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DEVELOPMENT

The use of resources and technology to bring about change. This change is positive

and generally involves the improvement in people’s quality of life and improving the

standard of living in a country

Terminology

Development Indicators: Are used to measure the level of development with regard

to a countries economic, social and institutional growth. There are two main types’

economic indicators and social indicators.

Brandt Line: The line dividing the world into the developed and developing world.

Industrialised: The country is involved in manufacturing and processing of raw

materials in factories. The more industrialised a country is the more developed the

country will be.

Infant Mortality: The number of children who die because of childhood related and

other diseases (social indicator)

Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to

live. (social indicator)

Primary Activities: The extraction of raw materials from the earth’s surface. For

example, forestry, farming, mining, and fishing.

Secondary Activities: Involves the manufacturing and processing of goods

obtained in the primary activities.

Tertiary Activities: Provision of services.

Quaternary Activities: Involves research and technology.

Quality of life: The standard of health, comfort and happiness experienced by

an individual or group a group of people.

Standard of living: The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities

available to a certain an individual or group of people in

a country.

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is development that aims to meet human needs while

preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present

but also generations to come.

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Economic development

Economic development refers to the adoption of new technologies and the change

from an economy based on agriculture to an economy based on industry, as well as

the general improvement in living standards.

The following development indicators are used in order to check a country's

economic development:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country and

does not include income from foreign investment.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services produced within the country plus the country’s

total earnings from foreign investment.

NB! All of the above indicators are often given as per capita or per person. To

calculate this amount you take the GNI, GNP or GDP and divide by the country’s

total population. It is therefore an average amount that is available to each person in

that country.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Social development measures the wellbeing of people in terms of their social needs

such as access to adequate shelter, services, education, healthcare and their ability

to take part fully in society and all that it offers. Taking part in society means that

people are involved in the decisions and services of their society.

Social development is also about making sure that people can live dignified lives

even though they may be poor.

Social development also considers how fair the world is and how resources across

the world are shared. The growing inequality in the world shows that a lot that needs

to be done to improve the social development and to create a fairer system of

sharing the world’s resources.

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The following indicators can be used to measure social development

Human Development Index (HDI) – This indicator is a combination of GDP per

capita, life expectancy and literacy rate. Zero (0) indicates the worst quality of life,

while one (1) shows an almost perfect place.

Poverty - indicates the percentage of people living below the poverty level, or on very small incomes.

Access to basic services - the availability of services necessary for a healthy life, such as clean water and sanitation.

Access to healthcare - takes into account statistics such as how many doctors there are for every patient.

Risk of disease - calculates the percentage of people with diseases such as Aids, malaria and tuberculosis.

Access to education - measures how many people attend primary school, secondary school and higher education.

Literacy rate - is the percentage of adults who can read and write. Access to technology - includes statistics such as the percentage of people with

access to phones, mobile phones, television and the internet. Gender equality - compares statistics such as the literacy rates and employment

between the sexes. HEALTHCARE EDUCATION

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DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Birth rate: Birth rate is the number of babies born in a country per 1 000 people

during the year. Generally developed countries have a low birth rate while

developing countries have a high birth rate.

Death rate:

Death rate is the number of deaths per year per 1 000 people in a country. Generally

death rates are higher in developing counties than developed countries.

Population growth rate:

Is the increase in the country’s population during the year expressed as a

percentage of the population. It is the difference between the birth rate and death

rate. Generally economically developed countries have a low growth while less

economically developed countries have a high growth rate.

The environmental aspect of development

Humanity will not survive on earth if we do not look after our resources. If human

development or economic growth takes place without looking after the environmental

resources that support development and protect human life, then that development

will not lead to an improved quality of life for people. For this reason development

should consider environmental issues eg air pollution, water quality, global warming

etc.

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What does carrying capacity of the earth mean?

The earth has only enough natural resources such as water and land to allow a

certain population size to live on earth in a sustainable way. If population growth

becomes too big, if people continue to live unsustainably by demanding more and

more material possessions, then the earth will not have enough resources to keep us

alive.

DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE WORLD (COMPARISON OF

SELECTED COUNTRIES AND REGIONS)

Developed countries:

Countries that are richer and more industrialised. Their population are

generally more educated and work mainly in industrial and service sectors eg,

secondary and tertiary sectors. They enjoy a Good quality of life because

healthcare, housing and other services such as water and electricity are

provided by their governments.

Developing countries:

Countries that have a low standard of living, unable to use their resources

effectively. These countries are in the process of becoming developed.

Globally, the developed countries are concentrated in the northern

hemisphere. The developing countries are mainly in the southern hemisphere.

