JMJ MARIST BROTHERSNotre Dame of Marbel UniversityCity of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Course Number : EDUC. 210Course Title : Methods of ResearchFaculty : Leonora F. Gio, EdD

: Email : leonoragio@yahoo.comConsultation Hours: MWF : 4:30-5:30pm

Course Description:

This course deals with the science of research – its concepts, typologies, methods, and applications in the field of education. It provides the students learning experience that will enhance their knowledge and skills in conceptualizing and conducting research through: formulating research problem/s, conceptualizing research design/s, constructing instrument/s, selecting sample, writing research proposal, collecting data, processing data, and writing research report.

A participatory/experiential teaching approach through workshops will be used for application of concepts. Thus, students are expected to actively participate in class discussion and perform the essential activities/workshops in each session. At the end of the term, the students should submit a quality research proposal.

Objectives:

At the end of the course, the students are expected to:1. Familiarize the concepts, components, and process of research;2. Perform the research process: problem conceptualization, data gathering,

processing of data, analysis and interpretation of data, report writing, and research output presentation; and

3. Develop an education research proposal.

Course Outline:

Below are the topics and corresponding activities/strategies/requirements in each session:

Session

Topic Activity / Strategy / Requirement

Day 1 Orientation / Overview Brainstorming

Lecture-Discussion

Sharing of insights

Research Standing of the Phils.

Concept of Research/Educational

Research Seatwork

Importance of Educational Research

Qualities of a good research

Types of Research

Different parts of a research paper

Ethics in Research

Pre-Test

Assignment # 1:

Select a research output that captures your line of interest Critique the work in terms of: coherence (title, statement of the problem,

findings, conclusion, and recommendations); methodology; and usefulness.

Day 2 Presentation of the critique paper (random)

Research Problem and Objectives

A.M. - Lecture-Discussion

Hypothesis/ses

Review of Related Literature

In-Text Citation /Referencing (APA Format)

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

PROQUEST P.M. - Proquest Orientation (Library)

- Workshop - 1 (Formulation of

Title, SOP, Significance, Scope and Limitation – Chapter 1)

- To be presented on Day 3

Assignment # 2:

Gather readings for Review of Related Literature; Seek for theory/ies (for theoretical framework/considerations); Formulate Conceptual Framework; and Construct Reference list

Day 3 Presentation of Workshop-1 (Research Title and Statement of the Problem only)

Presentation and critiquing of Title and SOP

Submission of Workshop-1(Chapter-1)

Methodology:

Research Designs Respondents/Sampling Size and

Techniques Instrumentation (Kinds and

Techniques in constructing research instrument)

Lecture-Discussion

Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Tools

Assignment # 3:

Formulate the Methodology of your proposed study (Research Design, Locale, Respondents, Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Data Gathering Procedure, and Statistical Tools/Treatment

Construct the Research Instrument/s appropriate to your study (i,e. Survey Instrument/ FGD Guide Questions/ KII Guide Questions, etc.) – May consult the concept-teacher when there’s a need.

Day 4 MIDTERM EXAM Written Examination

Presentation of Research Proposal Presentation/critiquing and submission of the Research Proposal (draft)

Day 5

Construction of Dummy Table / Tabular presentation of data

A.M. - Lecture-Discussion

P.M. - Workshop – 2 (Simulation Activity: >Administration of 10 survey instruments > Tabulation of data >Tabular presentation of data; analysis and interpretation of data > Formulation of Major Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Analysis and interpretation of Data

Integration of RRL to the discussion of results (findings)

Construction of Major Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Day 6 Submission of Research Proposal Submission of the Final Copy of the Research Proposal

FINAL EXAM Written Examination

Learning Methodologies:

Lecture-Discussion Workshop Assignment Simulation Consultation with the instructor

Requirements:

Class attendance, participation, and classwork (assignments and workshops) 30%

Written Midterm and Final Examination 40% Research Proposal 30%

TOTAL 100%

REFERENCES

Books

Adanza, E., Bermudo, P. & Rasonabe, M. (2011). Methods of research: a primer. Rex Book Store

Bauyot, M. (2008). Preparing theses and dissertations: basic guidelines on using APA format. SPC.

Calderon, J. & Gonzales, E. (2008). Methods of research and thesis writing. National Book Store.

Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. (2007). Methods of research and thesis writing (2nd ed.). Rex Book Store

Jha, A. (2011). Research methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corp.

Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (4th ed.). Los Angeles. Sage Publications, Inc.

Kumar, R. (1996). Research methodology. Busy Book Distributors

McMillan, J. (2012). Educational research: fundamentals for the consumer (6th ed.). Boston. Pearson Education, Inc.

Mertler, C. & Charles, C. (2005). Introduction to educational research. Boston. Pearson AB.

Venzon, L. (2004). Introduction to research. C&E Publishing, Inc.

Electronic Sources

Educational Research. http://www.ed.mtu.edu/research/what.html

Ethics in Research. http://explorable.com/ethics-in-research

How does Philippines fair with other countries in terms of science and research? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090713033704AAoVxa3

Status of Research and Development in the Philippines (Cary D. Cacdac - June 27, 2014)

There are a number of articles and papers presenting the condition of research and

development (R&D) in the Philippines. But the works have, more or less, common

findings.

One is lack of budget being given or the underinvestment of resources to R&D. This is

particularly true for government-funded R&D. In a paper entitled Improving the

Philippine Research and Development Statistical System by Bernie S. Justimbaste, the

Philippines used up a total of P 4.5 billion on R&D in 2002, and this figure represents a

measly 0.11 % of the country’s 2002 gross domestic product (GDP), a decrease from

0.19 % in 1996 and 0.22 % in 1992. (Justimbaste, Improving the Philippine Research

and Development Satistical System, 2004)

Although Prof. Flor Lacanilao, retired professor of marine science, University of the

Philippines Diliman posited in her keynote address at the 27th Meeting of the

Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines at the National Museum in

Manila, that funds are not the reasons for what she says the wrong practice of

research in the country (Lacanilao, 2009).

