English 10 Final

11
A theme is the main idea, moral, or message, of an essay, paragraph, movie, book or video game. The message may be about life, society, or human nature. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost always implied rather than stated explicitly. In narrative, a motif is any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story. Dramatic Irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters. This is the result of the reader having a greater knowledge than the characters themselves. Situational Irony occurs in literature and in drama when persons and events come together in improbable situations, creating a tension between expected and real results. Verbal Irony is the use of words to convey something other than, and especially the opposite of the literal meaning of the words, to emphasize, aggrandize, or make light of a circumstance or subject. A conflict is an opposition of people, forces, or other entities. Character vs. Self Character vs. Character Character vs. Society Character vs. Nature Imagery is a collection of images. It is the usage of details and descriptions in order to create a sensory experience for the reader. Characterization is the method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes (1) showing the character's appearance, (2) displaying the character's actions, (3) revealing the character's thoughts, (4) letting the character speak, and (5) getting the reactions of others. Foreshadowing is a literary technique used by many different authors to provide clues for the reader to be able to predict what might occur later on in the story. It is a literary device in which an author drops hints about the plot and what may come in the near future. It suggests certain plot developments will come later in the story and gives hints about what’s going to happen next. Juxtaposition is the act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. Plot is a literary term for the events a story comprises, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, a sequence, through cause and effect, or by coincidence. In general, a climax is a point of greatest intensity or force in an ascending series. Writing style is the manner in which a writer chooses among different strategies to address an issue and an audience. An epic hero is figure from a history or legend, usually favored by or even partially descended from deities, but aligned more closely with mortal figures in popular portrayals. The hero participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat him in his journey, gathers allies along his journey, and returns home significantly transformed by his journey. The epic hero illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies certain morals that are valued by the society from which the epic originates. They tend to be 'larger than life' than the ideal human.

description

10th Grade English Final Exam Review

Transcript of English 10 Final

Page 1: English 10 Final

A  theme  is  the  main  idea,  moral,  or  message,  of  an  essay,  paragraph,  movie,  book  or  video  game.  The  message  may  be  about  life,  society,  or  human  nature.  Themes  often  explore  timeless  and  universal  ideas  and  are  almost  always  implied  rather  than  stated  explicitly.  In  narrative,  a  motif  is  any  recurring  element  that  has  symbolic  significance  in  a  story.  Dramatic  Irony  is  when  the  words  and  actions  of  the  characters  of  a  work  of  literature  have  a  different  meaning  for  the  reader  than  they  do  for  the  characters.  This  is  the  result  of  the  reader  having  a  greater  knowledge  than  the  characters  themselves.  Situational  Irony  occurs  in  literature  and  in  drama  when  persons  and  events  come  together  in  improbable  situations,  creating  a  tension  between  expected  and  real  results.  Verbal  Irony  is  the  use  of  words  to  convey  something  other  than,  and  especially  the  opposite  of  the  literal  meaning  of  the  words,  to  emphasize,  aggrandize,  or  make  light  of  a  circumstance  or  subject.  A  conflict  is  an  opposition  of  people,  forces,  or  other  entities.  

Character  vs.  Self  Character  vs.  Character  Character  vs.  Society    Character  vs.  Nature  

Imagery  is  a  collection  of  images.  It  is  the  usage  of  details  and  descriptions  in  order  to  create  a  sensory  experience  for  the  reader.  Characterization  is  the  method  used  by  a  writer  to  develop  a  character.  The  method  includes  (1)  showing  the  character's  appearance,  (2)  displaying  the  character's  actions,  (3)  revealing  the  character's  thoughts,  (4)  letting  the  character  speak,  and  (5)  getting  the  reactions  of  others.  Foreshadowing  is  a  literary  technique  used  by  many  different  authors  to  provide  clues  for  the  reader  to  be  able  to  predict  what  might  occur  later  on  in  the  story.  It  is  a  literary  device  in  which  an  author  drops  hints  about  the  plot  and  what  may  come  in  the  near  future.  It  suggests  certain  plot  developments  will  come  later  in  the  story  and  gives  hints  about  what’s  going  to  happen  next.  Juxtaposition  is  the  act  or  instance  of  placing  close  together  or  side  by  side,  esp.  for  comparison  or  contrast.  Plot  is  a  literary  term  for  the  events  a  story  comprises,  particularly  as  they  relate  to  one  another  in  a  pattern,  a  sequence,  through  cause  and  effect,  or  by  coincidence.  In  general,  a  climax  is  a  point  of  greatest  intensity  or  force  in  an  ascending  series.  Writing  style  is  the  manner  in  which  a  writer  chooses  among  different  strategies  to  address  an  issue  and  an  audience.  An  epic  hero  is  figure  from  a  history  or  legend,  usually  favored  by  or  even  partially  descended  from  deities,  but  aligned  more  closely  with  mortal  figures  in  popular  portrayals.  The  hero  participates  in  a  cyclical  journey  or  quest,  faces  adversaries  that  try  to  defeat  him  in  his  journey,  gathers  allies  along  his  journey,  and  returns  home  significantly  transformed  by  his  journey.  The  epic  hero  illustrates  traits,  performs  deeds,  and  exemplifies  certain  morals  that  are  valued  by  the  society  from  which  the  epic  originates.  They  tend  to  be  'larger  than  life'  than  the  ideal  human.  

