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Executive summary

The purpose of this report was to analyze Eco-tourism practices in Sri Lanka,

identify the problems and negative gaps in order to create an action plan

concentrating on a part of the island which can be implemented to attract more

tourists while getting the use of Sri Lankan natural heritage.

This report indicates the problems, strengths, weaknesses of the selected location

and opportunities and threats from the external parts which are largely

uncontrollable. This report describes how to utilize strengths and how to capitalize

upon opportunities before they are lost. This report also describes how to minimize

weaknesses and different recommendations to overcome threats.

The research team conducted researches based on the area which has been

located, to identify current trade practices and also conducted web based

researches to identify best trade practices of a benchmarking location which is

similar or related to the area of Sri Lanka.

The research team compared the benchmarking location with the location of Sri

Lanka in order to identify negative gaps and also provide recommendations that

can be practically implemented by the ministry of environment to bridge the

negative gap

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Table of contents

1.0

Introduction

..3

2.0 Background to Eco-friendly tourism in Dambulla

..4

2.1 Current Eco-friendly tourism trade practices Followed by the hotels inDambulla...................4

3.0 Strengths- weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT)

Analysis.7

3.1 Strengths

3.2 Weaknesses

3.3 Opportunities

3.4 Threats

4.0

Benchmarking

..10

4.1 Preface to Eco-friendly tourism In Lumbini

10

5.0 Gap

analysis

.13

6.0 Conclusions

.15

7.0

Recommendations

.16

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8.0 References

..17

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10 Introduction

This report was requested by Mr. George Siriwardena deputy general of ministry of

environment. This report is a detailed action plan which can be implemented by the

ministry of environment to promote eco friendly tourism in Sri Lanka and also

provide information from both primary and secondary sources and useful

recommendations from the point of view of an environmental sustainability

consultant.

According to Eco friendly tourism (n.d.)Ecotourism is Ecological sustainable tourism

with a primary focus of experiencing natural areas and fosters environmental and

cultural understanding and improves the well-being of local people.

Based on the definition of TIES we conducted primary researches concentrating on

Dambulla which is situated in the Mathale District in the Central province of Sri

Lanka. The research team Identified Current Eco- friendly practices and Philosophies

followed by the hotels and resorts of Dambulla.

This report also explains the role of the local people and determines how to get

their knowledge and skills towards the development of Eco-friendly Tourism.

Therefore the research team examined how hotels and resorts of Dambulla have

helped the local communities. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, the

research team identified that there are more opportunities in the present than the

past due to end of war in May 2009. Nevertheless there were internal weaknesses

of our selected location. Dambulla has only limited number of hotel rooms and only

two hotels are certified as Eco-friendly hotels by NGOs. Sri Lankan Government also

does not offer a standard certificate for environmental friendly eco-tourism

practices. Even though Dambulla is one of the best places for eco-tourism some

resorts are not utilizing the strengths of the location to the expected level.

The Serendib businesses solutions research team identified different alternatives

that can be used to solve problems faced by Dambulla as an eco-tourism

destination. Serendib business solutions also analyzed the current trade practicesand situation in Dambulla and benchmarked other practices followed in Lumbini In

Nepal since the Social, cultural, economical and religious background of two

locations are related to one another. The research team compared the practices

and policies followed in Lumbini and Dambulla in order to identify negative gaps

and also provide recommendations that can be practically implemented by the

ministry of environment to bridge the negative gaps.

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20 Background to Eco-friendly tourism In Dambulla

According to Eco friendly tourism (n.d.) Ecotourism is Ecological sustainable

tourism with a primary focus of experiencing natural areas and fosters

environmental and cultural understanding and improves the well-being of local

people.

Ecotourism was first introduced in Africa in the 1950s with the legalization of

hunting (Miller, 2007).

Eco Tourism concepts were introduced to Sri Lanka in 1998 by Sri Lanka Eco-

tourism Foundation (SLEF).SLEF has identified several eco tourism locations in Sri

Lanka such as Belihul oya, Arugam Bay, Trincomalee, Bundala National Park and

Dambulla( Sri Lanka Eco-tourism Foundation, n.d.)

According to Serendipty Tours (2007) Sri Lanka is an eco tourism paradise, with 8th

wonder of the world SIGIRYA in Dambulla.