LEDC versus MEDC

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Activity:

1. Explain the meaning of the following concepts:

1.1 development

1.2 primary activity

1.3 secondary activity

1.4 tertiary activity

2. Compare the differences between a developed country and a developing country

under the following headings (do not state high and low only. You must give reasons

for your answers)

2.1 Education

2.2 Life expectancy

2.3 Infant mortality rate

3. Explain the concept sustainable development.

4. Differentiate between social development and economic development.

5. State the difference between GDP and GNP.

6. Explain why the HDI of USA is high and Kenya is low.

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QUESTION ONE

1.1 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A – E) next to the question

number (1.1.1 – 1.1.5) on your folio paper, for example 1.1.6 K.

(5x2)(10)

1.2 Refer to the table below and answer the questions that follow.

GDP (US Dollars)

GDP per capita (doll)

HDI Birth rate Per/ 1000

Death rate Per/ 1000

Life expectancy

Infant Mortality rate

Literacy rate

Doctors Per 1000

Australia 851 bill

40000 O,94 12,4 6,8 82 4,7 99 29,9

Kenya 62,6bill

1600 0,24 35,1 9,3 59 53,5 87 1,4

S.A 505,3 10300 0,60 19,6 17 49 43,8 89 7,7

USA 14,3trl

46000 0,94 13,8 8,4 78 6,1 99 26,7

Japan 4,2 trl 32700 0,88 7,4 9,8 82 2,8 99 20,6

1.2.1 Define the concept development indicator. (1x2)(2)

1.2.2 Name an economic and a social indicator from the

table. (2x1)(2)

1.2.3 Name the country with the highest GDP per capita and the country

with the lowest GDP per capita. (2x1)(2)

1.2.4 Explain how the GDP per capita of both countries (ANSWER to

Question 1.2.3) will impact on their standard of living in those

countries. (2x2)(4)

1.2.5 Define the concept natural increase. (1x2)(2)

1.2.6 Calculate the natural increase for Kenya and the USA. (2x2)(4)

1.2.7 Which country (ANSWER in question 1.2.6) has a larger natural?

increase. (1x1)(1)

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.1.1 Factors used to measure the level of

development in a country. A Brandt

1.1.2 The extraction of raw materials from

the earth’s surface. B Literacy rate

1.1.3 The percentage of adults who can

read and write C Secondary

1.1.4 The line dividing the world into the

developed and developing world. D

Development

indicators

1.1.5 Involves the manufacturing and

processing of goods. E Primary

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1.2.8 Discuss TWO possible reasons for the larger natural increase in this

country. (2x2)(4)

1.2.9 Define the concept human development index. (1x2)(2)

1.2.10 Name the country with the highest human development index. (1x1)(1)

1.2.11 Discuss how the human development index will impact on the

Quality of life in this country (ANSWER in question 1.2.10) (3x2)(6)

(30)

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

Reasons for differences in development:

Historical factors –such as colonialism

There are a number of historical reasons for unevenness in development across the

world today, which can help us to understand why some countries are well

developed, with their populations enjoying a very high standard of living, while others

are poorly developed, with the majority of their population living in poverty. We will

look at colonialism.

Colonialism is the practice of gaining political and economic control over another

country.

-Colonizers wanted to take valuable resources such as gold and diamonds from the

countries they had colonised and use them to make products in the factories. The

finished products were then shipped back to the colonies where people had to buy

them at a high price.

-In this way colonisation “robbed” the colonised countries of their resources and

forced them to become dependent on the developed countries for finished products.

-Colonial governments deliberately neglected the development of the colonised

countries. They made sure that the local population were given an inferior education

so that they would become labourers who would help to produce the resources that

the western countries wanted.

Physical factors

Climate: The Sahel region in Africa suffers from a lack of rainfall. This means that droughts are common. The result is that crops may suffer. There are certain diseases which thrive in tropical climates, such as malaria and yellow fever, because of the hot and humid conditions.

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Natural hazards: Floods, droughts and tectonic activity can limit future growth and destroy buildings and agricultural areas. This also means a country may divert income to help recover from these events.

Landlocked countries: 15 countries in Africa are landlocked. This means it is more difficult to trade as goods have to be driven through other countries to get to the coast for shipping. It is also more difficult for new technology to reach a landlocked country, as the fibre optic cables are laid under the ocean.

Natural resources: Minerals, gas and oil can help improve a country's level of development. However this is closely tied in with the ability to exploit the resource for the benefit of the country. There are also countries, such as Japan, which are low in natural resources, but have based their development on human factors such as education and skills.

HUMAN FACTORS

Political factors: Poor governance does not help a country to develop. Money that could be spent on development may be used to fund military weapons or an affluent lifestyle of an elite group of people.

Economic factors: World trade is often not fair. LEDCs tend to sell primary produce. LEDCs have to compete with each other to win the trade - which lowers the prices farmers get. A poor harvest means less income. There is more money to be made in processing goods, which MEDCs tend to do.