Page 2: English 10 Final

An  epitaph  is  a  short  text  honoring  a  deceased  person,  strictly  speaking  that  is  inscribed  on  their  tombstone  or  plaque,  but  also  used  figuratively.  Invocation  is  the  act  or  an  instance  of  invoking,  especially  an  appeal  to  a  higher  power  for  assistance.  A  homeric  simile,  also  called  epic  simile,  is  a  detailed  comparison  in  the  form  of  a  simile  that  is  many  lines  in  length.  Oral  tradition  is  cultural  material  and  traditions  transmitted  orally  from  one  generation  to  another.  An  archetype  is  an  original  model  of  a  person,  ideal  example,  or  a  prototype  upon  which  others  are  copied,  patterned,  or  emulated;  a  symbol  universally  recognized  by  all.  Archetype  refers  to  a  generic  version  of  a  personality.  In  this  sense  "mother  figure"  may  be  considered  an  archetype  and  may  be  identified  in  various  characters  with  otherwise  distinct  (non-­‐generic)  personalities.  Tragedy  is  a  form  of  art  based  on  human  suffering  that  offers  its  audience  pleasure.  A  tragic  hero  is  the  main  character  in  a  tragedy.    A  flashback  is,  in  literature  and  dramatic  media,  an  interjected  scene  that  takes  the  narrative  back  in  time  from  the  current  point.  A  paradox  is  a  true  statement  or  group  of  statements  that  leads  to  a  contradiction  or  a  situation,  which  defies  intuition.  It  is  used  to  describe  situations  that  are  ironic.  Symbolism  is  the  practice  of  representing  things  by  symbols,  or  of  investing  things  with  a  symbolic  meaning  or  character.  Realism  is  a  theory  of  writing  in  which  the  ordinary,  familiar,  or  mundane  aspects  of  life  are  represented  in  a  straightforward  or  matter-­‐of-­‐fact  manner  that  is  presumed  to  reflect  life  as  it  actually  is.  The  setting  is  the  location,  and  everything  in  which  a  story  takes  place,  and  initiates  the  main  backdrop  and  mood  for  a  story.    Point-­‐of-­‐view  determines  through  whose  perspective  the  story  is  viewed  Mood  is  the  climate  of  feeling  in  a  literary  work.  The  choice  of  setting,  objects,  details,  images,  and  words  all  contribute  towards  creating  a  specific  mood.  An  author’s  tone  can  be  revealed  through  choice  of  words  and  details.  Some  possible  attitudes  are  pessimism,  optimism,  earnestness,  seriousness,  bitterness,  humorous,  and  joyful.                        

Page 3: English 10 Final

“Two  Friends”    Author:  Guy  de  Maupassant    Culture:  Franco-­‐Prussian  War    Characters:  The  two  friends  –  Monsieur  Sauvage  and  Monsieur  Morrisot    A  short  story  about  two  friends  who  escape  the  troubles  of  the  war  and  the  hard  times  by  fishing.  They  are  close  friends  who  meet  up  every  sunday  to  go  fish  on  a  little  river,  right  by  the  Siene.  The  two  friends  are  aware  of  the  war  and  the  violence  going  on  but  pay  no  attention  to  it.  Through  many  times  in  the  short  story,  the  two  main  characters,  Monsieur  Sauvage  and  Monsieur  Morissot  comment  on  how  beautiful  the  weather  is  or  how  amazing  the  sky  looks  that  day.  The  two  friends  go  into  their  own  world  while  they  are  fishing.    This  shows  that  while  the  rest  of  the  world  was  at  war,  suffering,  losing  loved  ones,  fighting  for  their  country,  Morissot  and  Sauvage  dont  pay  attention.  Everything  else  dissapears  because  they  are  fishing.  Fishing  in  this  story  symbolizes  an  escape,  freedom  or  some  kind  of  peace.  The  war  does  not  affect  the  two  friends  for  a  while.  One  afternoon  they  get  the  permission  from  the  friend  and  go  down  to  the  river  to  fish.  While  they  are  sitting  there  fishing,  the  two  friends  discuss  the  war.  They  say  how  it  really  doesn’t  matter  to  them,  and  how  they  know  it  will  blow  over.  Morissot  says:  "Under  a  king  we  have  foreign  wars;  under  a  republic  we  have  civil  war."  This  shows  the  two's  view  on  the  war.  After  fishing  for  a  while,  the  two  are  surprised  by  a  German  soldier.  He  takes  the  two  to  the  other  side  of  the  river  to  a  head  officer.  The  German  Officer  tells  the  two  friends  that  he  thinks  they  are  spies  and  that  he  wants  the  password.  He  thinks  the  two  have  "the  password"  and  threatens  to  kill  the  two.  The  two  do  not  have  a  password  to  give  him  and  therefore  they,  after  their  goodbyes,  are  shot  and  thrown  in  the  river.  After  they  are  thrown  in  the  river  the  German  soldier  took  the  fish  they  had  caught  and  ordered  for  them  to  be  cooked.  The  fish,  as  said  before,  symbolizes  the  two  friends  escape,  freedom  and  peace.  Once  the  German  soldier  orders  for  them  to  be  cooked,  it  symbolizes  the  officer  killing  the  two  friends'  freedom  and  peace.  They  are  not  peaceful  anymore.  They  were  innocent  victims  in  the  war.                                

