CRISTINE JOY E . SANTOS

LEADING

TOPICS:What is Leading?How a Leader influence Others?

Basic of PowerThe Nature of Leadership

Traits of Effective Leaders

Difference between Leaders and Managers

What is Leading?

Leading is that management function which “involves influencing others to engage in the work behaviours necessary to reach organizational goals, were in one person lead one group.

It indicates that a person or group must assume the role performed by leaders.

How Leaders influence others?

Leaders are said to be able to influence others because of the power they possess. Power refers to the ability of a leader to exert force on another.

To be able to maintain effective work engineer managers are required to perform leadership roles.

POWER

POWER refers to the ability of leader to exert

force to another.

Bases of Power

Legitimate PowerReward PowerCoercive Power Referent PowerExpert Power

Legitimate PowerIt is a person who

occupies a higher position has legitimate power over persons in lower positions within the organization. A supervisor, for instance, can issue orders to the workers in his unit.

Reward Power

When a person has the ability to give rewards to anybody who follows orders or requests, he is said to have reward power. It called classify into two forms: Material and psychic. Material reward refers to money or other tangible benefits, while psychic rewards consist of recognition or praises.

Coercive Power

When a person compels another to comply with others through threats or punishment, he is said to possess coercive power. Punishment may take form of demotion, dismissal, with holding of promotion.

Expert Power

It provides specialized information regarding their specific line of expertise. It is the person with great skills in technology.

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Referent Power

When a person can get compliances from another because the latter would want to be identified with the former, that person is said to have referent power.

The Nature of Leadership

Leadership may be referred to as “the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives.

One cannot expect a unit or division to achieve objectives in the absence of effective leadership. Even if a leader is present, but if he is not functioning properly, no unit or division objectives can be expected to be achieved.

Traits of Effective Leaders

A High level of personal drive

The desire to leadPersonal integritySelf-confidence Analytical ability or

judgementKnowledge of the company,

industry, or technology

CharismaCreativity

PERSONAL DRIVE

Persons with drive are those identified as willing to accept responsibility, possess vigor, initiative, persistence and

health. This is the important leadership trait because of the possibility of failure in every attempt to achieve

certain goals.

THE DESIRE TO LEAD

The special requirement of leaders, because a leader with a desire to lead will

always have a reservoir of extra efforts which can be used whenever needed.

PERSONAL INTEGRITY

SELF-CONFIDENCE

A person who is regarded by others as one has integrity

possess one trait of a leader. One who does not have

personal integrity will have a hard time convincing his subordinates about the necessity of completing

various tasks.The activities of leaders require moves that will

produce the needed outputs. The steps of conceptualizing, organizing, and implementing will be completed if sustained

efforts are made.

ANALYTICAL ABILITY

KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMPANY, INDUSTRIOR

TECHNOLOGY

A leader with sufficient skill to determine the root cause of the problem may be able to help the

subordinate to improve his production. It is the ability to face

the difficulties that prevent the completion of assigned tasks.

A Leader who is well-informed about his company, the industry where the company belongs, and

the technology utilized by the industry, will be in better

position to provide directions to his unit.

CHARISMA

CREATIVITY

When a person has sufficient personal magnetism that leads

to follow his directives, this person is said to have charisma.

It define s as “the ability to combine existing data,

experience, and preconditions from various sources in such way that the results will be

subjectively regarded as new, valuable, and innovative, and as a direct solution to an identified

problem situation.

HUMAN

SKILLS

DEGREE IF SKILLS NEEDED

TOP TO MANAGEMENT

MIDDLE MANAGEMENT

LOWER MANAGEMENT

CONCEPTUAL SKILLS

TECHNICAL SKILLS

LEADERSHIP SKILLS AND THEIR USE AT VARIOUS MANAGEMENT LEVELS

Human Skills

These skills refer to the ability of a leader o deal with people, both inside and outside the organization.

Good leaders must know how to get along with people, motivate, and inspire them.

CONCEPTUAL SKILLS

These skills is refer to the “the ability to think in abstract terms, to see how parts fit together to form the whole. A very basic requirement for effective implementation is a clear and well-expressed presentation of what must be done.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

These are skills a leader must possess to enable him to understand and make decisions about processes, activities, and technology.

