1. Day - 1 2. How does Philippines fair with other countries in terms of RESEARCH? 3. STATUS OF RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES Lack of budget or underinvestment to R&D Lack of adequate and technically capable R&D manpower / manpower gaps Unfocused projects of R&D not carried out to prospective users Lack of clear link with the private sector low collaboration between universities and industries 4. Research is a key to progress. There can be no progress without research in almost if not all human endeavors. In government, education, trade and commerce, and in all types and kinds of industries research is vital and essential. Therefore, there is a need to learn the methods of research because the people who have gone through the graduate education are expected to undertake research activities. 5. RESEARCH Comes from the French word rechercher (to search after or to investigate). a careful, systematic, patient investigation undertaken to discover or establish facts and relationships. it is called for when one is confronted with a question or problem that has no readily available answer. One must obtain information and make sense of it in order to answer the problematic question (Mertler & Charles, 2005). 6. The main goal of research is the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life. Due to research, man has attained great accelerating progress and is enjoying the products of research. 7. What is EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH? 8. Educational Research = it encompasses many different studies all of which attempt to better understand and improve the learning and educational process. Teaching Classroom Management Psychology Testing Child Development Cognitive Science Others (teaching-learning process) Source (http://www.ed.mtu.edu/research/what.html) 9. The American Education Research Association (AERA) A professional organization whose primary goal is to advance Education Research. Encourages scholarly inquiries related to education and promotes dissemination and practical application of research results. It publishes quarterly journals and a magazine titled Educational Researcher. Has a home page that provides more information and links regarding Educational Research: http://aera.net/about.html. 10. Characteristics of Research 1. Involves the gathering of new and existing data from new sources of first-hand information. 2. Directed toward the solution of a problem. 3. Analytical. Characterized by carefully designed procedures in collecting data and rigorous analysis in interpreting them. 4. Emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles and theories that may be helpful in predicting future occurrences. 5. Requires expertise. The researcher must be adequately prepared to undertake such endeavor. 11. 6. Empirical. It is based on direct experience and demands accurate observation and description of what is being studied. 7. Strives to be logical, applying every possible test to validate the procedures being employed so that the researcher has confidence in the results. 8. It is honest and characterized by patient and unhurried activities. 9. Can be replicated to enable the researcher to achieve valid and comprehensive results. Similarities and differences or replicated researches can be confirmed. 10. Requires innovative approaches. 11. Carefully recorded and reported. 12. SOUND RESEARCH Requires man to question those explanations that already satisfy his curiosity, challenge the methods by which he arrives at conclusions, critically and systematically repeat his observations, test the reliability and validity of his tools and evaluate his data in other ways, scrutinize the thought processes by which he passes from one logical step to another, and gradually refine the concepts of what he is trying to explain and consider anew the necessary and sufficient conditions for proof. 13. (sound research) In every step , he proceeds with utmost caution, realizing that the purpose is to arrive, not at an answer that is personally pleasing, but rather at one that will withstand attacks by those who doubt his answer. 14. TYPES OF RESEARCH (from the viewpoint of) Application Pure Descriptive Objectives Type of Information sought Applied Action Correlational Explanatory Exploratory Quantitative Qualitative 15. Pure Research called as basic research or fundamental research. aims to discover basic truths or principle. Example: Archimedes Law of Bouyancy, Newtons Law of Motion, etc. (..) 16. Applied Research involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as development of a new system, new device, new method in order to solve the problem. the problem is identified and a new system or method is applied in order to solve the problem. Ex. Problem: Rice Shortage Research: On using new types of rice chemical strategies in planting. 17. Action Research a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices. involves practitioners who study a certain problem and from such experience draw their decisions and actions as well as evaluation. 18. Descriptive Research Attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provides information about the living condition of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. 19. Correlational Research establishes the existence of a relationship/association/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation. 20. Explanatory Research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon. Example: Why a decline in sales is followed by unemployment? 21. Exploratory Research is carried out to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research; also called a Feasibility Study; usually carried out when a researcher wants to explore areas about which s/he has little or no knowledge. 22. Qualitative Research it is a systematic, empirical strategy for answering questions about people in a particular social context. Attempts to understand the observed regularities in what people do, or in what they report as their experience. Examples: Description of an observed situation, historical enumeration of events, description of the living conditions of a community, etc. 23. Quantitative Research This is quantifying the variation in a phenomenon, situation, problem or issue, the analysis is geared to ascertain the magnitude of the variation. Level of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio 24. The quantitative-qualitative classification is dependent on three (3) criteria. 1. The purpose of the study; 2. How the variables are measured; and 3. How the information is analyzed. 25. Components of Scientific Research 1. Order and system = the process wherein the researcher moves in a systematic fashion from identification of the problem to the conclusions and recommendations. 2. Control = the imposition of conditions in the research situation, to minimize bias and maximize the precision and validity of data gathered. 26. 3. Empiricism = gathering of evidence and relying on ones own sense. 4. Generalization = the research findings may be applied to a situation or population larger that the one studied. 27. Types of Variable: 1. Independent Variable the stimulus variable which is chosen to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. 2. Dependent Variable the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. 3. Intervening Variable interferes the independent and dependent variables. 28. Illustration: Suppose the research wants to know the effect of educational qualification on the work performance of the factory workers. Independent Variable EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION Intervening Variable Age, sex, status, experiences, socio- economic status, values, attitude at work, et. Dependent Variable WORK PERFORMANCE 29. Basic Components/ Parts of Research Chapter I THE PROBLEM Introduction Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation Definition of Terms Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Theoretical /Conceptual Framework RRL Hypothesis/es 30. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Design Locale of the Study Unit of Analysis / Respondents Sampling Design Instrumentation Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Chapter V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES