Economic Census and the Economic Indicators - Sherine Al-Shawarby

ECONOMIC CENSUS AND THEECONOMIC INDICATORSSherine Al-ShawarbyOctober 19, 2015CAMPUS- Cairo- Egypt

IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC CENSUS

The economic census is an important activity carried out by many statistical offices with the aim of : improving availability and quality of existing basic

economic statistics and establishing or improving their survey frames or

statistical business registers for the organization of economic survey programmes on a more integrated basis at a later stage.

There is a growing interest in economic census. Many countries would need help both in terms of resources and guidance on how to carry out this activity properly.

A CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMIC CENSUS

An economic census is a statistical survey conducted on the full set of economic units belonging to a given population or universe.

It is the complete enumeration of a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well defined characteristics.

The partial enumeration resulting from a failure to cover the whole population, as distinct from a designed sample enquiry, may be referred to as an “incomplete census ”.

An economic census is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing or otherwise disseminating economic data pertaining, at a specified time, to all units in a country or in a well delimited part of a country.


The term “census” implies that each unit is enumerated separately and that the characteristics thereof are separately recorded.

Only by this procedure can the data on the various characteristics be cross-classified.

The requirement of individual enumeration can be met by the collection of information in the field, by the use of information contained in an appropriate administrative register or set of registers, or by a combination of these methods.

This does not preclude the use of sampling techniques for obtaining data on specified characteristics, provided that the sample design is consistent with the size of the areas for which the data are to be tabulated and the degree of detail in the cross-tabulations to be made


In order to plan for, and implement, economic and social development, administrative activity or scientific research, it is necessary to have reliable and detailed data on the number and distribution of economic units by various categories.

The economic census is a primary source of these basic benchmark statistics, covering not only the units in a formal sector but in informal as well. Data from economic census should allow presentation and analysis in terms of statistics on economic units and for a wide variety of geographical units, ranging from the country as a whole to individual small localities


The method of choice will be conducting an economic census through universal and simultaneous individual enumeration of each resident economic unit within the nation’s boundaries.

Some countries adopt alternative approaches; yet, all of these methods must result in identical outputs.


The traditional economic census is among the most complex and massive exercises a nation undertakes.

It requires mapping the entire country, mobilizing and training an army of enumerators, conducting a considerable public campaign, canvassing all economic units, even those owned by the households, collecting information, compiling vast amounts of completed questionnaires, and analyzing and disseminating the data.

In most cases, a traditional census is an opportunity for mobilizing the country and making statistical activity visible


Successfully conducting a census becomes a matter of national pride for many countries.

Ensuring confidentiality is crucial for the census to succeed. Thus, it has to be made clear that the only reason for collecting data is for the production of statistics and that there will be no dissemination of confidential information or any non-statistical linkage with existing records in other government databases and data collections.

Indeed, principle 6 of the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics states that “individual data collected by statistical agencies for statistical compilation, whether they refer to natural or legal persons, are to be strictly confidential and used exclusively for statistical purposes”.


The economic census represents one of the pillars for data collection on the number and characteristics of the economic units of a country.

It is part of an integrated approach to compilation of economic statistics, which may include censuses for specific activities/industries for example, agriculture or manufacturing, surveys, registers and administrative data sources.

It provides, at regular intervals, the benchmark for economic indicators at national and local levels. For small economic activities or sub-populations, such as informal sector units, it may represent the only source of information.

For many countries the census also provides a solid framework to develop sampling frames

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Two principal methods are most often used by countries: (i) conduct of economic census as an

economy-wide census; (ii) conduct of economic census for

individual economic sectors/activities only (manufacturing, construction, distributive trade etc.).


There are two definitions of economic census in use: A broad definition: implies a complete

enumeration of all economic units in a very large part of the economy (traditional form of the census),

A narrow definition: is referring to a complete enumeration of only a “take all” strata in an economy-wide surveys (such as the annual structural business surveys).

There are some inconsistencies in use of terminology which need to be clarified and harmonized in future.


The findings of this survey confirm that there are two distinct groups of countries with regard to the compilation of basic economic statistics: (i) countries still relying on an economic census

as a main tool for compiling the economic statistics and

(ii) countries using combination of register based information from annual and more frequent surveys and administrative data sources.


Two third of countries use other approaches for compilation of basic economic statistics that differ from traditional economic census.

In the case of developed countries 90 % use register based survey information and administrative data for compilation of economic statistics. This is a firm tendency for transition economies too, where more than 80 % of countries follow the same approach.