The two main Eco friendly certified hotels in Dambulla are Amaaya Lake Resort and

Heritance Kandalama. Heritance Kandalama won Asias Responsible Tourism Award

for large hotel category in 2010( Aitken Spence, 2010).

2.1Current Eco-friendly tourism trade practices Followed by the

hotels in Dambulla

Heritance Kandalama is a Certified Eco-friendly Hotel which is also one of the best

Eco-friendly hotels in Asia. Heritance Hotel represents a unique Green Philosophy

that combines responsible tourism with environment friendliness. The Heritance

Kandalama has won awards as one of the most eco-friendly hotels in the world. It is

by far the most environment friendly hotel in Sri Lanka. Heritance hotels have

pioneered eco tourism in Sri Lanka(Green Philosophy, n.d.).

Geoffrey Bawas visionary architectural design

Heritance kandalama was designed by Geoffrey Bawa, a world famous architecture.

Geoffrey Bawas visionary architectural design has ensured that no lights are

required anywhere in the hotel during daytime. All spaces are designed to receive

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an adequate amount of natural light. As a result of something as simple as the

allowance for lighting, the hotel makes a substantial saving in the energy that is

consumed (Green Philosophy, n.d.)

Eco-friendly practices followed by heritance Kandalama whenbuilding the hotel

The hotel was built between two rock formations and none of the trees on the

location were destroyed. The entire hotel is built on a raised platform allowing water

to flow under the hotel. It also allows the free flow of animals under the hotel,

creating a minimum impact on the eco system.

Energy conservation policy

The hotel has a comprehensive energy conservation policy with power cut-off

switches, energy efficient lighting (CFL bulbs), photo active garden lights and solar

power hot water systems. Heritance Kandalama uses a bio mass plant which uses

renewable sources such as leaves, cow dung and elephant dung provided by

villagers instead of depleting source to generate power. Heritance Kandalama also

has joined hands with Sri Lankan Sustainable energy authority and also has won

certificates from ministry of environment, tourism and energy for the contribution to

Environment conservation (Energy, Water and Waste Management, n.d.).

Water conservation P olicy

The hotel also has a comprehensive water conservation policy where no surface

water is utilized. Even though the hotel is surrounded by the 1700 year old

reservoirs, this water has been untouched and none of it is used for hotel use.

Water is obtained from deep tube wells in a sustainable manner. In addition, rain

water is harvested from a maze of gutters. 100% waste water is painstakingly

recycled by a state-of-the art facility and reused resulting in reduction of fresh

water use Energy, Water and Waste Management, n.d.).

Environment Conservation Policy

In order to prevent deforestation and the construction of unauthorized artificial

structures the hotel has invested in creating the conservational forest of over 200

acres. This includes part of the 50 acres of land within the hotel premises and a

dedicated forest conservation of 198 acres. This reservation area would be the

home for 128 species of native flora, 183 species of birds, 19 species of reptiles and

amphibians, 17 species of mammals and 64 species of butterflies. Furthermore no

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plants have been introduced by the hotel itself in order to maintain the natural

habitat of the area (Bio Diversity Protection & Conservation Forest, n.d.).

Eco Parks and other Eco-friendly activitiesThe Eco Park is one of the unique attractions of Kandalama. It includes a range of

features including our wildlife orphanage, state-of-the-art waste water recycling

plant, compost fertilizer pits, wet and solid waste recycling centres, elephant dung

paper making facility, herbal garden, eco library and open air sports facilities.

The Elephant dung paper making plant which is managed by the hotel, Makes

handmade writing papers according to international standards and also imported to

countries like USA and other Western European counties. Elephant dung paper

manufacturing helps the conservation of this endangered and largest of land

animals (elephant dung paper.n.d.).

Helping Local Communities

Heritance Kandalama provides career opportunities to more than 220 employees

from local communities on full time permanent basis and trains and recruits

unemployed youth from surrounding villages. Heritance Kandalama also gives a

helping hand to Substantial numbers of local craftsmen/women are provided a

market place to sell their crafts and local artists, drummers and dancers areencouraged by the hotel by developing and promoting traditional Sri Lankan art

forms while earning them a livelihood. This also helps to revive disappearing

traditions (Helping local communities. n.d.).

Other social work

Helping schools by conducting seminars for teachers and students.

Gifting class rooms, books, desks, chairs and other equipments for needy

schools.

