Educational Research Retreat: When to Publish, Patent or Protect a “Trade Secret” P. Gunnar...
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Transcript of Educational Research Retreat: When to Publish, Patent or Protect a “Trade Secret” P. Gunnar...
Educational Research Retreat: When to Publish, Patent or
Protect a “Trade Secret”
P. Gunnar Brolinson, DO, FAOASM, FACOFP, FAAFP
Vice Provost for Research
Discipline Chair for Sports Medicine
Team Physician Virginia Tech
Director of Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship
What is Intellectual Property?
• Article I, Section 8
• “The Congress shall have power to…promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
a limited time to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries”
Intellectual PropertyDistinct from tangible items….
▪ More abstract than other types of property
▪ Products of the mind
▪ Types:• Patents (Title 35, U.S. Code)• Trademarks (Title 37, U.S. Code)
• Copyrights (Title 17, U.S. Code)
• Trade Secrets (State law)
Intellectual Property▪ Patents – inventions of functional and ornamental design• • design, plant and utility • • provisional applications•
▪ Trademarks – identifies source or origin of product• • words, brand names, slogans, graphics/logos • • e.g., Nike logo, “We bring good things to life”, VIOXX• • should seek federal registration (®)• • use ™ for non-registered marks
Intellectual Property▪ Copyrights – literary and artistic impressions or arrangement
• protects medium from copying by others • identifies author’s specific expression • e.g., articles, videos, computer programs• • protection is automatic; use © with year and name of owner
▪ Trade Secret – protection from unfair appropriation of information• • any information (e.g., software, formulas) that: provides competitive
advantage; not available to public; and treated as confidential
Patents▪ Utility • demonstrated use or proposed use one of “ordinary skill in the art” would believe
▪ Novelty• not fully described in one patent or publication > 1 year before you filed (the “prior art”)
▪ Non-obviousness • whether one skilled in the art at the time of the invention would have had a
rational basis to combine prior art to reach the claimed invention
Patents▪ Enablement • one of ordinary skill can carry out the invention without “undue experimentation”
▪ Best mode • provides best known way of making and using the invention when application was filed
Patenting
Nonprovisional Application Filed:
$7-10K
US Patent Issued
Provisional Application Filed: $2-4K
Office Action #1 Received: Response
Filed: $2-4K
Notice of Allowance Received: Issue Fee
Paid: $2K Continuation Application
Filed (?)
Office Action #2 Received: Response
Filed: $2-4K
National Phase Applications Filed:
$25-30K
Regionalized In EP
PCT International Application Filed $4-5K
National Phase 1st Office Action
Received: Response Filed $3-4K
Notice of Allowance Received: Issue Fee Paid:
$4K
National Phase 2nd Office Action
Received: Response Filed $3-4K
Foreign Patent Issued
12 Months 20-30 Months 6 Months 6 Months 3 Months
18 Months 20-30 Months 12 Months 12 Months 6 Months6 Months
EP, JP, AU, CA
Two Different and Conflicting ways to protect
IP and Technology • Patent Protection
– The inventor strikes a bargain with the government for a limited period of exclusivity in exchange for full disclosure of the idea or technology
• Trade Secret– Can protect any form of confidential information that has business value– Trade Secret protection can last forever as long as the IP owner
maintains confidentiality• Can only prevent the use of the information if someone has misappropriated it• “Reverse Engineering” is allowed
• So must carefully consider which way to go….
Some Cases are Clear Cut…some not so much
• The US FDA requires full disclosure on any new medication brought to market so the “trade secret” approach is not an option.
• Variables to consider include the length of time and difficulty a competitor would have in “reverse engineering” your idea
• Patent protection and trade secret protection have two very different statutory frameworks
Is there a “defensive” strategy?
• For scientists and technologists the defensive strategy is to publish in trade journals
• Inventions must have these characteristics– Utility– Novelty– Non-obviousness
• The invention or IP must be sufficiently different from what is found in the literature, in public use or for sale
• A “defensive” publication establishes “prior art”– Potentially disabling a patent or preventing it from issuing
Publish or Protect…the thought process
• Is public disclosure necessary?• Is the idea easy to reverse engineer or discover
independently?• Is the technology area evolving rapidly?• Is this a new area of technology?• Are you potentially interested in licensing the invention?• Do the potential market revenues out weigh the costs
associated with patent protection?
VCOM Process
IDEA DISCLOSURE FORM EVALUATION
ACTION PLAN
• Potential Protection?• Requires further research• Marketing/Licensing • Abandon
Cleveland Clinic Healthcare Innovation Alliance
• The Healthcare Innovation Alliance is a program to manage the innovation and commercialization functions for hospital systems, academic institutions and corporate partners across the country. We leverage the size and capabilities of the collective Alliance to improve the visibility of innovative products and to expedite commercialization.
IP Policy
1. Inventor discloses Ideas and assigns to
VCOM
2. IP Office manages
protection and marketing
3. License revenues split
50/50 between Inventor(s) and
VCOM
The IP Office will do all the heavy lifting