TYPES OF ECONOMIC CENSUS

Census of Retail Trade Census of Wholesale Trade Census of Service Industries Census of Financial, Insurance and Real Estate

Industries Census of Transportation, Communication and

Utilities Census of Manufactures Census of Mineral Industries Census of Construction Industries

PURPOSES AND USES

To about business establishments and activities. The economic census is: the major source of facts about the structure and

functioning of Nation's economy and provide periodic and comprehensive vital information

(statistics) for government, business, industry and for general public.

The economic census provide a vital part of the framework for such composite measures as: the GDP, input and output measures, production and price indices, and other statistical series that measure the short

term changes in economic conditions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP

PURPOSES AND USES

Policy makers use EC data, especially in: monitoring economic activity and providing assistance to business.

State and local governments use the data to: access business activities and tax bases

within their authorities and develop programs to attract tourists.

PURPOSES AND USES

Trade associations: study trends in their own and

competing industries keep their members informed of market

changes.Individual businesses use data to: locate potential markets and to study their own production and sales

performance related to industry or area.

PURPOSES AND USES: US- EXAMPLE

The Bureau of Economic Analysis uses the data to benchmark GDP estimates and prepare input-output tables.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses the data to benchmark producer price indexes and prepare productivity statistics. The Federal Reserve Board uses the data to prepare indexes of industrial production.

PURPOSES AND USES- IMPORTANTREMAKS

Economic census is a means of identification and listing of collected basic economic statistics as part of an integrated programme of data collection and compilation aimed at providing a comprehensive source of statistical information for economic and social development planning, for administrative purposes, for assessing conditions in human settlements, for research and for commercial and other uses.


The value of the census is increased if the results can be employed together with the results of other economic surveys, as in the use of the census data as a basis or benchmark for short-term statistics.

It can, for example, provide a statistical frame for other censuses or sample surveys. Of course, census-type information can also be derived from administrative registers and sample surveys without undertaking a complete enumeration.


The purposes of a continuing coordinated programme of data collection and compilation can best be served, if the relationship among the economic census, the annual surveys and other short-term (monthly, quarterly, etc.) statistical surveys is considered when census planning is under way and if provision is made for facilitating the joint use of the census and its results in connection with such surveys.

The use of consistent concepts and definitions throughout an integrated programme of data collection and compilation is essential if the advantages of these relationships are to be fully realized.


An economic census also serves as the logical starting place for work on the organization and construction of a computerized statistical database to serve continuing national and local needs for data in the intercensal period.

COVERAGE

All domestic non-farm business establishments, other than those operated by governments.

Most reports are confined to businesses with paid employees.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE The scope in terms of units or activities enumerated is an

important characteristic of the economic census. On average, two out of three countries conducting economic census do not include units from agriculture and public administration.

Although the figures vary by both the economic groupings and geographical regions, it is understood that agricultural units are observed through separate agricultural censuses.

As for public administration, the results differ markedly across the regions – from 45.5 % of countries in Central, Eastern, South-Eastern and Southern Asia at the lower end to 100.0 % of countries in Oceania at the higher end. The inclusion or exclusion of public administration from economic censuses, however, depends to a higher extent on the organizational structure of countries and scope of activities included in their general government sectors.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE In addition, countries in every region and grouping

indicated individual activities or type of units excluded from the economic census. The most commonly excluded are fishery, financial intermediation and insurance, production activities of households from activities and non-profit institutions, extraterritorial organizations, self-employed persons from units.

In about half of the countries, the economic census covers all units irrespective of their size in terms of number of persons employed or turnover. The remaining half applies a threshold, as with a few exceptions, this threshold is based on the employment. By regions, countries in Africa tend to apply more often a threshold. Their percentage is twice higher as compared to countries in Oceania and Central, Eastern, South-Eastern and Southern Asia.


Again, the practice of countries regarding the coverage of units below the threshold varies substantially. The survey results show that the use of sample surveys is the most commonly applied approach. 44.4 % of countries indicated that units below the threshold are predominantly covered through sample surveys techniques.

Use of administrative data sources and ad hoc surveys are also amongst the approaches preferred by some countries. Although all countries indicated that they aim at full coverage of units, it seems that still much challenge poses the coverage of small units and accuracy of data about them.

CONTENT

Basic data obtained for all establishments including: kind of business, geographic location, type of ownership, total revenue, annual and first quarter payroll, and employees in the pay period. Additional inquiries vary from sector to sector and,

in some cases, industry to industry.

FREQUENCY

Every 5 years (IDEAL) Every 10 years (supposedly in Egypt)


Overall, a general tendency to a more frequent conduct of economic census has been observed.