Page 4: English 10 Final

“The  Handsomest  Drowned  Man  in  the  World”    Author:  Gabriel  Garcia  Marquez    Culture:  a  small  Colombian  village,  Aracataca    Characters:  Esteban  -­‐  the  drowned  man    The  Men  -­‐  The  men  are  absent  for  the  first  half  of  the  story  while  they're  out  trying  to  see  if  the  drowned  man  came  from  a  neighboring  village.  When  they  come  back,  they're  largely  skeptical  of  the  drowned  man's  greatness,  unlike  the  women,  who  are  now  completely  obsessed  with  the  drowned  man.    The  Women  -­‐  They  are  the  ones  who  see  his  physical  prowess  and  then  imagine  his  character.  They  imagine  the  life  he  would  have  led,  and  the  way  he  might  have  fit  into  their  village.  And  it  is  the  women  who  give  to  the  drowned  man  the  name  of  Esteban.    Summary:    One  Friday  morning,  the  village  children  find  a  seaweed  covered  body  on  the  beach.  They  play  with  it  until  the  adults  discover  the  corpse  and  decide  that  it  must  be  given  a  small  funeral  and  thrown  off  the  cliff  which  their  village  rests,  into  the  sea  as  they  do  with  all  dead  bodies.  In  order  to  do  so,  however,  they  must  clean  the  corpse  before  it  can  be  given  final  rest.  The  village  men  carry  the  body  up  to  the  village  so  that  the  village  wives  can  prepare  it  for  the  funeral,  then  go  to  neighboring  villages  to  ask  if  the  man  was  from  there.  Upon  removing  the  sea  plants  from  his  face,  they  discover  his  handsome  face.  The  women  of  the  village  become  attached  to  him  and  dream  of  the  wonderful  villager  he  could  have  been.  Eventually,  they  name  the  man  Esteban,  to  give  him  some  sort  of  identity.  At  once  they  realize  his  physical  qualities  and  translate  how  his  personality  must  have  been.  The  women  believe  that  he  could  perform  in  one  night  what  their  husbands  could  not  in  the  course  of  their  lives.  This  leads  to  a  postmortem  development  of  his  character.  The  stranger’s  body  is  quite  tall,  and  his  face  is  humble  with  a  firm  jaw.  Thinking  of  how  he  must  have  had  to  stoop  to  enter  doorways  and  how  he  must  have  felt  uncomfortable  in  small  chairs  makes  the  women  feel  pity  and  sympathy  for  the  man  who  had  not  uttered  a  word.  They  dress  him  in  a  hand-­‐sewn  suit  of  bridal  linen  and  attach  little  ‘relics’  for  his  safety.  This  includes  holy  water  jars  and  nails.  Annoyed  at  the  elaborate  measures  their  wives  are  taking,  the  men  of  the  village  come  to  take  the  body.  Nevertheless,  they  too  see  his  face  and  are  awed  by  the  character  they  see  in  him.  Soon  the  entire  town  begins  making  excessive  funeral  arrangements  and  one  of  the  village  families  is  chosen  to  pose  as  his  relatives  and  grieving  widow.  No  sooner  had  the  villagers  thrust  his  body  from  the  cliff  do  they  realize  that  one  day  he  may  come  again.  In  celebration  of  the  new  life  they  had  discovered,  the  village  men  irrigated  their  bleak  and  barren  land  to  produce  flowers,  and  the  houses  were  painted  in  bright  colors  to  identify  Esteban’s  Village  and  give  him  a  home  to  which  he  could  return.    

Page 5: English 10 Final

“How  Much  Land  Does  a  Man  Need?”  Author:  Leo  Tolstoy  Culture:  it  is a story about Americans ���taking advantage of the Indians. Although it is set in Russia, it is about the greed that many people had at the time and the outcome of that greed. The opening scene represents the��� Europeans coming over to America. During that time, the mid-1800’s, the Europeans were rich��� and their relatives in America were poor. Characters:

Pahom  -­‐  The  protagonist.  He  is  a  poor  farmer  who  desires  more  land.    

The  Devil  -­‐  He  set  a  trap  for  Pahom,  and  gave  him  more  and  more  land  until  he  died  from  his  greed.  

