BHRM02C02 Personal Effectiveness Dr. Sherine Fathy El-Fekey Second Semester 2008-2009

8/14/2019 BHRM02C02 Personal Effectiveness Dr. Sherine Fathy El-Fekey Second Semester 2008-2009

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BHRM02C02

Personal Effectiveness

Dr. Sherine Fathy El-Fekey

Second Semester 2008-2009

Habit 4 Think Win/Win

Team leader: Hekmat Momtaz

Menna Farouk

Dina El Sherbini

Dayana Hussein

Sandra Ramez

Mark George

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Hekmat Momtaz Finished English 3

Y 3

Thorough explanation and analysis of the chosen habit; theoretically

as well as practically

It's the fourth habit of "the 7 habits for highly effective

people" by Stephen R. Covey, this habit is a philosophy that shows

how humans interact with each other it's not a personalitytechnique that can be learned or applied. It represents the

foundation of building interdependence achieving the public victory

and how to deal with other people, to have mutual beneficial

relationships, interact in an effective and profitable way without

causing harm to others, and to have a higher way. People are

initially dependent on each other, and in the first three habits we go

through the transition between dependence and independence. Inorder to be Interdependent, you have to have the foundation of

independence. It's also called "the habit of effective interpersonal

leadership."

There are six paradigms of human

interaction:

consideration

3

Lose/win

win/win

Lose/lose

win/lose


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Courage

1.Win/ win:

Seeking a third alternative, getting to a final solution

that pleases both parties, it's about getting a beneficial deal at

the end without causing harm to anybody. It's more like acting

in a cooperative way all the time. It's characterized by a high

level of consideration of others as well as high level of

courage to take any action. And that happened in our

management presentation with Dr. Eid, it was a play, we all

wanted to win as well as we wanted to the other members of

our team, we helped each other because we had to build amutual benefit by all doing great in the play because it was

graded as a group so we cooperated, so we got an A+ and we

were one of the best three teams that year.

2.Win/ lose:

It's based on competition, position, authority, or power ingetting their way. Not trying to have any mutual benefits.

One's success is built on the other's failure. What explains this

philosophy the best is the example of the book, about the man

who wanted to increase cooperation in his company, so he

was trying to make them work more and produce more by

making them compete on wining a trip to Bermuda if they do

well (win/ lose) so as a result they were frustrated. Win/ lose isa competition process based on low-trust existence, it's

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dysfunctional to interdependence because of its characterizing

by high level of courage but a low level of consideration it's a

selfish act that seeks to achieve only one way.

3.Lose/ win:

It's the worst it seeks no expectations, people who think

in this way are very easy to please and also appease, the win/

lose people with their power and authority take advantage of

the lose/ win people's weakness so that they achieve their

success on other's failure. They keep things bottled up, a

writer once said "unexpressed feelings never die" so when

they try to express themselves they do but in an ugly way they

are the best in being afraid of others and taking others in

consideration because of that fear.

4.Lose/ lose:

It appears when two people think in the same way "win/

lose" they both are seeking their own benefits and want to

impose their way not the other's way without considering other

opinion, it represents the lowest levels of consideration as well

as levels of culture. It appears when both parties are at the

lowest levels of consideration and courage. I used to play in a

basketball team I was the leader, the star of the team but

suddenly what I am good at was threaten by another team

member, we went to a fierce competition and wanted to shine

and win and we forgot about our team so we all lost at the

end.

5.Win:

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It's a good way to interact with others but it's

characterized by a low level of consideration and courage as

well as low level of interaction with others, you don't even

need to interact with others in order to win, work on your ownway to accomplish your own success, people think in that way

to secure the result at the end. It's like a B student all what he

wants at the end is to succeed by getting a B he doesn't seek

other's failure to achieve his success. He's not affected by

other's success or failure he only seeks his success. He wants

to win.

6.Win/ win or no deal:

Being a win/ win or no deal person is having a thinking

way that serve the deal; it's about getting a third alternative or a

two way deal. It's either pleasing both parties or not. Here the

person who thinks this way prefers not to have a deal instead of

taking a decision that he regrets later. For example it's when an

owner is trying to have a deal with a supplier; he wants to get the

best deal by getting a mutual benefit (win/ win) so he has to

compromise a little as well as the supplier to not lose their long-

term relationship; if they didn't get to a final solution that pleases

both parties so no deal is the better solution.