One of the disadvantages of economic censuses in the past was that they were conducted at long, some times irregular, intervals of time and the census information was quickly becoming outdated.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE International statistical standards recommend

economic censuses to be conducted at regular intervals of time (five years) in order to establish sound benchmarks of basic economic statistics.

More than half of the countries conducting economic census carry them out every 5 years.

In Oceania all countries conduct economic census at 5 years intervals and in Asia more than 80 % of countries conduct economic census at 5 years intervals.


In Northern American region the USA has a longstanding tradition in carrying out economic census every 5 years.

Latin America and the Caribbean region could be noted as an exception to this general pattern. More than half of the countries in that region tend to conduct decennial censuses. Looking at the longer run, this could lead to significant limitations in the usefulness of census information for basic economic statistics as well as in its quality and comparability.

METHODS A mail-out/mail-back data collection for

establishments of multi-unit companies, large single-unit employers, and a sample of small employers; and administrative records data for non-selected small employers and all nonemployers.

All establishments of multi-unit firms and single-unit employers with annualized payroll above a size cutoff (for most industries, equivalent to about 3 employees) receive a census form.

METHODS A sample of small employers also receives a

census form. This sample is selected using a stratified sampling procedure with strata based on industry and geography.

Basic data for non-selected small employers and nonemployers are obtained from administrative records.

Estimates for sales by product line and other industry-specific data for non-manufacturing and non-mining establishments are based partly on small employer sample results.

PRODUCTS

Most data are available from the Internet and on CD-ROM. The principal publications are:

Industry Series reports present preliminary statistics, packaged for individual industries or groups of related industries.

Geographic Area Series reports supersede industry series data, and are packaged by sector and by state within sector. Reports provide industry statistics for each state and the District of Columbia, and, in most sectors, metropolitan and micropolitan areas, counties and places. Geographic detail available for each sector is summarized in the Guide to the Economic Census.

Subject Series reports supplement other products and present tabulations for the U.S. with some state detail. Reports for most sectors include Establishment and Firm Size (Including Legal Form of Organization); and Miscellaneous Subjects Reports for the manufacturing sector include General Summary, Products Summary, Materials Consumed Summary, and Concentration Ratios in Manufacturing.

https://www.census.gov/econ/census02/guide/g02geog.htm

EGYPT'S ECONOMIC CENSUS-BACKGROUND INFORMATION

إلعداد 1972، 1967، 1964تعـــدادات منفردة شاملة للمنشآت فـــى االعـــوامأطر حدیثة للمنشآت

أجرى تعداد صناعى للمنشآت التى یعمل بھا أقل من عشر 1967فى عاملصناعیة مشتغلین وذلك استكماال لالحصاءات الجاریة التى تجرى على المنشآت ا

مشتغلین فأكثر ولقد كان ھناك اتجاه إلى إجراء ھذا التعداد10التى یعمل بھا إعتباره بأسلوب العینة إال إنھ رؤى أن یكون ھذا التعداد بأسلوب الحصر الشامل ب

ریة أول دراسة تجرى على قطاع الصناعات الصغیرة على أن یتبعھ بصفة دو<اعدراسات بأسلوب العینة لتقدیر االنتاج الصناعى ومقوماتھ فى ھذا القط

قام الجھاز بإجراء أول تعداد اقتصادى بمفھومھ الشامل 1991/1992عام فى:ین مشتمال على جمیع االنشطة االقتصادیة فى جمیع قطاعات الدولة بأسلوب

اع القط( الحصر الشامل لجمیع المنشآت التى تدخل ضمن نطاق االحصاءات الجاریة) .االعمال العام ، القطاع الخاص المنظم و االستثمارى / العام

بالعینة لباقى منشآت القطاع الخاص.

EGYPT'S ECONOMIC CENSUS-BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2000/2001والثالث عام 1996/1997تم اجراء التعداد الثانى عام.لة بأسلوب الحصر الشامل لجمیع المنشآت االقتصادیة العاملة بالدو

والذى تم إجراؤه بالمزج 2012/2013أخیرا التعداد الرابع والحالى عام:بین أسلوبى الحصر الشامل والعینة كما یلى

ة الحصر الشامل لجمیع المنشآت التى تدخل ضمن نطاق االحصاءات الجاری) .االعمال العام ، القطاع الخاص المنظم و االستثمارى / القطاع العام( بالعینة لباقى منشآت القطاع الخاص.