The  Bashkirs  -­‐  They  were  giving  out  land  to  anyone  who  wanted  it  -­‐  provided  they  could  walk  the  perimeter  of  it  in  one  day.  They  indubitably  set  many  traps  for  greedy  people,  so  they  could  get  more  money.  They  took  advantage  of  the  greed  of  others,  and  in  a  sense  it  gives  them  what  they  deserve.    Summary:  

The  protagonist  of  the  story  is  a  peasant  named  Pahom,  who  at  the  beginning  can  be  heard  complaining  that  he  does  not  own  enough  land  to  satisfy  him.  He  states  "if  I  had  plenty  of  land,  I  shouldn't  fear  the  Devil  himself!"  But  unbeknownst  to  him  is  that  the  devil  is  present  sitting  behind  the  stove  and  listening.  A  short  amount  of  time  later,  a  landlady  in  the  village  decides  to  sell  her  estate,  and  the  peasants  of  the  village  buy  as  much  of  that  land  as  they  can.  Pahom  himself  purchases  some  land,  and  by  working  off  the  extra  land  is  able  to  repay  his  debts  and  live  a  more  comfortable  life.  However,  Pahom  then  becomes  very  possessive  of  his  land,  and  this  causes  arguments  with  his  neighbors.  "Threats  to  burn  his  building  began  to  be  uttered."  Later,  he  moves  to  a  larger  area  of  land  at  another  Commune.  Here,  he  can  grow  even  more  crops  and  amass  a  small  fortune,  but  he  has  to  grow  the  crops  on  rented  land,  which  irritates  him.  Finally,  he  is  introduced  to  the  Bashkirs,  and  is  told  that  they  are  simple-­‐minded  people  who  own  a  huge  amount  of  land.  Pahom  goes  to  them  to  take  as  much  of  their  land  for  as  low  a  price  as  he  can  negotiate.  Their  offer  is  very  unusual:  for  a  sum  of  one  thousand  rubles,  Pahom  can  walk  around  as  large  an  area  as  he  wants,  starting  at  daybreak,  marking  his  route  with  a  spade  along  the  way.  If  he  reaches  his  starting  point  by  sunset  that  day,  the  entire  area  of  land  his  route  encloses  will  be  his.  He  is  delighted  as  he  believes  that  he  can  cover  a  great  distance  and  has  chanced  upon  the  bargain  of  a  lifetime.  That  night,  Pahom  experiences  a  surreal  dream  in  which  he  sees  himself  lying  dead  by  the  feet  of  the  Devil,  who  is  laughing.  His  journey  across  the  land  illustrates  his  greed.  He  stays  out  as  late  as  possible,  marking  out  land  until  just  before  the  sun  sets.  Toward  the  end,  he  realizes  he  is  far  from  the  starting  point  and  runs  back  as  fast  as  he  can  to  the  waiting  Bashkirs.  He  finally  arrives  at  the  starting  point  just  as  the  sun  sets.  The  Bashkirs  cheer  his  good  fortune,  but  exhausted  from  the  run,  Pahóm  drops  dead.  His  servant  buries  him  in  an  ordinary  grave  only  six  feet  long,  thus  ironically  answering  the  question  posed  in  the  title  of  the  story.    

Page 6: English 10 Final

Night  

Author:  Elie  Wiesel    

Culture:  Jewish  Holocaust  

Characters:  

Elie  (Eliezer):  The  main  character  and  narrator  of  the  story,  Elie  is  fifteen  years  old  when  he  is  taken  to  the  Nazi  concentration  camps.  Elie  and  his  father  support  each  other  throughout  their  internment.  Elie's  father  dies  before  the  liberation,  but  Elie  becomes  a  survivor  and  witness  of  the  death  camps.  Elie's  narrative  recounts  the  horrors  of  his  nightmarish  Holocaust  experience.  

Elie's  father  (Shlomo):  A  storeowner  and  a  well-­‐respected  Jewish  community  leader  in  Sighet  before  the  deportation  of  the  Jews.  Elie  develops  a  strong  bond  with  his  father  as  they  go  through  the  unforgettable  journey  through  the  death  camps.  He  manages  to  survive  the  internment  until  the  very  end,  where  he  dies  of  dysentery  before  the  liberation  of  the  camps.  

Moshe  the  Beadle:  A  poor  Jewish  mystic  in  the  town  of  Sighet  who  becomes  Elie's  spiritual  mentor  and  friend.  In  1942,  Moshe  is  deported  to  Poland  where  he  witnesses  the  mass  extermination  of  the  Jews.  He  manages  to  escape  and  goes  back  to  Sighet  to  warn  them  of  danger.  No  one  listens  to  him.  

Dr.  Mengele:  Described  as  a  typical  SS  officer  (a  cruel  face,  but  not  devoid  of  intelligence,  and  wearing  a  monocle),  he  uses  a  baton  during  the  selection  process.  He  decides  who  lives  to  work  another  day  and  who  is  sent  to  their  deaths  at  the  crematory.  Cold,  unaffected,  and  authoritative,  he  is  the  prototypical  Nazi  officer.  

young  pipel:  A  young  assistant  under  the  Dutch  Oberkapo  (head  overseer)  at  Buna,  he  is  sentenced  to  death  for  being  involved  in  sabotage.  Described  as  having  the  face  of  angel,  he  struggles  on  the  gallows  for  more  than  half  an  hour  before  he  dies.  Elie  is  deeply  affected  by  witnessing  the  boy's  death.  

Elie's  mother:  Separated  from  Elie  and  her  husband  at  Birkenau,  she  and  Elie's  younger  sister,  Tzipora,  die  in  the  crematory  at  Birkenau.  