An specialized knowledge to needed perform a job.

BEHAVIORAL

APPROACH

According to the ways leaders

approach people to motivate them

According to the way leader uses

power

According to the leader’s orientation toward tasks and

people

Positive Leadership

Negative Leadership

Autocratic

Participative

Free-rein

Employee Orientation

Task Orientation

According to the ways Leaders approach people to motivate them

Positive leadership is when the leaders approach emphasizes rewards, the style used is positive leadership. The reward may be economic, like an increase in monthly salary, or it may be economic like membership in an advisory committee.

According to the ways Leaders approach people to motivate them

Negative leadership is when the leader emphasized by the leader. The punishment may take the form of reprimand, suspension, or dismissal

According to the way leader uses power

Autocratic leaders who make a decisions themselves, without consulting subordinates. Motivation takes the form of threats, punishment, and intimidation of all kinds.

According to the way leader uses power

Participative leaders when leaders openly invites his subordinates to participate or share in decisions, policy-making and operation methods.

According to the way leader uses power

Free- rein leaders is one who set objectives and allow employees or subordinates freedom to do whatever it takes to accomplish these objectives.

According to the leader’s orientation toward tasks and people

Employee orientation. A leader is said to be employee- oriented when he considers employee as human beings of “intrinsic importance and with individual and personal need to satisfy.

According to the leader’s orientation toward tasks and people

Task orientation. A leader is said to be task-oriented if he places stress on production and the technical aspects of the job and the employees are viewed as the means of getting the work done.

CASE STUDY

BUENAVISTA ELECTRICAL COOPERATIVE, INC. Engineer Oscar Pascua was nominated and hired as a General Manager

of the National Electrification Administration (NEA) when BECI’s became vacant. Because his performance is said to be very satisfactory. When he called the key officer of the cooperative to a meeting, he was appraised of the following. 1. that the price of the electricity charged to BECI’S customers is the 5th

highest in the country. 2. that 25% of the electricity service provided by BECI’S is lost every month

and cannot accounted. 3. requisition’s for supplies and materials are served after delays as long as

three months. 4. Some employees of the cooperative do not report regularly for work 5. increasing amount of uncollected accounts.

Three days after the meeting, he recommended to the board of the directors the following.

1. Salary increases of up to 20% for every employee for them to motivate unto work.2. Hiring of eight additional employees 3. The dismissal from the service of employees not regularly reporting for work.

All his recommendation were approved by the board, he made regular inspections of the activities done by his subordinates. During the first week of March, he convened the key officers for an evaluation of the past year’s activities. The following points were made clear to him.

1. No reduction of the price of electricity could be extended to BECI’S customers because no reduction in the overall cost of doing business was achieved.

2. Instead of reducing the 25% system loss, it even went up to 26%. 3. There was no improvement in the requisition of supplies and materials.

Delays still reach three months. 4. There is a new set of employees who do not report regularly for work. The amount of uncollected accounts increased from 3.8 million to 4.2

million pesos.

Engineer Pascua concluded that in spite of the granting of salary increases requested by the rank and file, no subsequent improvement in the services was registered.

CONCLUSION

Statement of the Problem. “ Eng. Pascua lack of knowledge about his cooperative”

He is not well-informed about his company, and the industry where his company belongs to.

He has no idea for the better position to provide directions to his unit.

ACTIVITY

TEST YOUR TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ABILITY IF YOUR CAPABLE TO BECOME A LEADER

BRAIN TEASER

EXAMPLE

BANA NA

ANSWER:

BANANA SPLIT

CAMPINGNIGHT

ANSWER:

CAMPING OVER NIGHT

ARRESTYOU’RE

ANSWER:

YOU’RE UNDER ARREST

ETAD

ANSWER:

UPDATED

O TWONE

ANSWER:

TWO IN ONE

ANSWER:

SCRUMBLE EGGS

ICE³

ANSWER:

ICE CUBE

MILLIO1N

ANSWER:

ONE IN A MILLION

scope

ANSWER:

MICROSCOPE

IN PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY GOOD DOES EXIST BECAUSE OF EVIL EXISTENCE..

THAT’S ALL