sodium , potassium / sodium ratio, calcium , chloride and chlorophyll

index in leaves of cucumber plants are presented in Tables (5, 6, and 7).

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Table (5): Percentages of nitrogen (N), protein, and phosphor (P) in leaves of

cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic acid

and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018 .

Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018

Salinity

dsm-1

ALA and

TRI N% Protein% P% N% Protein% P%

Tap water 3.23 20.17 0.66 3.26 20.35 0.65

2ds m-1 2.72 17.01 0.40 2.72 16.98 0.39

3 ds m-1 2.43 15.22 0.34 2.47 15.44 0.34

4 ds m-1 1.77 11.04 0.25 1.77 11.05 0.25

LSD0.05 0.077 0.48 0.0 0.0 0.295 0.02

*control 2.29 14.31 0.34 2.28 14.27 0.34

**ALA 25 2.62 16.38 0.44 2.65 16.55 0.44

***ALA50 2.57 16.03 0.43 2.59 16.17 0.41

****TRI2 2.62 16.36 0.43 2.63 16.42 0.43

*****TRI5 2.59 16.21 0.43 2.62 16.39 0.42

LSD0.05 0.069 0.43 0.01 0.0 0.301 0.02

Tap

wat

er

control 3.16 19.75 0.65 3.20 19.98 0.62

ALA 25 3.24 20.25 0.67 3.25 20.29 0.67

ALA 50 3.23 20.21 0.67 3.29 20.54 0.65

TRI 25 3.24 20.25 0.66 3.28 20.50 0.65

TRI50 3.26 20.40 0.66 3.27 20.46 0.65

2 d

s m

-1

control 2.54 15.90 0.31 2.49 15.56 0.30

ALA 25 2.82 17.65 0.43 2.79 17.44 0.42

ALA 50 2.73 17.06 0.40 2.74 17.13 0.39

TRI 25 2.78 17.38 0.40 2.78 17.40 0.39

TRI50 2.73 17.08 0.44 2.78 17.40 0.42

3d

sm-1

control 1.79 11.17 0.23 1.81 11.29 0.22

ALA 25 2.64 16.52 0.37 2.66 16.65 0.37

ALA 50 2.63 16.44 0.37 2.65 16.56 0.36

TRI 25 2.60 16.23 0.38 2.67 16.67 0.39

TRI50 2.52 15.73 0.37 2.56 16.02 0.36

4d

sm-1

control 1.67 10.42 0.18 1.64 10.23 0.19

ALA 25 1.78 11.10 0.28 1.81 11.31 0.28

ALA 50 1.67 10.42 0.27 1.67 10.44 0.25

TRI 25 1.86 11.60 0.28 1.86 11.63 0.27

TRI50 1.86 11.65 0.27 1.87 11.67 0.25

LSD0.05 0.18 1.1 0.128 0.04


L-1 5-aminolevulinic acid), ****TRI25 (25 mg L-1 triacontanol) and***** TRI 50 (50 mg L-1

triacontanol).

14

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24


Table (6): Percentages of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and potassium/sodium ratio

(K/Na) in leaves of cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of

aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018.

Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018

Salinity dsm-1 ALA and TRI K% Na% K/Na K% Na% K/Na

Tap water 3.30 0.13 25.02 3.19 0.14 23.44

2ds m-1 2.26 0.51 4.51 2.20 0.52 4.29

3 ds m-1 1.91 1.11 1.73 1.89 1.12 1.70

4 ds m-1 1.70 1.77 0.97 1.71 1.76 0.98

LSD0.05 0.124 0.056 3.06 0.20 0.061 3.380

*control 2.12 0.99 7.80 2.06 1.00 7.29

**ALA 25 2.38 0.81 8.58 2.33 0.82 7.87

***ALA 50 2.29 0.88 8.35 2.24 0.88 7.88

****TRI25 2.34 0.88 7.40 2.29 0.89 6.97

*****TRI50 2.33 0.85 8.16 2.31 0.84 8.00

LSD0.05 0.073 0.072 Ns 0.110 0.070 Ns

Tap

wat

er

Control 3.18 0.13 25.42 3.08 0.13 23.83

ALA 25 3.35 0.14 25.58 3.19 0.14 23.07

ALA 50 3.28 0.13 26.02 3.19 0.13 24.56

TRI 25 3.37 0.15 22.50 3.23 0.16 20.83

TRI50 3.31 0.13 25.60 3.27 0.13 24.89

2 d

s m

-1

Control 2.18 0.58 3.74 2.05 0.62 3.31

ALA 25 2.34 0.41 5.73 2.28 0.42 5.45

ALA 50 2.28 0.48 4.73 2.17 0.51 4.32

TRI 25 2.23 0.52 4.28 2.22 0.53 4.22

TRI50 2.25 0.55 4.06 2.27 0.55 4.15

3d

sm-1

Control 1.65 1.28 1.30 1.63 1.30 1.26

ALA 25 1.99 1.04 1.91 1.96 1.06 1.86

ALA 50 1.89 1.11 1.70 1.88 1.12 1.67

TRI 25 2.00 1.09 1.84 2.01 1.08 1.86

TRI50 2.00 1.04 1.93 1.97 1.06 1.87

4d

sm-1

Control 1.46 1.98 0.74 1.48 1.96 0.76

ALA 25 1.82 1.67 1.09 1.82 1.67 1.09

ALA 50 1.72 1.78 0.97 1.79 1.70 1.05

TRI 25 1.74 1.75 1.00 1.71 1.78 0.96

TRI50 1.76 1.66 1.06 1.80 1.63 1.11

LSD0.05 0.196 0.190 5.30 0.294 0.187 4.311

15

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24




triacontanol).

The statistical analysis revealed that the highest mean values of

nitrogen, protein, phosphor, potassium, potassium/sodium ratio, calcium

and chlorophyll index in leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by

the combined treatment of triacontanol with tap water treatment;

however, the lowest mean values of those parameters were observed in

the control plants and 4 dsm-1 treatment. On the one hand, the highest

mean values of sodium and chloride in leaves of cucumber plants were

observed in the control plants and 4 dsm-1 treatment. But, the lowest

mean values of those minerals were achieved by the combined treatment

of triacontanol with tap water treatment.

Results presented in Table (8) showed a direct proportion

relationship between the salinity levels and the dependent variable, I.e.

as salinity levels increased the contents of proline, CAT and POD

increased in both seasons. At the highest level of salinity 4 dsm-1 the

estimated increase of proline, CAT and POD as (156.73 and 147.91%),

(51.60 and 46.27%) and (47.48 and 42.24%) in the first and second

seasons , respectively, compared to the tap water control plants. Such

results were supported by the findings of Tang et al (2017) and Gurmani

et al. (2018) who reported that the defensive mechanisms were activated

under salt stress conditions to decrease oxidative injury by peroxidase

(POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in the leaves of woad (Isatis

tinctoria L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

The statistical analysis in Table (7), also, demonstrated that

spraying of ALA and TRI levels superior the contents of proline, CAT

and POD compared to the control treatment, in both seasons. For

instance, foliar application of TRI at 50 mg L-1 recorded the highest

average values of proline, however, the peak average values of CAT

were achieved when plants sprayed with TRI at 50 mg L-1.

16

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24


Table (7): Calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) in leaves of

cucumber plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic

acid and triacontanol during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.

Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018

Salinity dsm-1 ALA and TRI Ca % Cl % SPAD Ca % Cl % SPAD

Tap water 0.42 0.42 43.20 10.34 0.44 43.56

2ds m-1 0.96 0.96 38.58 7.95 0.99 39.34

3 ds m-1 1.42 1.42 36.43 6.51 1.43 36.67

4 ds m-1 2.27 2.27 35.01 5.42 2.26 34.93

LSD0.05 0.12 0.12 2.42 0.458 0.145 2.82

*control 1.43 1.43 36.98 6.65 1.46 37.27

**ALA 25 1.20 1.20 39.50 8.06 1.22 39.95

***ALA 50 1.27 1.27 37.53 7.49 1.28 37.90

****TRI25 1.26 1.26 38.82 7.96 1.28 39.53

*****TRI5 1.18 1.18 38.70 7.60 1.17 38.47

LSD0.05 0.086 0.086 Ns 0.366 0.096 Ns

Tap

wat

er

Control 0.33 0.33 40.89 10.13 0.34 41.11

ALA 25 0.43 0.43 45.48 10.57 0.45 45.52

ALA 50 0.44 0.44 42.55 10.30 0.45 42.64

TRI 25 0.48 0.48 44.44 10.53 0.50 45.56

TRI50 0.44 0.44 42.64 10.15 0.45 42.98

2 d

s m

-1

Control 1.23 1.23 37.66 7.21 1.31 38.88

ALA 25 0.91 0.91 39.70 8.32 0.94 41.26

ALA 50 0.92 0.92 36.22 8.23 0.96 36.32

TRI 25 0.91 0.91 38.69 8.17 0.92 39.67

TRI50 0.84 0.84 40.66 7.83 0.83 40.55

3d

sm-1

Control 1.75 1.75 36.68 5.10 1.78 37.66

ALA 25 1.34 1.34 37.01 7.20 1.36 36.99

ALA 50 1.42 1.42 35.80 6.45 1.43 36.38

TRI 25 1.36 1.36 36.70 6.96 1.35 36.72

TRI50 1.23 1.23 35.97 6.82 1.26 35.62

4d

sm-1

Control 2.43 2.43 32.68 4.15 2.40 31.42

ALA 25 2.13 2.13 35.82 6.17 2.14 36.03

ALA 50 2.30 2.30 35.55 4.97 2.30 36.28

TRI 25 2.28 2.28 35.44 6.19 2.33 36.17

TRI50 2.20 2.20 35.55 5.60 2.15 34.75

LSD0.05 0.735 0.23 4.29 0.976 0.257 8.411

17

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24




triacontanol).

In addition, POD reached maximum with ALA at 50 mg L-1 ,

compared to the other treatments. According to some prior studies, 5-

aminolevulinic acid increased the antioxidant activity in spinach and

cucumber leaves under salinity stress and normal condition (Nishihara

et al., 2003; Li et al., 2011). Likewise, Triacontanol; increased

accumulation of free proline in leaves of soybean (Krishnan and Kumari,

2008) and cucumber (Borowski et al., 2000) and increased CAT and

POD activities in leaves of sunflower under saline and non-saline water

condition (Aziz and Shahbaz, 2015).

The first order interaction effects on proline, catalase and

peroxidase enzymes in leaves of cucumber plants are presented in Table

(8). The highest mean values of proline in leaves of cucumber plants

were achieved by the combined treatment of aminolevulinic acid at 50

ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment. The highest mean values of catalase in

leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by the combined treatment of

Triacontanol at 50 ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment, but the highest mean

values of catalase in leaves of cucumber plants were achieved by the

combined treatment of triacontanol at 25 ppm with 4 dsm-1 treatment ,

where the lowest mean values of those parameters were observed in the

previous treatments and tap water treatment plants.

18

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Table (8): Proline, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes in leaves of cucumber

plants as affected by salinity and foliar application of aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol

during both seasons of 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018.

Treatments 2016 /2017 2017 /2018

Salinity dsm-

1 ALA and TRI

Proline (µg

g−1 f wt)

CAT unit

mg-1)

POD (unit

mg-1)

Proline (µg g−1 f

wt)

CAT (unit

mg-1)

POD (unit

mg-1)