Tzipora:  Elie's  younger  sister.  She  dies,  along  with  Elie's  mother  at  Birkenau.  

Madame  Schachter:  A  woman  of  about  fifty  with  a  ten  year  old  child.  On  the  train  ride  to  Auschwitz,  she  starts  to  lose  her  mind.  She  constantly  warns  the  passengers  of  the  fire,  flame,  and  furnace.  Her  words  prove  prophetic,  as  the  other  Jews  witness  the  flames  of  the  crematory  and  the  smell  of  burning  flesh  upon  arrival  of  Birkenau.  

Stein  of  Antwerp:  A  relative  of  the  Wiesels,  he  questions  Elie's  father  about  the  whereabouts  of  his  wife  and  two  little  boys.  Elie  lies  and  tells  them  that  he  has  heard  of  them,  which  makes  Stein  happy.  He  brings  Elie  extra  rations  of  food  until  he  hears  the  truth  about  his  family.  Elie  does  not  hear  from  him  again.  

Page 7: English 10 Final

Akiba  Drumer:  A  fellow  prisoner  with  a  deep  solemn  voice,  he  sings  Hasidic  melodies  at  Birkenau.  Deeply  religious,  he  is  optimistic  that  their  imprisonment  will  not  last  long.  As  time  passes,  he  loses  faith.  

Juliek:  A  bespectacled  Polish  Jew,  he  is  a  violinist  in  the  orchestra  at  Buna.  At  Gleiwitz,  amidst  a  barrack  full  of  dying  men,  Elie  hears  Juliek  play  his  violin  one  last  time.  In  the  morning,  Elie  finds  him  dead,  his  violin  crushed.  

Idek  the  Kapo:  An  overseer  at  Buna,  he  is  described  as  having  fits  of  madness.  He  beats  Elie  and  his  father  on  different  occasions.  In  one  incident,  Elie  discovers  him  with  a  girl.  As  punishment,  Idek  gives  him  25  strokes  of  the  whip.  

Yossi  and  Tibi:  Two  Czech  brothers  whose  parents  are  exterminated  at  Birkenau.  They  become  friends  with  Elie  at  Buna.  Together  with  Elie,  they  plan  to  go  to  Palestine  after  the  war.  

Franek:  A  Pole  and  former  student  from  Warsaw,  he  is  the  foreman  at  Buna.  He  forces  Elie  to  give  up  the  gold  crown  on  his  tooth  by  tormenting  Elie's  father.  

Alphonse:  A  German  Jew  and  head  of  the  block  at  Buna,  he  is  kind  and  generous  to  the  members  of  his  block.  

French  girl  (Jewess):  A  girl  with  whom  Elie  works  next  to  at  a  warehouse  at  Buna.  When  Elie  is  beaten  by  Idek  the  Kapo,  the  French  girl  helps  him  and  tells  him  to  keep  his  anger  for  another  day.  Years  later  in  Paris,  Elie  Wiesel  runs  into  her  in  the  Metro.  After  reminiscing  about  the  past,  Elie  finds  out  that  she  is,  as  he  had  thought,  Jewish.  

youth  from  Warsaw:  Elie's  first  witness  of  a  hanging,  the  Polish  boy  is  hanged  for  stealing  during  an  alert.  All  the  prisoners  are  made  to  stare  at  the  face  of  the  hanged  body.  

Dutch  Oberkapo:  A  kind  and  beloved  overseer  at  Buna,  he  is  accused  of  sabotage  and  stocking  arms.  He  is  transferred  to  Auschwitz  and  never  seen  again.  His  assistant,  the  pipel,  is  hanged.  

Zalman:  A  Polish  lad,  who  works  with  Elie  at  the  electrical  warehouse  at  Buna,  he  falls  behind  during  the  winter  march  to  Gleiwitz.  Elie  believes  the  other  prisoners  trampled  Zalman.  

Rabbi  Eliahou:  A  rabbi  of  a  small  Polish  community,  he  is  described  as  beloved  by  everyone  in  the  camp,  including  the  Kapos.  Known  to  shine  with  inner  purity,  his  words  always  bring  comfort  to  the  people.  As  he  goes  around  looking  for  his  son,  Elie  remembers  how  he  had  seen  the  rabbi's  son  abandon  him  during  the  winter  march.  Elie  prays  that  he  does  not  become  like  the  rabbi's  son.  

Meir  Katz:  A  friend  of  Elie's  father,  he  is  one  of  the  strongest  in  the  camp.  Elie's  father  calls  for   Meir's   help   when   Elie   is   choked   during   the   night.   Near   the   end   of   the   trip   to  Buchenwald,  Meir  starts  to  lose  hope  and  tells  Elie's  father  that  he  cannot  make  it.  He  dies  as  they  arrive  at  Buchenwald.  