Heritance Kandalama has invested their own funds to provide access to

electricity over 750 families, access to safe drinking water to over 600

families.

Heritance kandalama has built 6.5 km of road the road access to the village

for common public use.

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10 Strengths- weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) Analysis

The research team of Serendib business solutions carried out an analysis to identify

internal strengths and weaknesses of Dambulla as an ecotourism destination and

also to uncover opportunities and threats faced by Dambulla. This SWOT analysis

was analyzed critically to provide recommendation to the ministry of environment.

Results gathered from the SWOT analysis would be useful for eco tourism hotels in

Dambulla and also for the ministry of environment not only to get the maximum use

strengths and opportunities but also to minimize and overcome weaknesses and

Threats.

3.1 Strengths

Dambulla is located in the middle of the island which helps tourist from othercountries to reach Dambulla easily. Tourists who visit Dambulla will also find

it convenient to visit other tourist destinations. Dambulla also has the direct

connectivity to major cities, Airports, seaports and Local markets. Dambulla

also has the Sri Lankas largest Economic centre established in 1999 for

agricultural products (Gunatilleke, 2007).

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Dambulla is a scenic location with vast number of tourist attraction including

Rose quartz mountains, Dambulla Rock, Dambulla International Cricket

Stadium, Dambulla Tank and Dambulla cave temple which is commonly

known as Dambulu Viharaya which is the largest and the best preservedcave temple in the world and it is also named as a world heritage site in 1991

by UNESCO. Dambulla is one of the best places to watch animals in their

natural habitat and elephant rides along the Dambulla reservoir is a common

sight (Michael, 1995).Therefore Dambulla can use these tourist attractions to

capture more visitors.

3.1 Weaknesses

Although Dambulla has many tourists hotels situated across the area, only

two hotels are certified and awarded by NGOs and international bodies as

eco-friendly hotels and for their practices. The research team identified manysmall guest houses and lodges in the area which are not financially

established. As a result of that these lodges have not reached a greater

acceptance by the international bodies or NGOs and also not following any

Eco-friendly practices since it is costly. This shows that there are only few

eco-friendly hotels rooms in Dambulla, which will be not enough for the

increasing number of tourists to Sri Lanka. (Gunatilleke, 2007).

There isnt any standard certification given for Eco-friendly practices

Sponsored by the government or any Sri Lankan authority. A standard

certificate for Eco-friendly hotels sponsored by the government would be an

important fact especially for small guest houses and lodges which are unable

to reach the international level. Offering a certificate would also encourage

small hotels and hotels which are under construction to follow eco-friendly

practices. Sri Lankan Government should examine the practices and

strategies critically according to international criterias and measures before

offering the certificate.

3.1 Opportunities After the end of civil war in May 2009 Sri Lankan economy shows a growth

with 7% GDP in 2010. Sri Lankan government has invested heavily on many

development and infrastructure projects including tourist hotels, Highways,

Airports and Seaports. Due to these reasons, it shows a development in the

banking, shipping, transportation and communication sectors in Sri Lanka.

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These positive conditions have made a positive impact on the trade of

tourism (Jayatilleke, 2010).

After the end of civil war in May 2009 Sri Lanka shows an increase in touristarrivals to Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is expecting 2.5 million tourists to visit Sri

Lanka in 2016. The increasing number of tourist arrivals will certainly provide

more carrier opportunities for local communities (Gonetilleke, 2010).

Low Interest rate on long term loans has provided an opportunity for

businesses to raise funds for the investment in the trade of tourism. When

the inflation is 6.5% in 2010 the interest rates on long term loans was

13.25%p.a showing a real rate of 6.33%p.a (Daniel, 2010).

3.1 Threats

The Biggest threat that was faced by Sri Lanka was the thirty year civil war and

during the time of conflict many countries advised their citizens not to travel to Sri

Lanka Due to Security reasons. Therefore many tourists refused to visit Sri Lanka

during the time of conflict. When conducting the SWOT analysis, the research team

did not identify any threats faced by Sri Lanka which shows that the conditions are

now in favor of Sri Lanka and the Negative image of Sri Lanka has totally changed in

the international arena.

New York Times in2010 indicated that Sri Lanka is the one of the safest place

to travel.

National geographic Channel in 2010 Ranked Sri Lanka as the Second Best

Island In the world.

