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EFFECTIVE MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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INFRASTRUCTURE: PANACEA FOR TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ANTHONIA A. EKPA , (BA (Hons) , MA , MSC PhD

PRESENTED AT THE TOURISM TRANSPORT SUMMIT &EXPO

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTRE ABUJA

MONDAY , 29TH APRIL , 2019

ANTHONIA A. EKPA , (BA (Hons) , MA , MSC PhD

DIRECTOR , ROAD TRANSPORT & MASS TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION , FEDERAL

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION ABUJA

Introduction : Tourism Defined,

Economic Benefits of Tourism

Transportation Defined

Nexus of Tourism And Transportation

Tourism and Transport in Development

OUTLINE

Tourism and Transport in Development

Multimodal Transportation

Federal Government Policies on Multimodal Transportation

Federal Government Policy Implementation on Multimodalism

Infrastructure Defined

Nigeria’s Tourism/Transport InfrastructureNeeds Analysis

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development Agenda In Tourism

SDGS 8, 12,14 In Tourism

Nigeria: Location , Features , Economy

ERGP : Current Development PolicyERGP Objectives for Development Synopsis Of Nigeria’s Development Before As At 2015 Select country examples Air Transportation Potentials In Tourism Imperatives Of Road Transportation For Tourism DevelopmentState of Road Transportation In Nigeria

OUTLINE CONT.

State of Road Transportation In NigeriaRail Transportation Rail Infrastructure RevampmentWater Transport in Nigeria Water Tourism Potentials Other Challenges to Tourism & TransportationConclusion & Take Away !

INTRODUCTION

For the purpose of setting out the discourse upon which we aregathered to deliberate on the very important and timely theme of‘‘Tourism and Transportation interdependencies for mutual growthand sustainable development’’ , it is necessary to establish certainindubitable assumptions which the theme avers to namely:

a. Tourism (T) and Transportation (T) are not just interrelated butintertwined ;

b. The interdependency of T&T have cause and effect (input , outputand outcomes);

c. When properly synergized, galvanized and coordinated T&T bringabout Economic growth(EG) and Sustainable Development(SD)and

d. When effective transportation and tourism are ignored ,underdevelopment , and poverty are rife .

INTRODUCTION CONT.

A

a. Tourism (T) and Transportation(T) are not just interrelated butintertwined .

b. The interdependency of T&T

B

T +T = EG/SD

From the stated assumption at A below, we can derive the formula at B

b. The interdependency of T&Tare derivatives of certainactivities and have cause andeffect (namely input , outputand outcomes or results )

c. When properly synergized,galvanized and coordinatedT&T bring about Economicgrowth(EG) and SustainableDevelopment(SD).

d. When ignored ,underdevelopment and povertyare rife .

T +T = EG/SD

0T- T=UD/P

TOURISM DEFINED

Temporary or short term movement of people to destinations outsidewhere they normally live .

Regarded as the practice of travelling for pleasure for a transientperiod

Leisure and recreation can are major reasons for engaging in Leisure and recreation can are major reasons for engaging intourism

Not undertaken for business.

Places are visited for their object of interest, history, culture orscenery.

Tourism research* reveals that :– tourism is an invaluable foreign exchange earner and the world’s

largest job creator

– Development and growth are dependent on a favourable balance ofpayment and trade; and tourism, a foreign exchange spinner plays a

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM

payment and trade; and tourism, a foreign exchange spinner plays akey role in both.

– Effective tourism based on available , effective , well planned andcoordinated transportation facilitates development of rural and urbancommunities alike.

*Adewusi Adedapo Omotholar, ‘‘Investment in Tourism, Transportation and National Development: Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis’’

Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Real Estate, Event & Tourism Management Volume 15 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2015

.Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN:

0975-5853

TRANSPORTATION DEFINED

As old as human history.

Developed by humans as a basic facility to ensure movement from one location to another .

evolved from human desire for mobility , welfare and comfort

contemporary definitions take into account the impact of contemporary definitions take into account the impact of telecommunications for ease of mobility thus it is :

“the means of moving goods, people, animals, services and ideas from the point of origin to another (destination) either by rail, road, water, air, pipes or telecommunication.’’ *

n

*Adewusi Adedapo Omotholar, ‘‘Investment in Tourism, Transportation and National Development: Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis’’

Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Real Estate, Event & Tourism Management Volume 15 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2015

.Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN:

0975-5853

NEXUS OF TOURISM AND TRANSPORTATION

Tourism and transportation are

like Siamese twin-inseparable.

Although they operate Although they operate together , transportation is the life-wire of tourism .