The five dimensions of win/ win:

1.Character: it's the base of building this habit, there are three

character traits to think win/ win

a(Integrity: being honest with me and with others creates self-

awareness and independence that make our commitments

and promises kept so win/ win turn out to be effective

technique.

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b(Maturity: "its balance between courage and consideration"

which is having the courage to tell whatever you want and at

anytime with a high sense of consideration for others.

c(Abundance mentality: it's completes the foundation of the

characters; it's about the concept of "there is a plenty out

there for everybody", so that means they have openness to

the win/ win think. There's another type of people with a zero-

sum mentality who don't have the ability to win/ win who seek

profit.

2(Relationships: the win/ win relationships are built from

the basis of the character; trust can increase the deposits

of the emotional bank account so people act more openly

based on that trust and mutual respect, which makes the

focusing on the main problem not on personal problems;

which lead to the appreciation of the other point of view

and making beneficial relationships that can easily seek the

profit of all the parties.

3(Agreements: gives definition and guidelines of win/ win;

which covers a huge range of interdependent acts. It

consists of these five elements:

a(Desired results: what needs to be done, at what time.

b(Guidelines: instructions to be followed in order to achieve

the best results.

c(Resources: what's in hand that helps in achieving those

results.

d(Accountability: putting principles and values on which

evaluation are made at the right time.

e(Consequences: taking in consideration the good results as

well as the bad ones and predict the results by evaluating the

performance.

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2(Systems: in order to be maintained in an organization;

its system has to be spoken, rewarded as well. If you want

to have a win/ win thinking at the end you first have to actthis way rewarding others have to be based on a win/ win

act so to not ending up a win/ lose or even a lose/ win

situation.

3(Process: is how to arrive to a win/ win end; it's a four

steps process for those who are seeking a win/ win solution

at the end.

1-Putting ourselves in the other party's place

and see the problem from his own eyes not

from others and to understand his situation and

what's he's passing through.

2-Recognizing the problems and see their

causes and effects.

3-Having a solution for these problems found

that pleases all parties.

4-Make new ways to achieve those results

easily.

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9

Supportive systems (4) and Processes (5)1Character

2

Relationship

3

Agreement


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communication will be not only downward communication from

manager to employee, but also it is going to be upward from

employee to managers and lateral between people from the same

level, from department to another. That is due to that in a win/winorganization sharing information is very important and in such an

organization cooperation is extremely needed. This means that they

will have to use an all channel means in order to not waste time

and to make the employees feel satisfied and important.

Grapevine, which is an informal communication network. In

other words they are called rumors, win/win organizations usually

have little or none of that because they use all means to make sure

that everyone is involved and knows what is going on. In a win/win

organization members are informed by everything and information

is shared and there is no need for grapevine. That will lead to

Knowledge management, which is one of the big concepts that are

required in a win/win organization, because it basically means that

all of the information in an organization is taken and goes to the

right people in the right time, in order to help in a negotiation or

decision making.

A win/win leader can be a mix of charismatic, level-5 and

transformational leadership, because they need to be able to

influence their followers in a extraordinary way, they need to be

able to make followers put their own self-interest in to the

organization and work for the good of it. Therefore in brief they

need to have team skills, individual competence and an ability to

stimulate others to high performance. For example if a certain

employee is having trouble adapting to a task or is not convinced

and thinks that it is too much of a risk, then the leader should have

the ability to convince and motivate this employee with the task and

how it is actually good for the company and for him/her. Also, a

win/win leader should be an authentic leader because they should

has ethics and trust built in to everything they do, especially in

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sharing information and communicating. There should be an

identification-based trust between the two parties in order to be in a

win/win agreement. For example, if a husband and wife decide to

balance the finance of their family together and to share all kinds ofinformation about the financial aspect of their family, with no

restriction. Then a week later the wife goes and buys expensive

shoes and does not tell her husband. In this case she has broken the

trust between them and it is no longer a win/win agreement

because all she has in mind is her own well being and happiness not

putting in mind the fact that he is depriving him self from things.