Page 8: English 10 Final

Summary:  

Night   begins   in   1941,   when,   the   narrator   of   the   story,   Elie,   is   twelve   years   old.   Having  grown  up  in  a  little  town  called  Sighet  in  Transylvania,  Elie  is  a  studious,  deeply  religious  boy  with   a   loving   family   consisting   of   his   parents   and   three   sisters.   One   day,  Moshe   the  Beadle,  a  Jew  from  Sighet,  deported  in  1942,  with  whom  Elie  had  once  studied  the  cabbala,  comes   back   and  warns   the   town  of   the   impending   dangers   of   the  German   army.  No   one  listens  and  years  pass  by.  But  by  1944,  Germans  are  already  in  the  town  of  Sighet  and  they  set  up  ghettos  for  the  Jews.  After  a  while,  the  Germans  begin  the  deportation  of  the  Jews  to  the  concentration  camp  in  Auschwitz.  

The   Jews   of   Sighet   are   forced   into   crowded   cattle  wagons,   each   car   consisting   of   eighty  people.  The  conditions  of  the  train  ride  are  horrific;  they  are  treated  no  better  than  animals.  A  woman   named  Madame   Schachter   starts   to   go  mad.   She   yells,   "Fire!   I   can   see   a   fire!"  (Chapter  2,  pg.  22)  Periodically,  throughout  the  train  ride,  she  yells  about  fire,  flames,  and  the   furnace.   At   first,   the   others   try   to   quiet   her.  When   that   does   not  work,   they  merely  ignore   her.  When   the   train   arrives   at   its   destination,   they   are   at  Birkenau,   the   reception  center  for  Auschwitz.  The  air  smells  of  burning  flesh.  At  Birkenau,  Elie  is  separated  from  his  mother  and  sisters.  Realizing  the  importance  of  being  together,  Elie  and  his  father  lie  about  their  age.  As  they  prepare  to  enter  the  camp,  they  see  a  ditch  where  babies  are  thrown  into  a  burning  flame.  Elie  cannot  imagine  that  this  is  actually  happening.  It  feels  like  a  nightmare  that   he   can   never   forget.   The  male   Jews   are   shaved,   showered,   and   given  work   clothes.  After  a  long  march,  they  enter  Auschwitz,  where  Elie  becomes  number  A-­‐7713.  After  a  brief  stay   at  Auschwitz,   they   are  moved   to   a   new   camp,  Buna.   At   Buna,   Elie   goes   through   the  dehumanizing   process   of   the   concentration   camps.   Both   he   and   his   father   experience  severe  beatings  at  the  hand  of  the  kapos  (overseers).  In  one  instance,  Elie  receives  twenty-­‐five  strokes  of  the  whip  from  Idek  the  Kapo  for  walking  in  on  him  while  he  is  with  a  girl.  All  the  prisoners  are  overworked  and  undernourished.  Many  lose  faith  in  God,  including  Elie.  He  witnesses  several  hangings,  one  of  a  boy  with  an  angelic  face,  and  sees  him  struggle  for  over   thirty  minutes   fighting   for   his   life.   To   a   stranger's   cry   of   "Where   is   God   now?"   Elie  answers:  "He  is  hanging  here  on  this  gallows...."    

Elie   and  his   father  manage   to   survive   through   the   selection  process,  where   the  unfit   are  condemned  to  the  crematory.  Elie  suffers  from  a  foot   injury  that  places  him  in  a  hospital.  After   the   surgery,   the   Germans   decide   to   relocate   the   prisoners   because   of   the  advancement  of   the  Russian  army.  The  prisoners  begin  a   long   trek   in   the  dead  of  winter.  Many  do  not  make   it.  Elie  and  his   father  support  each  other   through   the  grueling  march.  The  march   leads   to  a   train  ride  where  Elie  witnesses  a  boy  kill  his   father   for  a  morsel  of  bread.  Elie  is  horrified  at  the  very  thought,  but  he  realizes  that  he  too  has  become  callous-­‐that  he   is  beginning  to  care  only  about  his  own  survival.  By  the  end  of   the  winter  trek  to  Buchenwald,  out  of  a  hundred  prisoners,  only  a  dozen  survive,  including  Elie  and  his  father.  Although   Elie's   father   survives   the   trip,   he   later   falls   ill.   Elie   witnesses   the   slow  deterioration  of  his  father's  health  and  his  eventual  death.  At  Buchenweld,  the  Germans  try  in   desperation   to   exterminate   all   the   remaining   Jews.   But   by   this   time,   the   Germans   are  close   to   defeat.   Before   the   Germans   can   carry   out   Hitler's   plan   to   exterminate   the   Jews,  there   is  a  successful  uprising   in   the  camp  by   the  resistance.  On  April  11,  1945,  American  

Page 9: English 10 Final

tanks  arrive  at  Buchenweld.  As  Elie   recuperates   in  a  hospital,  he   looks   into  a  mirror  and  sees  a  corpse  gaze  back  at  him.    

     Oedipus  the  King    Auhtor:  Sophocles  

Oedipus:   Oedipus   is   the   central   figure   and   tragic   hero   of   Sophocles'   play.     Though   he   is  initially   the   majestic   king   of   Thebes,   he   soon   becomes   a   dejected   man,   humbled   by   his  horrible   fate.    As   the  oracle  predicts,  Oedipus  kills  his   father  and  sleeps  with  his  mother.    When  Oedipus  learns  what  he  has  done,  he  chooses  exile,  leaving  Creon  to  be  king.  