Sustainability of tourism depends largely on effectiveness and availability of effective multi-modal transportation .

Tourism Transportation

TOURISM AND TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPMENT

Tourism is one of the driving forces of global economic growth

currently accounts for 1 in 11 jobs worldwide.

Offers decent work opportunities

society- particularly youth and women- can benefit from enhanced society- particularly youth and women- can benefit from enhanced skills and professional development.

Its promotion attracts investment and in-flow of foreign currency from tourists

Valuable in reducing rural–urban migration

Enhances cultural integration

Ensures sustainable uses of environment

MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION The best form of transportation management

: combines road , rail , air, water vehicles for effective logistics and transportation

Recognized as one of the most important components of global logistics in Nigeria and other global economies for which Nigeria fully approves.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON MULTIMODALISM

Nigeria prioritizes multimodalism as the valuable form of integrative transportation for promoting national development national development

Permanent Secretary FMoT (Zakari S.) Speaking at the 15th

National Council on Transportation (NCT) states categorically :

“Nigeria suffers from dearth of transport infrastructure andservices as well as lack of synergy between the various

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION CONT.

services as well as lack of synergy between the variousmodels of transportation. The current transport infrastructureand services are inadequate to cope with the country’s hugepopulation and so the need to develop and integrate thevarious modes has become a necessity to enhance thenation’s transportation system,”

Zakari Sabui cited by Tvavzua Saanyol i n ‘‘Efficient transportation system panacea to economic recovery ―FG , Nigerian Tribune, August 28, 2017

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON

MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION

Review of the National Transport Policy (NTC) Enactment of laws (NRC and NTC)Bills Reform of rail, Maritime , Aviation sectors The enactment of the 2003 Nigeria Cabotage Act Development of Inland Container Depots Dredging of River Niger as well as seaports terminal Dredging of River Niger as well as seaports terminal Concessioning of Transportation projects Railway reinvestment and reforms Roads construction Introduction of road and mass transit policy and innovations Compliance with international conventions and protocols

INFRASTRUCTURE DEFINED

Infrastructure is :

part of a structure; material or economic base of a society or an organization.

can be seen as the basic structure that fosters the good performance of cities’, states’ or countries’ essential services. states’ or countries’ essential services.

In this sense, for a country to have a good logistics infrastructure system in the different modes of transportation, constant investments from both public and private sectors are needed

Countries in today’s globalised and competitive world that are development driven focus improving infrastructure to attract development , investment , manufacturing and tourism

Experts* have acknowledge the fact that :

Infrastructure engenders economic diversification through technological innovation &changes in the structure of production/consumption.

Like industry, infrastructure has direct effects on production costs & profitability ofagriculture, as well as creates significant structural changes on the rural economy.

It has also become evident in Nigeria that prioritization of infrastructure development

NIGERIA’S TOURISM/TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

NEEDS ANALYSIS

It has also become evident in Nigeria that prioritization of infrastructure development encourages developmental strides .

With rapidly growing population and urbanization, the demand for infrastructural facilities is outpacing supply.

The development of the National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (NIIMP) meant to address the issue.

*Engr. Chidi K. C. Izuwah, Snr.

Infrastructure Development As A Panacea To National GrowthBeing A Paper Presented By The AG. DG of ICRC at the Fellows Investiture of The Institute Of Directors Nigeria on 26th October 2017


NEEDS ANALYSIS

‘’We also have a huge

‘‘....Greater demand, expanding

economies, urbanization and surging trade levels have intensified the need for new infrastructure’’.1

‘’We also have a hugeinfrastructure deficit for which werequire foreign capital andexpertise to supplementwhatever resources we canmarshal at home. In essence, weseek public private partnershipsin our quest for enhanced capitaland expertise.” 2

2Excerpts Of Speech Of President Muhammadu Buhari On August 23, 2015

1 Bill Banks, EY Addressing Africa's infrastructure deficit

http://www.ey.com/gl/en/industries/government---public-sector/dynamics---collaborating-for-growth_addressing-africas-

infrastructure-deficit

The Honourable Minister of Transportation , Rt.Hon . Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi CON , and theHonourable Minister of State (Aviation ) SenatorHadi Sirika have both realised the imperatives ofimproving transportation infrastructure.


NEEDS ANALYSIS

Efforts made by them in four years havesignificantly raised the standard in provision ofinfrastructure , improved services and betteroperations towards intermodalism of the varioussub-sectors : Rail, Road , Maritime/Ports , Waterways and Aviation

Infrastructure needs of Nigeria is enormous

Its availability makes life easier for people

When available unreached but potentially prosperous rural communities are accessible

Availability of power , water , hotels hospitals , good roads , airports , functional sea ports etc are significant enablers of tourism development

INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS ANALYSIS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

At the core of the development of countries today is the vision of achieving the globally accepted Sustainable Development Goals.