Win/win in general, supports functional conflict, which is

conflict that improves the performance, because win/win is made in

order to help organizations perform better, with excellent relations

with all the people around it. On the other hand there are things

that stand in the way of win/win people while negotiating to try and

reach a solution. One of these things is the communication itself,

the semantic difficulties and misunderstandings can easily occur

between people. The other thing is personal variables such as,

values and beliefs, personality types and emotions and moods.

Since these things differ from one person to the other, it can

sometimes cause major differences.

The major thing that influences whether you are a win/win

person or not are your intentions:

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Source: K. Thomas, Conflict and Negotiation Processes in Organizations, in M.D. Dunnette and L.M.Hough (eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed., vol. 3 (Palo Alto, CA:

Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992), p. 668. With permission.

Cooperativeness is to satisfy the other partys needs and

assertiveness is attempting to satisfy an individuals own needs.

There are five types of intentions:

1(The first type is avoiding, which is low on both. This is a

lose/lose person who does not care much about him or others.

S/he is simply avoiding the problem.2(The second type is accommodating, which is high on

cooperativeness and low on assertiveness. This is a lose/win

person who does not care about himself, he cares more about

satisfying the other party and if they are satisfied then s/he is

also satisfied.

3(The third type is competing, which is high on assertivenessand low on cooperativeness. This person is a win/lose person

who only cares about satisfying himself and always being the

winner or always being first, no matter what it takes. This type

includes a lot of competition between the parties.

4(The fourth type is compromising; a person cannot exactly

identify this type as being win/win or win/lose, because youcannot tell the winner from the loser. This is due to that each

party compromises and it ends up with both parties not

satisfied.

5(The last type is collaborating, which is high on both and that

is a win/win person. A person who wants to satisfy his needs

and others as well.

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In general the win/win attitude is related to a lot of the

materials studied in organizational behavior and personal

effectiveness. There is a lot more than what I have mentioned

above, but basically that is the brief relation and the most importantlinks.

Reference:

)Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A.) (2009) Organizational Behavior. USA: Pearson

Prentice Hall

)De Janasz, S.C & Dowd, K.O & Schneider, B.Z) (2009) Interpersonal Skills

in Organizations. USA: McGraw Hill

)Covey, S.R.) The 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People

Linking and relating this habit to new topics from external

sources as a result of your further readings and research

I am going to relate the habit of interpersonal leadership with

new topics from external sources and daily life experience.

To cite an example that will be linked to the habit win/win and

its definition, Orange Company is a very good example that will

describe what win/win habit aims for. The logo of the Orange

Company is Together we can do more, this logo symbolizes the

aim of habit win /win as it indicates that all people inside this

company are working cooperatively not competitively. According toone of my visits to this company as I was doing a research on it, I

entered Orange Company and I was fascinated with the spirit of the

team work that people are working with from top managers to small

employees. The advantage of this company is that all parties feel

good about the decisions and feel committed to the action plan

which is considered from my point of view an encouragement for all

members to develop their potential as they feel a part of thecompany.

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Win/lose means that If I win, you lose and win/lose is the

authoritarian approach. Win/lose people are prone to use position

and power to get their way. Relating this habit to a close experience

I have in my mind, I have a friend of mine whose father occupy anauthoritarian position in the government and he thinks always that

he is the best person ever, no one can think accurately more than

him; and he is the only one who is capable of taking decisions. He

thinks that he is the one who must win, and all people around him

are foolish and losers. He always uses his position and power to

influence and make people do things for his own benefit without

considering other people feelings or desires. To illustrate a good

example, one day I was with my friend and her father attending a

concert for the spring, and her father entered the hall and went to

sit in the first row as he was usually used to, but a man came to him

and said to him politely that he will not be able to sit here because

this place is reserved for other people. My friends father told him

that he is working in an authoritarian position in the government,

but the man replied to him by saying, Thats non of my business

and this is the rule of the place. My friends father broke the rules

and he sent to this man body guards to beat the man and the body

guards broke the mans leg and car in order to give him a lesson

how to deal with their masters.