توفیر إطار كامل للمنشآت لخدمة اغراض االحصاءات یمثل التعداداالقتصادیةالجاریة واالبحاث

:أھداف التعداد

تفصیلیــة عـن ھیكل وخصائصومعلوماتكاملة صــورة توفیـــرن أن تستخدم األنشطة االقتصـــادیة المختلفة وتوزیعاتھا الجغرافیة التى یمك

.فى قیاس النمو االقتصادى شاط شاملة وتفصیلیة عن قیمة مدخالت ومخرجات كل نمعلوماتتوفیر

اقتصادى على حده طبقاً للمستوى االقلیمى والقومى بتوفیر بیانات األقتصادیة المختلفة وذلكالتكامل فى بیانات األنشطة تحقیق

تم عن المنشآت الصغیرة التى ال تشملھا اإلحصاءات الجاریة والتى ی ً .إجرائھا بصفة دوریة سنویا

قیـــاس مدى مساھمــــة كل نشــــــاط اقتصـــــادى فى الناتــــج المحلىسبـــة اإلجمالى وكذا قیاس األھمیــة النسبیـــة لكل نشاط اقتصـــادى بالن

لالنشطــــة االقتصادیة األخـــرى فى االقتصاد القومى على كل من .المستویین االقلیمى والقومى

:أھداف التعداد

یعاتھ التعرف علـــى ھیكل العمالة فى كل نشاط اقتصادى وتوز.المختلفـة طبقاً لمجموعات المھـن

ى إمكانیة كل نشــــاط اقتصــــادى فوالتعــــرف علـــى قدرةــــل توفیـــر فرص عمـــل جدیدة والتى تساعـــد علــــى تقلی

.معــدالت البطالـــــة الوقوف على وجـود او عدم وجود طاقة غیر مستغلة وأسباب

.وجود الطاقة الغیر مستغلة فى كل نشاط اقتصادىالتعــــرف علــــى مدى تطبیق قواعـــــد المحافظـــــة علــــى

.البیئـــــــــة نشطـة األممثالً لجمیع للمنشآت العامـــلة إطـــار حدیثتوفیـر

.لخدمـــــة اإلحصاءات الجاریةاالقتصادیـــــة

البیانات التى یوفرھا التعداد

ائص المنشآت یوفر التعداد األخیر كم كبیر من البیانات التفصیلیة عن خص:العاملة فى كافة األنشطة االقتصادیة كاآلتى

صفة المنشأه ، الكیان القانونى ، قیمة رأس المال:البیانـات العامـھناعى ومصدره ، تاریخ بدء مزاولة النشاط الحالى ، السجل التجارى والص

، القروض التى تم الحصول علیھا خالل العام المرجعى العمـالھ واألجـور:

العمالھ طبقاً لآلتى: أناث–ذكور : النوع مؤقت–دائم : درجھ االستقراربدون أجر-بأجر : العمل

األجور النقدیة والمزایا العینیة والتأمینات االجتماعیة : األجور

البیانات التى یوفرھا التعداد

مستلزمـات السلعیةال : محلى ومستورد ( الخامات الرئیسیة والمساعدة( الوقود والزیوت والشحومات. الكھربــــــــاء.مواد تعبئة وتغلیف ، قطع غیار ومھمات ،أدوات كتابیة :مستلزمات سلعیة أخرى

.ومطبوعات ، میاه ،أخرى

مصروفات تشغیل لدى الغیر ، مصروفات صیانة:المصروفات الخدمیة ،.مصروفات أبحاث وتجارب ، إیجار آالت ومعدات ووسائل نقل وانتقاالت الخ

لسلعیة اإلیجارات الفعلیة والمحسوبة ، الضرائب والرسوم ا:المصروفات األخرى.الخ 000، فوائد مدفوعة ، تعویضات وغرامات ، تبرعات وإعانات

صدیرمحلى وت(اإلنتاج الفعلى بسعر البیع ، المبیعات : اإلنتاج والمبیعـات. (

البیانات التى یوفرھا التعداد ات ایرادات تشغیل للغیر ، خدمات مباعة ، ایرادات األوراق المالیة ، ایراد:اإلیرادات

عانات سنوات سابقة ، مشغوالت داخلیة تامة ، عائد بضائع مشتراه بغرض البیع ، إ.الخ...إنتاج ، المخلفات

إنتاج غیر تام ، خامات ، الوقود والزیوت ) :أول العام وآخر العام ( المخــزونوالشحومات ، مواد تعبئة وتغلیف ، قطع غیار ومواد ومھمات، أدوات كتابیھ

.الخ...ومطبوعات ، مخلفات وخرده مستوردةمحلیھ و(القیمة الصافیة لألصل أول العام ، اإلضافات :حركة األصول الثابتة (

صل ، االستبعادات ، اإلھالك العام، القیمة الصافیة آخر العام كل ھذا طبقاً لنوع االدد أراضى ، مبانى وانشاءات ومرافق وطرق ، آالت ومعدات ، وسائل نقل وانتقال ، ع(

وأدوات ، اثاث ومعدات مكاتب ، برامج جاھزه ، أجھزة حاسب ، ثروه حیوانیة ومائیة).الخ ....