The public sector (government and higher education institutions) had been the

predominant R&D spender since then but in 2002, the private sector (private business

enterprises, private non-profit institutions) has now become the biggest R&D spender

replacing the public sector amounting to 64 % of the national R&D expenditures

(Justimbaste, Improving the Philippine Research and Development Satistical System,

2004).

Moreover, there is the issue of the lack of adequate and technically capable R&D

manpower where majority of R&D personnel are with the public sector while the

private sector (business firms) has been spending more (Justimbaste, 2004).

The lack of funds impinges upon the quantity and the quality of R&D. It is common

notion that the number of R&D outputs has a correlation with a country’s economic

standing.

There is also the issue of unfocused projects of R&D where an examination of the work

and financial plans and projects accomplished indicate that research projects are

highly disjointed and short-term in nature and that research findings and outputs are

neither carried over to prospective researches nor used additionally to benefit the

clientele. (Cororotan, 2003)

Manpower gaps had also been cited as a dilemma for the state of research and

development in the country. The very low ratios of technical manpower resources for

any government agency including higher education institutions are evident. This may

be attributed to the educational system where manpower for R&D is largely sourced.

Moreover, there is also the concern of a lack of clear link with the private sector where

most private research centers exist principally to meet the needs of the companies

that established them. And as such, they do not interact with the rest of the research

community dominated essentially by the government sector, except for a few

privately operated research centers that perform public services (Cororotan, 2003).

This is echoed in an article by Max V. de Leon of the Business Mirror, entitled the

“Philippine Education Ranked 'Poor' (Leon, 2011), where Guillermo M. Luz, co-

chairman of the National Competitiveness Council (NCC), had been quoted as saying

that in the area of research and development, there is a noticeable low collaboration

between the industries and the universities. He said schools are not too open in giving

their research to the private sector. The industries, on the other hand, are not putting

enough money for academic research, he opined.

“Right now, the research being done in schools is merely for thesis purposes. The

output of the research should be given to the industries so they can be converted into

something that is useful. The private sector will then give royalties to the school. We

have to create business value for the research,” he said. (Leon, 2011)

Going back to the subject of her so-called wrong research practices in the “Doing

Research for Development” material by professor Lacanilao, she put forth the

observation that many studies end as a project report or graduate thesis and that in

the Philippines, this is often the accepted completion of research or graduate training.

If published, in most cases it appears as gray literature and devoid of the practice of

leaving to scientists the job of performance evaluation. (Lacanilao, 2009)

Arguably, she said that most of Philippine research publications are clear indications of

wrong research practice, and they do not count in international rating of research

performance when ranking nations, universities, or individuals; nor do they help in

national progress for they have not appeared in reputable listings such as Thomson

ISI’s major indexes (e.g., Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index),

which are used in ranking nations and universities. (Lacanilao, 2009)

She opined in conclusion that Development depends on the quality of the research

output, which in turn relies on correct research practice. Two ways to improve

research she said: (a) by leaving to scientists the job of performance evaluation or (b)

by using the established and objective indicators (e.g., journals and publication

citations in Science Citation Index or Social Sciences Citation Index). (Lacanilao, 2009)

Yet, the problem persists in the tertiary education despite large numbers of graduates,

the technically capable people are in short supply despite an ever-growing demand for

them in the job-market creating an educational mismatch (Cororotan, 2003). The

inference from this is, with inadequate technological capability, the Philippine may find

it difficult to catch up in terms of access to and mastery of the key emerging or

leading edge technologies. (Cororotan, 2003) This, in turn, negatively affects future

growth and international competitiveness.

Interestingly, and quite a poignant observation, Cororoton articulated that the problem

in education is traced back to the problem in basic education where, he has quoted

(Magpanatay 1995), that:

” To be able to teach in high schools, teachers must have BSE with a major and minor

field. This degree program is short on content and heavy on methodology of teaching.

In the end, teachers are knowledgeable in the standard way of teaching but do not

know how to teach. Worse, students who enter . . . college are generally not very

creative and imaginative due to the low status afforded the profession. In any family,

the intelligent among the children are encouraged to take up medicine, law, and, if

mathematically inclined, engineering while the least academically capable are asked

to take up BSE or BSEE programs. It is no wonder then that science and math

educations in the primary and secondary levels are in bad shape. Students are taught

by the least academically inclined people who went through a program that

emphasizes more on the form than on the content.

The poor S&T educational system results in low supply of skilled manpower (Sachs

1998). Says Sachs:

In particular, there is a severe shortage of science teachers at the school level. The

quality of science education at the college level is also poor. A substantial fraction of

high school science teachers have no training in science and mathematics (but rather

have degrees in education). High school math and physics curricula are badly in need

of reform. In general, there is a lack of capacity to do research, which will become

particularly problematic in the future when forms will have greater demand for

adopting and innovating existing technologies. Increasing the supply of science and

technology education is probably the most crucial investment in science and

technology that needs to be made now.

I could not agree more with the above-mentioned observations. The culture of

research and the quality of educators in research should be had at early stages in the

curricula of Philippine education so as to ensure sound R&D outputs in the tertiary

education.

The common pitfall where both researcher and faculty do not have enough technical

background, much less, the acumen in comprehending the study specially the

quantitative tools employed specially in the graduate and the postgraduate degree

undertakings would have been avoided if the foundation had been excellent in the first

place.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140627120747-144158634-status-of-research-and-development-in-the-philippines