According to the meaning of Lose/win approach, it illustrates

that the people who belong to this approach are seeking strength

from popularity and acceptance and have little courage to express

their own feelings. Relating this habit by external sources. One of

the famous examples that we see everyday, Hershey Foods

Corporation, a leading snack food marketer and the largest North

American confectionery company declared a $500,000 donation to

the UNCF to establish the UNCF/Hershey Foods Scholarship. The

fund will benefit students who are from the Harrisburg, Lancaster

and Lebanon, Pennsylvania school area. This is a clear example thatillustrate the lose/ win concept as these cooperation donated with a

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huge amount of money for the sake for doing something good and

beneficial to other party .for sure this company donated with

500,000 $ but from my point of view the companys name gained

the world of mouth.

According to lose/lose habit, is the philosophy of the highly

dependent person without inner direction. After reading the story of

Romeo and Juliet I think that this story is very perfect and famous

example of Lose/Lose habit because as we know that Romeo is very

dependent , he doesnt live without his love, which is Juliet. And

also he depends his life on Juliet. Relating this situation to lose/lose

habit when Juliet killed herself by taking a toxin, Romeo couldnt

live without her as a result he decided to kill himself also in order to

be loyal to her and he didnt imagine marrying another one.

According to win/win or no deal habit, it means, No deal

means basically means that if we can find a solution that would

benefit us both, we agree to disagree agreeably- No deal. No

expectation has been created, no performance, contractsestablished. A very famous example in win or no deal concept for

example west life band could be an example that will illustrate the

concept of win or no deal. They were a good team when a song

sounds popular people say that all the team made an effort and

they all win. Their success is considered a result for their

cooperation. On the contrary, when they decided to spread

according to the news that we hear and read in newspapers andsaw on TV, when every one of them began to became famous and

every one has his own style in singing and addressing music

according to his taste, every one of spread as there is no deal and

no common ground to stand on like in the past.

As recommended, the paper is discussing the interpersonal

habits and relating these habits with external sources. To wrap up,

you cannot find two people to be identical, they for sure are going to

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be different and all of us will not tailor a person that has all the good

characteristics. We as human beings, we should adapt with each

other.

Reference:

1.http://www.lycos.com/info/donation--company.html

Discuss how this habit can affect peoples personal development

(personality traits, behavior , attitudes, feelings and emotions,perception ...

etc(.

Think win/ win is a philosophy of interaction; it's affected by

many factors such as personal development, personal traits,

attitudes and behavior, feelings, emotions and perception. In orderto be a win/win person you have to have certain personality traits

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and special attitudes and behaviors. If these things are not available

then it will end up being one of the other six paradigms such as

win/lose, lose/lose, lose/win, win and win or no deal.

Firstly, a person has to have certain personality traits he or

she has to be skillful, self-confident, has to have large amounts of

information has to be friendly and can deal with any situation that

comes up on the spot. He has to be not defensive and not cynical in

order to have proper behavior and attitudes to help him/her interact

with others in a good way. S/he has to be emotionally stable in order

to give the right response at the right time and not split or ruin

relationships. Also, they have to deal with their frustrations on the

spot in order not to have any bottled up and have them influence

them badly. They have to try to be satisfied towards people in order

to work more effectively and be more productive. A win/win person

should have their own perception of everything but should not be

strict and should be open to discuss it.

A win/win attitude effects a person's personality traits; so if

there is a person that's born selfish and he is in an environment of

people who think win/ win hes forced to act as a win/ win. Because

all the people around him wish the best for each other, therefore its

going to be hard to build his success on other's failure. Since each

person has different personality traits, therefore win/win will be

implemented differently from one person to the other. For example,

there is a person who is born with win/win attitudes within him.

There is another person who learns how to be win/win through

sessions and training. This proves that win/win is implemented or

engraved in one person differently than the other.

Secondly, attitudes and behaviors are affected by the win/win

attitude because if a person tends to be defensive and cynical, they

tend to not welcome people into their private zone and they tend to

not like to be close to people and to share information and trust.That is the total opposite of a win/win person. Their behavior and

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attitudes should be positive, trustworthy, reliable and an activist.