Creon:   Creon   is   the   brother   of   Jocasta   and   therefore   brother-­‐in-­‐law   of   Oedipus.     At   first,  Oedipus  accuses  Creon  of  trying  to  unseat  him  as  king,  but  Creon  is  eventually  exonerated  when  Oedipus   realizes  his  own  guilt   in   the  murder  of  Laius.    When   the  dejected  Oedipus  leaves  Thebes  at  the  end  of  the  play,  Creon  becomes  king.  

Tiresias:  Tiresias  is  the  old,  blind  prophet/seer  who  tells  Oedipus  his  fate.    Tiresias  has  the  special  gift  of  foresight  and  prophecy,  which  he  learns  from  the  gods.    In  many  ways,  he  is  the  gods'  messenger.    Though  Oedipus  accuses  him,  too,  of  treason,  Tiresias  is  proved  right  in  the  end.    

Jocasta:   Jocasta   is   the   queen   of   Thebes.     She   is   first   married   to   Laius,   but   after   Laius   is  murdered   and  Oedipus   becomes   the   new   king,   she  marries   him.     Eventually   she   realizes  that  Oedipus  is  her  son  and  that  the  tragic  oracle  has  been  fulfilled.  

Chorus  and  Leader:  The  Chorus  and  their  leader  are  seen  throughout  the  play.    The  Chorus  usually   represents   the   townspeople   as   a  whole   as   they   respond   to   the  new   twists   in   the  plot.    The  Chorus  is  also  a  way  for  Sophocles  to  reveal  the  major  themes  of  his  tragedy.  

Shepherd:  The  shepherd  confirms  Oedipus'  tragic  fate  by  telling  the  king  that  Jocasta  and  Laius  are  his  true  parents.    This  shepherd  sends  Oedipus,  then  an  infant,  to  Corinth  to  live  as  the  son  of  Polybus.  

Summary:  

A  plague  has  stricken  Thebes.  The  citizens  gather  outside  the  palace  of  their  king,  Oedipus,  asking  him  to  take  action.  Oedipus  replies  that  he  already  sent  his  brother-­‐in-­‐law,  Creon,  to  the  oracle  at  Delphi  to  learn  how  to  help  the  city.  Creon  returns  with  a  message  from  the  oracle:  the  plague  will  end  when  the  murderer  of  Laius,  former  king  of  Thebes,  is  caught  and  expelled;  the  murderer  is  within  the  city.  Oedipus  questions  Creon  about  the  murder  of  Laius,  who  was  killed  by  thieves  on  his  way  to  consult  an  oracle.  Only  one  of  his  fellow  travelers  escaped  alive.  Oedipus  promises  to  solve  the  mystery  of  Laius’s  death,  vowing  to  

Page 10: English 10 Final

curse  and  drive  out  the  murderer.  

Oedipus  sends  for  Tiresias,  the  blind  prophet,  and  asks  him  what  he  knows  about  the  murder.  Tiresias  responds  cryptically,  lamenting  his  ability  to  see  the  truth  when  the  truth  brings  nothing  but  pain.  At  first  he  refuses  to  tell  Oedipus  what  he  knows.  Oedipus  curses  and  insults  the  old  man,  going  so  far  as  to  accuse  him  of  the  murder.  These  taunts  provoke  Tiresias  into  revealing  that  Oedipus  himself  is  the  murderer.  Oedipus  naturally  refuses  to  believe  Tiresias’s  accusation.  He  accuses  Creon  and  Tiresias  of  conspiring  against  his  life,  and  charges  Tiresias  with  insanity.  He  asks  why  Tiresias  did  nothing  when  Thebes  suffered  under  a  plague  once  before.  At  that  time,  a  Sphinx  held  the  city  captive  and  refused  to  leave  until  someone  answered  her  riddle.  Oedipus  brags  that  he  alone  was  able  to  solve  the  puzzle.  Tiresias  defends  his  skills  as  a  prophet,  noting  that  Oedipus’s  parents  found  him  trustworthy.  At  this  mention  of  his  parents,  Oedipus,  who  grew  up  in  the  distant  city  of  Corinth,  asks  how  Tiresias  knew  his  parents.  But  Tiresias  answers  enigmatically.  Then,  before  leaving  the  stage,  Tiresias  puts  forth  one  last  riddle,  saying  that  the  murderer  of  Laius  will  turn  out  to  be  both  father  and  brother  to  his  own  children,  and  the  son  of  his  own  wife.  