Tap water 2.08 9.07 8.72 2.15 9.38 9.02

2ds m-1 2.79 11.35 9.90 2.86 11.65 10.17

3 ds m-1 3.59 12.37 11.33 3.63 12.49 11.44

4 ds m-1 5.34 13.75 12.86 5.33 13.72 12.83

LSD0.05 0.160 0.145 0.175 0.158 0.502 0.515

*control 3.08 11.17 10.09 3.13 11.41 10.30

**ALA 25 3.45 11.82 10.79 3.52 12.07 11.03

***ALA 50 3.59 11.51 10.86 3.65 11.75 11.08

****TRI25 3.49 11.85 10.85 3.54 12.02 11.02

*****TRI50 3.65 11.82 10.91 3.64 11.81 10.90

LSD0.05 0.162 0.294 0.177 0.217 0.430 0.377

Tap

wat

er

Control 2.09 9.02 7.39 2.16 7.64 7.64

ALA 25 2.08 9.11 8.81 2.19 9.30 9.30

ALA 50 2.04 9.03 9.10 2.10 9.35 9.35

TRI 25 2.08 9.13 9.03 2.16 9.41 9.41

TRI50 2.13 9.05 9.28 2.16 9.40 9.40

2 d

s m

-1

Control 2.54 10.46 9.54 2.70 10.15 10.15

ALA 25 2.82 11.69 10.08 2.89 10.34 10.34

ALA 50 2.79 11.41 10.01 2.93 10.53 10.53

TRI 25 2.88 11.65 9.91 2.90 9.98 9.98

TRI50 2.93 11.55 9.94 2.90 9.83 9.83

3d

sm-1

Control 3.21 11.62 11.03 3.26 11.19 11.19

ALA 25 3.63 12.57 11.36 3.68 11.53 11.53

ALA 50 3.63 12.22 11.41 3.66 11.49 11.49

TRI 25 3.75 12.73 11.43 3.72 11.36 11.36

TRI50 3.74 12.72 11.42 3.81 11.63 11.63

4d

sm-1

Control 4.48 13.58 12.40 4.42 12.23 12.23

ALA 25 5.29 13.92 12.92 5.30 12.94 12.94

ALA 50 5.89 13.40 12.93 5.90 12.95 12.95

TRI 25 5.27 13.87 13.04 5.38 13.32 13.32

19

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. 2019, 18(1): 1-24


TRI50 5.79 13.98 12.99 5.68 13.70 12.72

LSD0.05 0.430 0.784 0.472 0.579 1.147 1.006



triacontanol).

CONCLUSIONS

It could be concluded that salt stress not only significantly affected

cucumber plant growth, but also affected the yield to great extent. Also,

foliar applications of aminolevulinic acid and triacontanol enhanced the

salt stress in cucumber. Applying of triacontanol at 25 mgL-1 gave the

highest cucumber plant growth and fruit yield. It is therefore, preferable

to use triacontanol for an economic crop of cucumber especially under

saline condition.

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على نبات الخيار عن طريق حمض أمينوليفولينيك يالتخفيف من حدة الإجهاد الملح

وترياكونتانول

ساري حسن مصطفي برنجي

مصر -جامعة دمنهور –كلية الزراعة –قسم البساتين

الملخص

محافظة –اصص في صوبة زراعية في منطقة وادي النطرون الدراسة فياجريت

لدراسة تأثير 2017/2018 – 2016/2017لعامي مصر خلال الموسم الشتوي –البحيرة

جزء في المليون 50و، 25, 0 اتاسيد أو الترايكونتانول بتركيزأمينوليفولينيك بالرش الورقي

بماء مالح نباتات الخيار رويتم . هشام علي نبات الخيار صنفلتخفيف ضرر الاجهاد الملحي

تحت ظروف من كلوريد الصوديوم ملليموز/سم 4و 3, 2مضاف اليه ماء الصنبور ات بتركيز

النبات , الوزن الطازج , الوزن الجاف , المساحة ارتفاعالتربة الرملية. اوضحت النتائج ان

كما انخفض محتوي الاوراق من ،تركيز الاملاح زيادة الورقية للنبات قد انخفضت مع

النتروجين , البروتين, الفوسفور, البوتاسيوم , الكالسيوم ونسبة البوتاسيوم/الصوديوم مع زيادة

محتوي الاوراق من الصوديوم ,الكلور , محتوي دزا . ومن ناحية اخري فقدتركيز الاملاح

يز والكتاليز مع زيادة تركيز الاملاح. أدي الاوراق من البرولين ونشاط انزيمي البيروكسيد

إلي تخفيف الاثار الضارة للاملاح علي ترياكونتانولاسيد أو أمينوليفولينيك بالرش الورقي

الي ت المعاملات المحصول حيث اد كميةو ة تحت الدراسةالكيماويالمكونات النمو الخضري و

كما خفض .ش ماء مقطر(ر) لكنترولزيادة معنوية في الصفات المذكورة مقارنة بمعاملة ا

محتوي الاوراق من الصوديوم والكلور معنويا وكانت افضل المعاملات في هذا الصدد هي

في المليون حيث زاد من تحمل النبات للملوحة خلال ءجز 25معاملة التراي كونتانول بتركيز

تاسيوم للصوديوم , تراكم البرولين وزيادة نشاط انزيمات ونسبة الب تموسمي التجربة وزاد

تركيز ب ترياكونتانولنباتات الخيار بمركب المعاملة أن النتائج أوضحتالبيروكسيديز والكتاليز.

.المرتفعةمستويات الملوحة مل تحقد حسن قدرتها علي جزء في المليون 25

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