For example, I was once in a group meeting and one of the people

had an argument with the leader, the leader gave him a very

diplomatic answer that the person sat down and could not answerhim back. Due to the leaders response that person decided to work

quietly and did not disagree.

Thirdly, emotions, feelings and moods, they have to be stable

and not get influenced majorly by situation. If a win/win person gets

influenced by their emotions for example I and my friend are

working in a company and I am the manger of the company and my

friend is an employee, thus when my friend makes something wrong

in his work and this lapse will cause the company to enormous lose,

despite of the flaws that will found in the organization I skip those

flows to keep friendship. A win/ win person has to show the emotion

that serves the deal.

The perception is affected by the win/win circumstances; in a

similar situation a person's perception could totally change just in

order to achieve a mutual benefit; one must consider comprising or

rearranging their priorities in order to achieve a status of win/win.

The trick to coming in terms with this goal is to try to change the

other party's perception without taking them to the cleaners or

causing them any harm. For example, a colleague of mine was in

business of ordering clothes and products from abroad and selling

them in a shop locally which was also based on orders kind of like

eBay only it wasnt online, his business partner was the person who

travelled and personally bought the products, my colleague decided

that there wasnt enough profit in the organization so she decided

she didnt want to make it personalized orders but like a tasteful

selection from abroad as well as locally. So after informing her

business partner she convinced him with her opinion by showing

him that this way would be much more rewarding and will help their

store be more famous, and she teamed her partner up with a stylist

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who followed her inspirations and her personal taste. This resulted

in the store making much more profit and being well known for its

tasteful respectable products.

In conclusion, I would have to say that in my own personal

point of view a win/win mentality can only be located in an

emotionally developed individual, and is the end product of a fully

functional human being with beliefs and moralities that come hand

in hand with integrity, general courtesy and an all in all good nature

towards other people in all his relationships.

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Discuss how this habit can affect peoples career development

(performance, effectiveness, quality, commitment, satisfaction,

productivity etc(.

The win/win philosophy affects several things in career

development such as: performance, effectiveness, quality,

satisfaction, and productivity.

First, satisfaction is affected by the win/ win thinking; because

when two people think win/ win both of them will be satisfied by

getting a mutual benefit at the end of the situation. For example

when an employee works in an organization and has successfully

achieved a certain goal, then he is rewarded by the manager so he

is going to be satisfied and motivated to give more.

Here what causes this satisfaction is thinking in a win/win

way. This satisfaction will lead to high performance. When the

employee will come up with new ideas therefore s/he will have a

win/win attitude as he achieves a win to himself and to the

organization. That will affect the performance of the employees

within the organization positively; therefore employees will work

more by giving more effort so this will lead to increase the profit of

the organization. For example, I have 10 people working in my

store, I found that when there is a day where I upset them and treat

them badly, their satisfaction decreases and at the end of the day

that the profit decreases majorly. On the other hand when I reward

them and I apologized to them because I treated them badly, I

found out that the result is that they are satisfied and at the end of

the day the profit doubles.

Second, having a win/win attitude will cause the employees to

want their organization to be as successful as they are. That will

lead the employees to work more and contribute more to theorganization, therefore causing profits to increase and for their

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organization to expand and be more profitable and successful. Old

employees are at advantage because they would want the

organization to succeed because they have been with the

organization for a longer time and have seen it grow, that showshow committed they are to the organization and to their work.

Therefore they will generate new innovative ideas and that will help

them perform better.

Third, productivity having a win/win attitude will affect the

productivity positively and it will increase due to the mutual benefit

between the employee and the organization .win/win attitude is very

important in the productivity variable .because thinking in one of

the other alternatives other than win/win attitude will cause

decreasing in the productivity .all the employees must be totally

happy to give more and increase the productivity. for example if im

a win/lose personality I will want the employees to be more

productive and I will not care about anything else .for example I

want to gain more profit so I will not care about their salaries that

much. this will cause to the decrease of the productivity .therefore

in other wise I must be a win/win personality .I must give them high

salaries to be more and more productive

Fourth, effectiveness, being a win/win person will cause the

organization to be more effective because it will maintain

relationships with other organizations. It will be different than other

organizations that have a win/lose personality they only win on

others failure. And this will cause on the long term lose/lose and this

will cause the effectiveness of the organization to decrease. For

example a manger is used to win in his company and he used to be

successful as usual, thus he makes something that encourage

employees to make a perfect job and makes deal with them by

giving them reward in order to make their job valuable and

successful and to be an effective organization ever.