Adopted at the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly by 154 Heads of state or Government Heads of state or Government

Bold and ambitious to address development issues by year 2030

Has 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed to inter alia, -end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity

Link between SDGs andeffective tourismdevelopment has beenestablished

It is possible to derivemajor benefits from tourism

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA IN TOURISM

major benefits from tourismif looked at from the SDGS:

Source : http://tourism4sdgs.org/sdg-17-partnerships-for-the-goals/

Well being of peopleCommunity DevelopmentCleaner earth to nature and cultureBetter education Mobility of people

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA IN TOURISM

Due to its cross-sectoral nature, tourism has the ability to strengthen private/public partnerships and engage multiple stakeholders

For development to progress , International,

GOALS 8, 12 , 14 Focus on Tourism

For development to progress , International,national, regional and local partners need tocollaborate to achieve the SDGs goals ontourism .

Public policy and innovative financing are atthe core for achieving the 2030 Agenda’’.*


SDG 8 IN TOURISM

Tourism sector's contributionto job creation is recognizedin target 8.9 "By 2030,

devise and implement

policies to promote

sustainable tourism that

Promote sustained, inclusive andsustainable economic growth, full andproductive employment and decent

work for all.

sustainable tourism that

creates jobs and promotes

local culture and

products".


SDG 12 Ensure sustainable

Consumption and Production patterns Adopting sustainable consumption

and production (SCP) practices in tourism sector accelerates shift towards sustainability.

Setting Sustainable Tourism Target 12.b of Goal 12 Programmes (STP) on Sustainable

Consumption and Production Patterns fast tracks development of productive bases (communities)

Developing SCP practices, including resource efficient initiatives improves economic, social and environmental outcomes.

Target 12.b of Goal 12

Develop and implement tools to

monitor sustainable development

impacts for sustainable tourism which

creates jobs, promotes local culture

and products".

SDG 14conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development especially of small Communities that rely on such .

Promoting Coastal and maritime (C&M) tourism boosts economy

C&M constitute tourism's biggest segments, particularly for Small Island Developing States' (SIDS), rely on healthy marine

• "by 2030 increase the economic benefits of SIDS and LCDs from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".

(SIDS), rely on healthy marine ecosystems.

Ensuring that Tourism development integrates Coastal Zone Management helps conserve and preserve fragile ecosystems and serves as vehicle for promoting blue economy in line with target 14.7

‘‘Giant of Africa’’ * title to be defended !

Runs one of the biggest democracies in theworld and operates a presidential system ofgovernment.

located at the extreme inner corner of theGulf of Guinea on the west coast ofAfrica , and lies between latitudes 3°15’

NIGERIA: LOCATION

to 13°30’ N and longitudes 2°59’ to15°00’ E.

On the south, is bordered by the Gulf ofGuinea, on the west and north, byRepublics of Benin and Nigerrespectively. To the east, it adjoins theCameroon Republic.

* Website of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

:http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30

occupies an area slightly more thantwice the size of the state ofCalifornia in the United States ofAmerica and almost twice that ofFrance.*

Has land area of 923, 768 km2. landcomprises 910, 768 km2

NIGERIA: PHYSICAL FEATURES

comprises 910, 768 km2

water accounts for 13, 000 km2.

Greatest length from North to Southis 1, 046 km,

maximum breadth from East to Westis 1,127 km with a total boundarylength of 4,900 km, of which 853 kmis coastline.

* Website of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

:http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30

Nigeria , hub of commerce andtrade within the ECOWAS andAfrica and occupies theposition of the ‘‘regional powerhouse”. *

NIGERIA : ECONOMY

Has a dual economy, based onrich natural resources, includinga major area of prospectiveinvestment- solid minerals,found across the entire country.

9Website of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

:http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-

38-30

Blessed with petroleum resources(oil and gas), huge potential inhuman resources, fertile land thatsupports traditional agriculture andincreasing industrialization

Nigeria : Economy

ERGP : CURRENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Present state of economy engendered by the Government’s Economic Recoveryand Growth Plan (ERGP).

ERGP brings together all sectoral initiatives for agriculture and food security,energy and transport infrastructure, industrialization and social investments.

“It builds on the Strategic Implementation Plan and sets out an ambitiousroadmap to return the economy to growth; and to achieve a seven per centgrowth rate by 2020’’ *growth rate by 2020’’ *

Infrastructure development one of the key ERGP pillars

(ERGP) 2017-2020 is a Medium term plan for realizing long term growth.