Worldtoursim.com in May 24, 2010shows that Sri Lanka is one of the best eco

friendly place to travel

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10 Benchmarking

The following Section gives the best Eco tourism practices followed in Lumbini in

Nepal. The benchmarking followed in the report due the fact that, these principles

are compared against the current practices followed in Dambulla in order to identify

negative gaps.

4.1 Preface to Eco-friendly tourism In Lumbini

This section gives a precise Introduction to the Eco-friendly tourism in Nepal.

In Nepal tourism is a major foreign exchange earner.

Major tourist destinations are Himalaya, Lumbini, Katmandu, Patan Dubur and

Baktapur Dudur.

Nepal is specialized for eco-friendly tourist activities such as trekking,expeditions, Rafting, Safaris, biking and rock climbing.

The reason why the research team of Serendib business solutions chose Lumbini for

benchmarking purpose is due to the similarities in the social, cultural and regional

areas with the selected Sri Lanka location Dambulla. Both locations are sacred

Buddhist destinations.

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Most of the tourists travel to Sri Lanka and Nepal are Indians, which is 70% and 49.3

% respectively.

Lumbini is the Birth place of Lord Buddha and named as a world heritage site byUNESCO in 1997(Rathnasinghe, 2010).

Dambulla has the world largest best preserved cave temple with 153 ancient

Buddha statues which is also named as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1991

(Handunnetti, 2009).

Practices followed in Lumbini

The sacred city of lumbini has 12 Eco-friendly hotels which are certified by the

government of Nepal, according to universal criterias. Some of these hotels have

won many international awards and eco-friendly certifications for their practices.The official data from Lumbini Development Trust, Information Centre shows a

mounting rate of tourists in Lumbini with increment by 20.69 % in comparison of

2009. The pilgrims and tourists from 94 countries visited Lumbini this year. Sri-

Lanka kept its top position with the total number of 37,645 visitors (Mounting

Rates of tourists to Lumbini2011).

Special Visa procedures for Sri Lankan Pilgrims.Nepal has identified Sri Lankan pilgrims to Lumbini and introduced special

visa procedures. For Sri Lankan Pilgrims visiting Lumbini can get single entry

visa for 15 days in US$ 10 or equivalent convertible currency. (Mountain

delights treks and expeditions n.d.).

Environmental education program s for foreigners who visits Lumbini

The government of Nepal has initiated Environmental education programs for

foreigners who visit Lumbini. The main objective of this program is to educate

foreigners about the natural environment of Lumbini and to bring about

awareness about the environmental problems faced (Ecotourism in Lumbini

n.d.).

Environmental conservation fundTravelers to Lumbini have not only shown concern about their impact on nature, but

also a willingness to pay for its conservation. The provided the fund is utilized

directly for the protection of the environment. Makalu-Barun National Park and

Kanchenjunga Conservation Projects are funded by entrance fees paid by

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visitors for National Parks and Conservation Areas. (Eco-tourism in Lumbini

n.d.).

National Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1997 and theEnvironment Protection Rules (EPR) of 1997 of Nepal are strictly

implemented in Lumbini

Government of Nepal has banned bottled drinks from the National Parks and

Conservation Areas of Lumbini.

Moreover, only 20 lodges per five years per conservation area are allowed to be

built. The government monitors the construction processes of each hotel and offers

an Eco-friendly standard certificate based on their practices. Without the standard

certificates, hotels are not allowed to do any business within the conservation area.

In order to maintain quality in the lodges, they are allowed to charge only fix rates

as determined by the government. (Ecotourism in Lumbini n.d.).

Eco friendly standard Certificate issued by the Government of Nepal.

Eco-friendly Standard certification is given after analyzing and evaluating the

practices according to the international criteria introduced by TIES (The

International Eco-tourism Society);

Ecotourism Key Principles -According to International Eco Tourism

standards (n.d.) "Ecologically sustainable tourism with a primary

focus on experiencing natural areas that fosters environmental and

cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation".

The core set of eight principles for ecotourism products Nature

area focus, Interpretation, Environmental sustainability practice,Contribution to conservation, Benefitting local communities, Cultural

respect, Customer satisfaction and responsible marketing

(International Eco Tourism standards ,n.d.).