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Social factors: A poorer country finds it more difficult to invest in education. The problem is made worse because many countries have a high dependency ratio. Having money to invest in a healthcare system is important for a country to develop. That is because it is difficult for sick people to work hard. Clean water is essential for health. One in six people do not have access to safe water. If water is not safe, people may be unable to work or care for their families because of illness.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT

- More equitable trading relationships:

-Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers.

-Fair trade is open to all

-Gender equity, fair trade means that women’s work is properly valued and

rewarded.

-The environment, it encourages sustainable environmental practices

- Alternative development – particularly alternatives to industrialisation:

Alternative development means focusing on development activities, such as

sustainable farming rather than manufacturing industries. It also focuses on human’s

wellbeing, which is possible when they have good food, health services and shelter.

-Industrialisation (the manufacturing of goods and services) was the main way to

develop economies.

-One of the negative effects of industrialisation is that developed countries benefited

more from it at the expense of developing countries. In other words, developing

countries were exploited for their valuable resources such as gold and diamonds.

The people in developing countries remained poor and without access to health

services and shelter.

-Another negative effect of industrialisation is the pollution of the environment. In the

process of manufacturing goods, toxic substances are released into the air and

water particularly in mines. Soil erosion occurs during the construction of buildings

and some industries cut down trees for wood and furniture.

2. Green Approaches

The green approach to development has to do with the use of any energy source

that is sustainable and does not harm humans or the environment. Renewable

resources of energy include water, wind and sun (hydro, wind and solar energy)

Energy produced by these sources do not emit greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere. Greenhouse gas (GHG) is gas in the atmosphere that traps and

releases heat eg, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. Humans create high

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levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels like coal and

oil. The emissions of these gases results in global warming (an average increase in

temperature over a period of time) and climate change.

To fight against climate change, most developed countries and many developing

countries that are using industrialisation to drive development such as China need to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The following ways in which countries can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions

are:

-making buildings green: builders can use renewable building products such as

recycled material like glass, plastics and iron products.

-investing in clean and efficient energy eg, using solar and wind power rather than

fossil fuels and coal, which damages the environment.

-Countries must develop new, more environmentally friendly manufacturing

processes that recycle and reuse waste products.

Alternative technologies:

Technology that are more environmentally friendly eg, the use of wind turbines on

wind farms. They do not use up non-renewable resources such as oil and do not

create pollution.

Bioenergy is another form of alternative technology. It is increasingly used to power

equipment or provide fuel vehicles. It is made from different organic matter such as

plants that contain agricultural or urban waste.

Appropriate technology:

It involves using technology on a small scale that is labour-intensive, energy efficient,

environmentally sound and locally controlled. Eg, local people use local raw

materials to make bricks that are used in the construction of houses.

Sustainable development:

Sustainable development includes economic, social and environmental factors.

These three factors are interlined.

1. Economic factors:

Linked to environmental factors. This because economic development will not be

sustainable if we destroy the environment that makes economic development

possible.

2. Social factors:

These factors are strongly linked to economic and environmental factors. This is

because the standard of living of people depends to a great extent on economic

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development and almost totally on a clean, healthy environment. Sustainable

development must make sure that economic activity does not damage the

environment.

3. Environmental factors:

These factors are the foundations of sustainable development because without the

environment, neither society nor the economy can exist. Therefore sustainable

development must put the wellbeing of the environment at the centre of all

development programmes.

ACTIVITY:

1.1. Define the concept colonialism.

1.2 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of colonialism.

1.3 Explain how unfair trade affects development in developing countries.

1.4 Without technology economic development slows down. Do you agree?

Explain your answer.

1.5 Define the concept fair trade.

1.6 Refer to the diagram A and B below and answer the questions that follow.

A B

1.6.1 Differentiate between developed and developing countries. (2x2)(4)

1.6.2 Match diagram A and B with the words developing and

developed. (2x2)(4)

1.6.3 In a paragraph of not more than 8 lines differentiate between the

economic and social development in diagram A and B. (4x2)(8)

(16)

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1.7 Refer to the case study below and answer the questions that follow.

There are many factors that will impact on development eg colonisation and access to resources. South Africa’s development to a large extent was impacted by colonisation. The British ruled South Africa during colonisation where they improved our roads and harbour facilities. Some might see this as positive and others might say the process of colonisation was negative as people had a low standard of living.

1.7.1 Define the concept colonisation. (1x2)(2)

1.7.2 In a paragraph of not more than 6 lines, discuss the negative impact

that colonisation had on the development of South Africa. (3x2)(2)

(8)

1.8 Refer to the diagram below which shows that the use of natural resources

for development can lead to environmental damage. Answer the questions

that follow.

1.8.1 Identify the environmental problem shown in the diagram. (1x2)(2)

1.8.2 Is this a renewable or non renewable resource? Explain your

answer. (2x2)(4)

1.8.3 Explain TWO ways how this environmental problem will impact

negatively on development. (2x2)(4)

(10)

Tree stumps