After  Tiresias  leaves,  Oedipus  threatens  Creon  with  death  or  exile  for  conspiring  with  the  prophet.  Oedipus’s  wife,  Jocasta  (also  the  widow  of  King  Laius),  enters  and  asks  why  the  men  shout  at  one  another.  Oedipus  explains  to  Jocasta  that  the  prophet  has  charged  him  with  Laius’s  murder,  and  Jocasta  replies  that  all  prophecies  are  false.  As  proof,  she  notes  that  the  Delphic  oracle  once  told  Laius  he  would  be  murdered  by  his  son,  when  in  fact  his  son  was  cast  out  of  Thebes  as  a  baby,  and  Laius  was  murdered  by  a  band  of  thieves.  Her  description  of  Laius’s  murder,  however,  sounds  familiar  to  Oedipus,  and  he  asks  further  questions.  Jocasta  tells  him  that  Laius  was  killed  at  a  three-­‐way  crossroads,  just  before  Oedipus  arrived  in  Thebes.  Oedipus,  stunned,  tells  his  wife  that  he  may  be  the  one  who  murdered  Laius.  He  tells  Jocasta  that,  long  ago,  when  he  was  the  prince  of  Corinth,  he  overheard  someone  mention  at  a  banquet  that  he  was  not  really  the  son  of  the  king  and  queen.  He  therefore  traveled  to  the  oracle  of  Delphi,  who  did  not  answer  him  but  did  tell  him  he  would  murder  his  father  and  sleep  with  his  mother.  Hearing  this,  Oedipus  fled  his  home,  never  to  return.  It  was  then,  on  the  journey  that  would  take  him  to  Thebes,  that  Oedipus  was  confronted  and  harassed  by  a  group  of  travelers,  whom  he  killed  in  self-­‐defense.  This  skirmish  occurred  at  the  very  crossroads  where  Laius  was  killed.    

Oedipus  sends  for  the  man  who  survived  the  attack,  a  shepherd,  in  the  hope  that  he  will  not  be  identified  as  the  murderer.  Outside  the  palace,  a  messenger  approaches  Jocasta  and  tells  her  that  he  has  come  from  Corinth  to  inform  Oedipus  that  his  father,  Polybus,  is  dead,  and  that  Corinth  has  asked  Oedipus  to  come  and  rule  there  in  his  place.  Jocasta  rejoices,  convinced  that  Polybus’s  death  from  natural  causes  has  disproved  the  prophecy  that  Oedipus  would  murder  his  father.  At  Jocasta’s  summons,  Oedipus  comes  outside,  hears  the  news,  and  rejoices  with  her.  He  now  feels  much  more  inclined  to  agree  with  the  queen  in  deeming  prophecies  worthless  and  viewing  chance  as  the  principle  governing  the  world.  But  while  Oedipus  finds  great  comfort  in  the  fact  that  one-­‐half  of  the  prophecy  has  been  disproved,  he  still  fears  the  other  half—the  half  that  claimed  he  would  sleep  with  his  mother.  

Page 11: English 10 Final

The  messenger  remarks  that  Oedipus  need  not  worry,  because  Polybus  and  his  wife,  Merope,  are  not  Oedipus’s  biological  parents.  The  messenger,  a  shepherd  by  profession,  knows  firsthand  that  Oedipus  came  to  Corinth  as  an  orphan.  One  day  long  ago,  he  was  tending  his  sheep  when  another  shepherd  approached  him  carrying  a  baby,  its  ankles  pinned  together.  The  messenger  took  the  baby  to  the  royal  family  of  Corinth,  and  they  raised  him  as  their  own.  That  baby  was  Oedipus.  Oedipus  asks  who  the  other  shepherd  was,  and  the  messenger  answers  that  he  was  a  servant  of  Laius.  

Oedipus  asks  that  this  shepherd  be  brought  forth  to  testify,  but  Jocasta,  beginning  to  suspect  the  truth,  begs  her  husband  not  to  seek  more  information.  She  runs  back  into  the  palace.  The  shepherd  then  enters.  Oedipus  interrogates  him,  asking  who  gave  him  the  baby.  The  shepherd  refuses  to  disclose  anything,  and  Oedipus  threatens  him  with  torture.  Finally,  he  answers  that  the  child  came  from  the  house  of  Laius.  Questioned  further,  he  answers  that  the  baby  was  in  fact  the  child  of  Laius  himself,  and  that  it  was  Jocasta  who  gave  him  the  infant,  ordering  him  to  kill  it,  as  it  had  been  prophesied  that  the  child  would  kill  his  parents.  But  the  shepherd  pitied  the  child,  and  decided  that  the  prophecy  could  be  avoided  just  as  well  if  the  child  were  to  grow  up  in  a  foreign  city,  far  from  his  true  parents.  The  shepherd  therefore  passed  the  boy  on  to  the  shepherd  in  Corinth.  

Realizing  who  he  is  and  who  his  parents  are,  Oedipus  screams  that  he  sees  the  truth  and  flees  back  into  the  palace.  The  shepherd  and  the  messenger  slowly  exit  the  stage.  A  second  messenger  enters  and  describes  scenes  of  suffering.  Jocasta  has  hanged  herself,  and  Oedipus,  finding  her  dead,  has  pulled  the  pins  from  her  robe  and  stabbed  out  his  own  eyes.  Oedipus  now  emerges  from  the  palace,  bleeding  and  begging  to  be  exiled.  He  asks  Creon  to  send  him  away  from  Thebes  and  to  look  after  his  daughters,  Antigone  and  Ismene.  Creon,  covetous  of  royal  power,  is  all  too  happy  to  oblige.