Helping local communities of LumbiniSince the Participation of the local people is a major factor in these projects they

have been given various training regarding health and conservation of biodiversity.

They have also been taught income generating activities like vegetable gardening

and sewing. For example Aluminum can left behind by pilgrims are being recycled

into pots and pans by local blacksmiths which is an income generating activity. By

empowering local people with appropriate financial assistance, the projects help the

villagers not only in improving the quality of their lives but also in providing them

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alternatives to their traditional means of income which generally were connected to

the surrounding forests conservation.(Bhudhathoki, 2003)

10 Gap Analysis

The Research team of Serendib business solutions has identified the currentEco-friendly trade practices followed by the hotels of Dambulla. These trade

practices of Dambulla has been further analyzed and compared with the

benchmarking research and identified negative gaps which is explained in

this section.

1. Eco-friendly standard certificate sponsored by the government would be

an important step to promote eco-tourism in Sri Lanka.

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The Eco-friendly certificate for hotels in conservation areas such as

Lumbini is essential to launch a hotel which shows that without the

certificate no hotels are allowed in the conservation area in Nepal. The

Certificate given by the government of Nepal follows the Internationalcriteria. (Ecotourism in Lumbini n.d.).

Dambulla also has several conservation areas including the area which

is conserved by Heritance Kandalama (200acres). Bordering these

conservation areas new non-eco friendly hotels has established (Bio

Diversity Protection & Conservation Forest, n.d.).

In Dambulla there are two internationally certified eco-friendly hotels

which are very popular for their eco-friendly practices. However There

isnt any standard certification given for Eco-friendly practicesSponsored by the government of Sri Lanka or any Sri Lankan authority.

A standard certificate for Eco-friendly hotels sponsored by the

government would be an important fact especially for small guest

houses and lodges which are unable to reach the international level.

Offering a certificate would also encourage small hotels and hotels

which are under construction to follow eco-friendly practices. Sri

Lankan Government should examine the practices and strategies

critically according to international criterias and measures before

offering the certificate.

1. Environmental education programs which are initiated by the government

of Nepal have been Helpful to minimize their impact on the Environment

and also to raise funds for their conservation.

Environmental education programs Sponsored by the Government of

Nepal In conservation areas such as Lumbini also promotes sustainable

tourism and provide environmental and cultural education to travelers

through free, impartial information and training programs (Ecotourism

in Lumbini n.d.).

In Dambulla There are Environmental educational programs held by

the hotels in their conservation areas. However there isnt any

environmental education program for foreigners, sponsored by theGovernment of Sri Lanka or any Sri Lankan authority. (elephant dung

paper.n.d.).

Conducting such educational programs in Sri Lanka would also help to

promote eco-tourism and also to generate funds for Sri Lankan

Conservation programs.

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1. Environmental conservation fund.

Environment education programs held in Nepal also raises funds for

their conservation. The conservation fund, which is maintained by the

donations of foreigners, is utilized directly for the protection of the

environment.

In Sri Lanka there are several Conservation funds in certain areas. In

Sinharaja there is a rainforest conservation fund, Founded by the Sri

Lankan Wildlife conservation society (Sri Lankan Wildlife conservation

society 2007).

In Dambulla there isnt any conservation fund. The research team of

Serendib business solutions also found that Sri Lankan authorities are

not charging an entrance fee at the entrance to conservation areas or

at the entrance of Dambulla Cave temple.

1. National Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1997 and the Environment

Protection Rules (EPR) of 1997 of Nepal are strictly implemented in

Lumbini and such conservation areas.

Environment protection laws which are enacted in the parliament of Sri

Lanka is not Implemented in conservation areas.

National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980

National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 56 of 1988

National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000

Neglecting the Implementation and necessary application of above

mentioned acts has lead to many unethical practices by those hotels

in Dambulla bordering the conservation areas of Heritance Kandalama

(Bio Diversity Protection & Conservation Forest, n.d.).

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http://www.cea.lk/pdf/act47-80.pdfhttp://www.cea.lk/pdf/act56-88.pdfhttp://www.cea.lk/pdf/act53-2000.pdfhttp://www.cea.lk/pdf/act47-80.pdfhttp://www.cea.lk/pdf/act56-88.pdfhttp://www.cea.lk/pdf/act53-2000.pdf


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10 Conclusion

6.1 Dambulla is one of the best eco-tourism destinations in Sri Lanka with many

tourist attractions including Dambulla Cave temple, the largest and the best

preserved cave temple.

6.2Some current Eco-friendly trade practices followed by the hotels of Dambulla

have made Dambulla as a premier eco-tourism destination in the region of

Asia.

6.3The research team of Serendib Business solutions identified different hotels

in Dambulla which are not utilizing their Strengths and opportunities and also

identified different hotels which are not following eco-friendly trade practices.

6.4 Lumbini, the birth place of Lord Buddha in Nepal, shows similarities to our

selected location Dambulla, has been quite successful as a result of their

Eco-friendly trade practices and the Involvement of the Government.

6.5Lack of Involvement of the Government of Sri Lanka in the trade of Eco-

tourism and Inability to Enforce and implement environmental protection

Acts has caused a downfall in the trade of Eco-tourism.

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Recommendations

7.1. Introduce an eco-friendly Standard Certificate sponsored by the Ministry of

environment, Sri Lanka or by a Sri Lankan Authority after analyzing and

examining the Eco-friendly trade practices followed by the hotels according

to the International Criteria introduced by TIES (the International eco-tourism

society).

Issuing a standard certificate for Eco-friendly practices will promote

eco-tourism in Sri Lanka and will motivate small lodges and hotels to

practice eco-friendly strategies. Foreign tourists as well as locals will also tend to consider the eco-

friendly certificate before spending their money on holiday packages.

7.1. Initiate Environmental Education programs for foreigners sponsored by the

Ministry of environment in order to minimize their impact on the Environment

and also to raise funds for Sri Lankan conservation programs.

Ministry of Environment should encourage hotels to continue their

Environmental education programs while getting the help of the hotels

to initiate a National Environmental education program.

These Environmental education programs should also promote

sustainable tourism and provide environmental and cultural education

to travelers.

7.1. Establish an Environmental conservation fund In order to collect donations

from foreigners who visit conservation areas of Sri Lanka.

By establishing an environmental conservation fund, Sri Lankan can

raise funds that can be utilized in Sri Lankan conservation Programs.

Sri Lankan authorities can charge an entrance fee at the entrance to

conservation areas or at the entrance of Dambulla Cave temple.

Environmental education programs will also contribute to generate

funds by raising awareness of tourists.

7.1. Implement National Environmental acts 1980, 1988 & 2000 which are

enacted by the Parliament of Sri Lanka especially in conservation areas of

Dambulla in order to stop unethical practices by those hotels in Dambulla

bordering the conservation areas of Heritance Kandalama.

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The Research team of Serendib business solutions also found that the

hotels, locals and foreigners are not aware of these environmental

protection laws enacted in the parliament of Sri Lanka.

Therefore the Ministry of Environment should also include a section toexplain environmental protection acts in their Environmental Education

program.

10 References

1. Aitken Spence (2010).Retrieved 11 January 2011,from Aitken Spence Site:

http://aitkenspencehotels.typepad.com/success_journey_continues/2010/10/a

sias-responsible-tourism-award-goes-to-heritance-kandalama-.html

2. Bhudhathoki , P.(2003) Empowering people to secure national resources: An

overview of conservation status In Nepal .Journal of forest and livelihood,

2(2), 72-76.

3. Bio Diversity Protection & Conservation Forest.(n.d.) Retrieved 12 January

2011,from Heritance Kandalama Site:

http://www.heritancehotels.com/kandalama/green_philosophy/environment_c

onservation.html

4. Daniel, D. (2010, May 11)No pressure on inflation, interest rates from govt

borrowing for now. The Island. pp 22-23

5. Eco friendly tourism.(n.d.) Retrieved 11 January 2011,from TIES Site:

http://www.ecotourism.org/site/c.orLQKXPCLmF/b.4832143/k.CF7C/The_Intern

ational_Ecotourism_Society__Uniting_Conservation_Communities_and_Sustain

able_Travel.htm

6. Ecotourism in Lumbini. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 January 2011,from Colorful Nepal

Site: http://colorfulnepal.com/things-to-do/good-practices-ecotourism-in-the-lumbini.html

7. Elephant dung paper.(n.d.) Retrieved 12 January 2011,from Heritance

Kandalama Site: http://www.heritancehotels.com/kandalama/browse.php?

catId=23

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