Hinged on a philosophy that optimises local content and empower localbusinesses

Source : Buhari inaugurates ERGP, vows to change Nigeria for good

https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/buhari-inaugurates-ergp-vows-to-change-nigeria-for-good/192240.html

*Nigeria Economic Recovery and Growth Plan 2017-2020 . Abuja : Ministry of Budget and National Planning .2017 -P. 9

Restoring growth

Investing in our people Social inclusion

Job creation and youth empowerment

Improved human capital

ERGP : OBJECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT

Building globally competitive economy Investing in infrastructure

Improving the business environment

Improving the business environment

Promoting Digital –led growth

Most economic policies fostered dependence on crude oil

Structure of the economy remained import -dependent, consumption driven and undiversified.

Oil accounted for over 95 per cent of exports and foreign exchange earnings

manufacturing sector accounted for less than one percent of total exports.

The high growth recorded during 2011-2015, which averaged 4.8 per cent per annum was mainly driven by higher oil prices and was largely non-inclusive.

SYNOPSIS OF NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT BEFORE AS AT 2015

annum was mainly driven by higher oil prices and was largely non-inclusive.

Majority of Nigerians remained under the burden of poverty, inequality and unemployment.

General economic performance for several years undermined by deplorable infrastructure, corruption and mismanagement of public finances.

Decades of consumption and high oil price-driven growth led to an economy with a positive but jobless growth .

Source :Nigeria Economic Recovery and Growth Plan 2017-2020 . Abuja : Ministry of Budget and National Planning .2017 -P. 9

NIGERIA’S UNTAPPED TOURISM POTENTIALS

Nigeria , Africa's most populated country is an untapped tourist paradise is blessed with enchanting tourist attractions all over the country including:

Long stretches of exotic beaches Lush mountains Well preserved tradition and culture Ancient architectures Historical sites Historical sites worship places , Traditional palaces , cultures and kingdoms Stunning environments and natural sites and sceneries

These locations have remained mostly unvisited because lack of means of reaching them .

Transportation therefore becomes an essential component of effective tourism development

SELECT COUNTRY EXAMPLES ON TRANSPORT AND TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

--British Columbia “The transportation sector is vital to the success of our industry. Put simply, if we can’t move people from place to place — whether by air, sea, or land —

Thailand

improved rural roads in Thailand, with attendantreduction in transport cost, was found to shiftimprove access to markets leading to increasedprosperity.

we don’t have an industry’”.

Ethiopia-Djibouti electric railway begins operations

-Introduction of low carbon future with light rail

Egypt-Tourism central to increased GDP

Traditional and modern modes of transport 9cars, donkey, camel , etc integrated with cars , rail air and sea

SELECT COUNTRY EXAMPLES ON TRANSPORT AND TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT CONT.

Dubai (2 Airports)

In 2012: Total Passengers processed 57.7 m

Aviation industry contribution to GDP - 20%; estimated to rise to 32% in 2020

In 2013: Passengers processed rose to 65.4% In 2013: Passengers processed rose to 65.4%

Connects to 149 cities all over the world

Generated revenue of $10.2 billion

Supported 157,000 jobs

Industry estimated contribution to GDP to rise to 32% in 2020

Source: ATAG – Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders, 2014; Oxford Economics: Economic Benefits from Air Transport in Nigeria,

2012

SELECT COUNTRY EXAMPLES

Source : Engr. Chidi K. C. Izuwah, Snr.Infrastructure Development As A Panacea To National GrowthBeing A Paper Presented By The AG. DG of ICRC at the Fellows Investiture of The Institute Of Directors Nigeria on 26th October 2017

SECLECT COUNTRY EXAMPLES

1.Ethiopia-Djibouti electric railway begins regular test run 1.Ethiopia-Djibouti electric railway begins regular test run

2.Ethiopia Charting path to low carbon future with light rail

1.https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/10/ethiopia-djibouti-electric-railway-begins-regular-test-run/

2. http://cleanleap.com/ethiopia-charting-path-low-carbon-future-light-rail

AIR TRANSPORTATION POTENTIALS IN TOURISM

One of the most utilized modes of transportation for tourism promotion

In 2014, airlines transported 3.3 billion people across a network ofalmost 50,000 routes generating 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion inbusiness activity (International Air Transport Association, 2014).

Countries with thriving airlines /aviation infrastructure have thepotential of attracting tourists , boosting their economy and improvingthe lives of their citizens .