تكوین استثمارى ، إنفاق استثمارى:المشروعات تحت التنفیذ. وفیق األوضاع النفایات أو المخلفات ونوعھا وكیفیة التصرف فیھا وت:البیانات البیئیـة

.مع البیئةق المتوسط من خریجى التعلیم الفنى المتوسط وفواالحتیاجات المستقبلیة من العمالة

والتعلیم الجامعى

األنشطة االقتصادیة فى التعداداستغــــالل المناجـــم والمحاجـــر -أ

الصناعــــــــــات التحویلیــــــة–ب صیانــة وإصالح المركبـات ذات المحركـــات والمعدات واألجھزة والسلع -ج

الشخصیة والمنزلیة .تجـــــارة الجملة والتجزئــــــة-د

.المطاعم ومحـال األكل والمقاھـي ومحـال الشرب-ھـ .النقــــــــــل والتخـــــــــــزیـــــــــــن-و .خدمات األعمـال والخدمات االجتماعیة والشخصیة-ز .التعلیـم فــــــى المــدارس والمعاھـد والكلیـات-ح . أنشــــطة التعلیــــم األخــــرى-ط .الزراعــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــة-ك . االتصــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــاالت-ل

اتھا إلى تحدید االحصاءات الجاریة التى سیتم إضافة بیانالبیانات المناظرة بالتعداد لتعكس النتائج الوضعل االعما/االقتصادى داخل المنشات بكل من القطاع العام

العام والقطاع الخاص- أعمال عام/ قطاع عام (النشرة السنویة إلحصاء اإلنتاج الصناعى.(- مشتغلین فأكثر 10( قطاع خاص النشرة السنویة إلحصاء اإلنتاج الصناعى.(- أعمال عام ، قطاع خاص /قطاع عام( النشرة السنویة إلحصاء التشیید والبناء.(- أعمال عام ، قطاع خاص/قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاء الكھرباء والطاقة.(- أعمال/قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات النقل العام للركاب داخل وخارج المدن

)عام ،قطاع خاص- مال عام ، أع/طاع عام( النشرة السنویة لنشاط نقل البضائع والركاب فى النقل النھرى

)قطاع خاص - أعمال عام/قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات النقل الجوى للشركات الوطنیة ،

)قطاع خاص - أعمال عام ، قطاع /قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات التخزین لحساب الغیر

)خاص


العام والقطاع الخاص

-قطاع (ة النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات االتصاالت السلكیة والالسلكی)أعمال عام /عام

- أعمال عام/قطاع عام( النشرة السنویة لتجارة الجملة والتجزئة(- األعمال / اإلحصاءات والمؤشرات المالیة لشركات القطاع العام

العام-اإلحصاءات والمؤشرات المالیة واإلقتصادیة للبنوك وشركات

)أعمال عام ، قطاع خاص /قطاع عام( التأمین والصرافة والسمسرة - النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات الصحف والدوریات- أعمال/قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات السینما والمسرح

)عام، قطاع خاص


العام والقطاع الخاص

- ام، أعمال ع/قطاع عام(النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات الخدمات الصحیة)قطاع خاص

- أعمال/قطاع عام( النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات الخدمات االجتماعیة)عام ، قطاع خاص

- ل أعما/قطاع عام( النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات الرعایة اإلجتماعیة)عام ، قطاع خاص

-یاضیة النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات النشاط الریاضى فى المنشآت الر)أعمال عام ، قطاع خاص /قطاع عام(-لسیاحیة النشرة السنویة إلحصاءات مقومات النشاط الفندقى والقرى ا

)أعمال عام ، قطاع خاص/قطاع عام(

تطویر استمارات ھذه اإلحصاءات قبل البدء فى تنفیذ التعدادلتتماشى مع استمارات التعداد

- توحید المفاھیم والتعاریف الخاصة ببنود ھذهاالستمارات

-آت توحید البیانات العامة التى تستوفى عن المنش.- توحید جداول العمالة فى جمیع االستمارات.-ى توحید العناصر األساسیة فى الجداول األخرى ف

وناتھا االستمارات حیث تختلف طبیعة ھذه العناصر ومك.من نشاط آلخر

- توحید مخرجات األنشطة المختلفة.

Economic Census and the Economic Indicators - Sherine Al-Shawarby

Government & Nonprofit

Transcript of Economic Census and the Economic Indicators - Sherine Al-Shawarby