Distributed Energy Generation

8/22/2019 Distributed Energy Generation

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Facing the Challenges ofDistributed Energy Generation

Courtesy NASA.

Image fromWkmedia Commons,http://commons.wikimedia.org

Please see any diagram of theelectric grid, such ashttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F ile:E lectricity_grid_schema-_lang-en.jpg

Image fromWikimedia Commons,http://commons.wikimedia.org

Courtesyflickr userChandra Marsono.

What needs to be done to

support the introduction of

100% solar power

(130 GW of distributed PV)

in New England by the

end of 2013?

The QuestionThe Question

Photo credit: ISO New England, 2007 State ofthe Market Report

Courtesy Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission.


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BackgroundGrid ConstraintsPotential Solutions ImplementationsConclusions

AgendaAgenda

Photo credit: Sun Farm Network via Evergreen Solar

Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Pleasehttp://www.sunfarmnetwork.com/images/Home_2.jpg

Generation Power plant generates

electrons

Transmission Voltage is stepped up and

transmitted along high-voltage power lines

Distribution

Voltage is stepped down bytransformers and distributedto retail customers

New England Power26 GW Peak Power39B kWh annually$0.1668 perkWh

BackgroundBackground

Photo credit: Energy InformationAgency, US Department of Energy


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Problem Scale Severity Certainty % Adoption Overall

No power source when PV is off 30

Bi-directional current flow 35

Utilities cant allocate capital correctly 60

Cannot model insolation to predict PV energy production 50

Time constantfor managing dispatchable resources is toocurrently too long 40

Transmission and distribution coststructure (w/ high PVpenetration) is currently unmodeled 60

PV produces DC power (not the commonly used AC) 1

Limited transmission capacity of power lines in some areas 80

Power quality 45

No detailed sensing of the state of the grid latent

Physical resets of fail safes (i.e. circuit breakers) latentUtilities cannot strategically and precisely direct power toindividual users latent

ConstraintsConstraints

System ArchitectureSystem Architecture

Centralized Distributed

Generation PointsConsumption Points


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Priority Constraints Priority Constraints

Constraint Scale Severity Probability % Adoption OverallImportance

Non-Dispatchability:

Need for storage, intermittent generation

Grid Stabil i ty: Bi-d irectional current flow, communicat ions andcontrol

Utility Transition: Unknown PV supply, T&D cost structure, powerquality

Smart GridSensorsSoftware

Storage:BatteriesPumped hydroelectric

Bi-directional transformers

Technological SolutionsTechnological Solutions

Photo credit: Energy InformationAgency, US Department of Energy


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Modeling AssumptionsModeling Assumptions

6.5 million households and businesses

~39B kWh consumed annually in New England

26 GWp average draw

$280/kWh average cost of battery storage

5 days of storage required to avoid problemsfrom intermittency

Average system price of $5.38/Wp installed

100%: Distributed power production and storage

1%: Current state10%: Government forces utilities to cease capital expenditures and adopt

new revenue streams (e.g. installation)30%: Power provided by solar during the day, traditional at night65%: Some substation networks move off grid

Total predicted cost: $850 billion

Architecture I: Cut the WiresArchitecture I: Cut the Wires


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100% : Isolated Micro-Networks with communal storage

15%: Smart Grid sensors are installed;T&D retain traditional business, with alternate price structure

30%: Electrical hardware is updated at substation level50%: Micro-Networks established, still rely on centralized generation;

Generation companies manage the remaining emergency powerplants, and look to new sources of revenue.

Architecture II: MicroArchitecture II: Micro--NetworksNetworks


100% : General network with neighborhood and centralized storage

15%: Smart Grid sensors are installed;T&D retain traditional business, with alternate price structure

30%: Electrical hardware is updated at substation level50%: Micro-Networks established, still rely on centralized generation;

Generation companies manage the remaining emergency power

plants, and look to new sources of revenue.

Architecture III: General NetworkArchitecture III: General Network



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Implementation ChallengesImplementation ChallengesProblem

No power source when PV is off

Scale Severity Certainty % Adoption

30

Overall

Bi-directional current flow 35

Negative networkeffects

Utilities cant allocate capital correctly

Cannot model insolation to predict PV energy production

60

50

Warm beerTime constantfor managing dispatchable resources is toocurrently too long 40

Regulatory approvalTransmission and distribution coststructure (w/ high PVpenetration) is currently unmodeled 60 Physical installationPV produces DC power (not the commonly used AC) 1

Limited transmission capacity of power lines in some areas 80

Power quality

No detailed sensing of the state of the grid

45

latent

Physical resets of fail safes (i.e. circuit breakers)Utilities cannot strategically and precisely direct power toindividual users

latent

latent

Issues: non-dispatchability, grid stability,power quality

Common technological solutions: storage,transformers, smart grids

Network is preferred architecture Utilities will fundamentally change their

business models

Government can help: financial incentives

RecommendationsRecommendations


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Questions?Questions?

2.626 Fundamentals of2.626 Fundamentals ofPhotPho ovoltaov icsict olta s

Prof.Prof. TonioTonio BuonassisiBuonassisi, Fall 20, Fall 082008

Special thanks to MikeSpecial thanks to Mike RogolRogol , Mark, Mark FarburgFarburg, and P, an hoth ono CoC nsultins ngn .d P ot n o ulti g.

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