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Fifth, Quality, the person who becomes a win/win person by

being effective, productive, satisfied and with high performance

then this persons work will be of high quality. For example, when an

employee is satisfied then automatically he will perform better andthey will be more effective and therefore he becomes more

productive. If all of the above is done then obviously the quality of

the work will be superior. For example, you are working in Microsoft

company the biggest company in software development and

obviously all of the standards effecting employee work are high

.therefore the quality must be perfect.

A win/win personality is the best due to all of the above

because anything other than win/win it will be temporary winning

.there fore all employees and leaders in my own point of view must

have a win/win personality to be always on the success high way.

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Relate your habit with your culture; discussing how different

cultures may affect, encourage, or discourage such a habit

There are six paradigms of human interaction. Win/ win is not

a technique it is a total philosophy of human interaction. The

win/win process has four steps, first see the problem from others

point of view, in terms of the needs of the other party. Secondidentify the key issues and concerns involved. Third determine what

results would make a fully acceptable solution. Fourth identify new

options to achieve those results. People who use the win/win

philosophy must be creative in having new options for achieving

results. Thinking win/win is a frame of mind that seeks mutual

benefit and it is based on mutual respect. It is reasonable for all

parties. In our culture, the habit think win-win is not applied to allpeople. There are three types of people in our culture:

First, People who think win-win are few in our culture. There

are people who use win-win philosophy by taking advantage of a

certain situation or certain negotiation and also letting the other

party take the same advantage, so the two parties are satisfied.

These people, who think win-win, are the best in achieving their

goals effectively because there will be a satisfaction between the

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two parties so they will have a good relationship and they have the

potential of repeating the business again, therefore it is a long-run

win. Think win-win will affect our culture positively because thinking

win-win will cause long term relationships and businesses, and bythat our culture will be developed. For example: if I am a team

leader I am going to think about how to win and also allow the other

members of my team to win, also as we all are in one team and one

situation. Another example: if there is an agreement or even trust

between employees and a manager in an organization both are

going to succeed in their work as there will be satisfaction between

them and both will win at the end as they are in the same

organization.

Second, nowadays most of the people use the win/lose

philosophy; people seek to have their own desires and disregard the

other party. Win/lose people are prone to use position, power,

credentials, possessions or personality to get their way. This does

not help our cultures development because people would not have

long-term relationships, businesses will not be repeated and that is

what most people do in our culture. For example: A normal football

team when playing a match they are always aiming to win and

wanting the other team to lose. So at this situation the team uses

the win/lose philosophy.

Third, there are people who uses lose/lose philosophy, people

care more about relation no matter how it affects them, and they

sacrifice for the sake of the other party. These people are rare in our

culture because people now care more about their own desires and

not about helping others. For example: hurting other people also

hurts ourselves we may not feel it, we may feel better as we do

revenge to the other party, but looking at thing as a whole it just

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what situation you are in at that time, what you want to achieve,

and what the other person wants to achieve.

Reference:

1.http://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtml (win/win process(2.http://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtml (thinking win/win is a

frame of mind(3.The seven habits for highly effective people coveys book

4.http://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWin (thebest option really depends on what situation you are in at that time, what

you want to achieve, and what the other person wants to achieve.
http://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWinhttp://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://www.profitadvisors.com/win-win.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://billfitzpatrick.com/AP/read/28.shtmlhttp://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWinhttp://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWinhttp://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWinhttp://www.flippingheck.com/7-Habits-Habit-4----Think-WinWin

BHRM02C02 Personal Effectiveness Dr. Sherine Fathy El-Fekey Second Semester 2008-2009

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