Sources:International Air Transport Association, 2014).International Air Transport website : http/www.iata.org IATA. (2014, June). IATA annual review 2014. Retrieved from http://www.iata.org/2014-review/reader.html?r=29/569#IATA. (2014). IATA-About us. Retrieved from http://www.iata.org/about/pages/index.aspx

AIR TRANSPORTATION POTENTIALS IN TOURISM

Developed and Developing nations prioritize air transportation as ameans of generating revenue and advancing tourism and thereforeown their own airlines.

Nigeria has no national carrier and very few international carrierstraverse her skies , hence the reverse-poor tourism development.traverse her skies , hence the reverse-poor tourism development.

Some examples of National Carriers include :

• British Airways

• Emirates

• Ethiopian airline

• Air cote d’ Ivoire

• Asky

• Royal Air Maroc .

AIR TRANSPORT TRANSPORTATION POTENTIALS IN TOURISM CONT.

Deliberate policy operates to ensure passengers transit through the operating countries .

Passengers are encouraged to travel to such countries and tourism is enhanced within the aircraft and at airports during transit /travel

THE IMPERATIVES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION FOR

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

• Research has shown that Road transportation and theavailability of its infrastructure are not only importanteconomic growth facilitators , but are also ‘‘the backbone of

economic development activities for many industrialized

countries’’. *

Thus road infrastructure investments :

THE IMPERATIVES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION FOR

DEVELOPMENT CONT.

Thus road infrastructure investments :

‘‘ constitute important political, economic, and social processes thatincrease the riches and power of a country, enlarge markets, andlower trade barriers. This leads to increases in productivity outputsand to improvements in mobility and standard of living for themasses’’*

*William Agbigbe The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Nigeria’s Economic Development . Walden University

STATE OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA

Congested

Polluted

Chaotic

Inadequate

Poorly maintained

Mostly Unsafe

Environmentally hazardous

Inadequately budgeted for

Discourages tourism

STATE OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA CONT.

Discourages tourism

Inadequately planning

Operators mostly untrained to understandimport on tourism

Expensive

Mostly Unsafe

Lack of sustained commitment by Government

Poor enforcement of rules and trafficregulations


regulations

Crash- prone

Symbolised by terrorism attacks

Unsuitable for healthy living

Risky to use


RAIL TRANSPORTATION Tourism and rail transportation are synonymous

Developed countries ensure that rail systems are modern , efficient and effective for movement of people and goods .

Some years back , Nigeria’s Rail sub-Sector had witnessed decayand negligence which impacted on tourism

In addition to corruption , the infrastructure was dilapidated andminimally used .minimally used .It was also chaotic , infectively managed and mostly abused bypassengers

RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE REVAMPMENT

A major achievement of present administration is the revampment of railinfrastructure which is geared towards economic recovery , trade facilitation andsafe tourism

The Lagos Rail Mass Transit Network is a majorcomponent of strategic transport master plan. The

Presently, Rehabilitation and Development of new lines are ongoingsimultaneously across the Country.

48

component of strategic transport master plan. Thesystem is envisioned to consist of seven linesmade up of plan system: lane, 35km, the blue line,red line, green line and yellow line among others.

Abuja (Idu-)Kaduna rail line is very functional Abuja metro line liking city to airport Lagos –Ibadan rail line Others are near completion and are functional

RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE REVAMPMENT CONT.

WATER TRANSPORT IN NIGERIA

Blessed with abundant seas , surrounded by oceans and large water ways , in most of its geopolitical zones and states

Tourism potentials abound and are awaiting government and private sector involvement for policy development , regulation and investment respectively .

Nigeria’s water transport mode is largely underdeveloped and characterised by archaic systems , unsanitary environments and utilized mostly by the poor people e.g. Makoko Lagos

Whereas modern boats could be put as means of transport on these waterways , the Residents of most water communities are forced to rely on canoes which are generally unsafe.

WATER TRANSPORT IN NIGERIA CONT.

WATER TRANSPORT IN NIGERIA CONT.

Nigeria's s water affected by weeds and unappealing to tourism

WATER TOURISM POTENTIALS

OTHER CHALLENGES TO TOURISM & TRANSPORTATION :INSECURITY, AND VIOLENCE


CONCLUSION & TAKE AWAY !

We must learn from nature : keep running from underdevelopment

Every morning in Yankari, a Gazelle wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed. Every morning a Lion wakes up. It knows it must outrun the slowest Gazelle or it will starve to death.


CONCLUSION & TAKE AWAY !

It doesn't matter whether you are a Lion or a Gazelle... when the sun comes up, you'd better be running

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