Developement Economics

8/13/2019 Developement Economics

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THE ARCHAIC DEVELOPING WORLD AND SKEWED DEVELOPMENT

We live in an Unequal World. A world in which very few have too much of

everything when they need too less whereas the majority have too less when

they need more to lead a normal life. A normal economic life which includes the

fulfilment of the needs of clothing, food,health and shelter. Three fourths of thepeople world over does not have the means to fulfil these needs. Healthcare has

become too expensive (Sen Amartya, 2006). So expensive that People from

developed countries like US and Germany flock to inexpensive places like India

to do Surgeries. The irony is that this happens even when India itself is deficient

in providing healthcare to most of its Population. British hospitals cant pay

British Nurses thats why they import nurses from third world countries. Quite

tragic that these developing and underdeveloped countries cant afford to

employ the best of talent it creates. These people migrate.30% of the doctors

working in Developed countries like USA are Indians. The same is happening in

Education also.19% of the students enrolled in the Universities across US are

Indians. 35% of Professors working in US universities are Indians or Chinese.

Most IT engineers comes from ASIA notably from India and China. NASA

employs 29% non Americans. The same thing is happening everywhere in the

developed World (Banerjee 2012).

There are only a handful of countries that can be categorised as developed. They

call it the G8.These countries are resourceful and have become Developed

because of their inherent ability to do it efficiently and in a time bound manner.

Japan and UK together account for 17% of Worlds GDP but both hardly have any

resource. In the beginning UK depended on its colonies across the World to build

manufacturing Hubs and consolidate itself as a prime exporter nation. Till the

turn of the last century ,it hardly had a year in which its imports reached half of

its Exports.

The Japanese Economy presents more contrast in comparison. Its worlds 3 rd

biggest economy in terms of GDP and 4thhighest by purchasing power Parity. Its

per capita Income by IMF estimates in the year 2012 is $39,000, which also

happens to be the 22ndlargest in the World. But most of the Developed world is

slowing down. According to estimates put forwarded by JPMORGAN CHASE etc

the Compounded Average growth in the last 10 years is less than 2.4%. 380 of

the worlds top 500 largest corporations are based in these Developed nations.

But itslosing its Manufacturing dominance to new Players. China is stepping up

and so is South Korea. But thats not very encouraging for most of the

developing nations. Some of them are in ASIA, some in South AMERICA and

most of them are in AFRICAN continent.

Its a known fact that GDP calculated in Developed countries often tend to

underestimated because of time gaps and price fluctuations where as its

pretty challenging to calculate them in AFRICAN nations. These nationsare plagued with Internal power struggles and petty regional politics.


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Political landscape is very uncertain. Also the task of calculation of GDP is

quite awesome considering the problems of Manpower and biases of

reporting. These economies are mostly subsistence ones and do possess

huge quantities of economic activity which remains unreported. For

example the self consumed items are never reported and accounted for.

IMF publishes annual lists of countries having highest and lowest per

capita GDP. Countries from Europe, North America and the GULF

dominates the top and the bottom is dominated by African nations.9 of

the top 10 poorest nations are from Africa.

International Monetary Fund (2012)

Rank Country Per capita GDP Year

1 Qatar 100,889 20122 Luxembourg 77,958 2012

3 Singapore 60,799 2012

4 Norway 54,397 2012

5 Brunei 54,114 2012

6 United States 51,704 2012

Hong Kong 50,936 2012

7 Switzerland 44,864 2012

8 San Marino 42,724 2012

9 Canada 42,317 2012

10 Australia 41,954 2012

In countries like CONGO the Per capita GDP is $400 a year which is

around $1 a day. The figure is abysmal and there is a political consensus

for reversing it. However it does not materialise because of reasons

ranging from internal disturbances to lack of political will power on the

part of the administrators in these parts.

RANK COUNTRY Per capita GDP YEAR

177 Mali 1,088 2012

178 Afghanistan 1,055 2012

179 Madagascar 945 2012

180 Central African Republic 851 2012

181 Malawi 848 2012

182 Niger 807 2012

183 Eritrea 710 2012
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund


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184 Liberia 665 2012

185 Burundi 619 2012

186 Zimbabwe 552 2012

187 Congo, Dem. Rep. 365 2012

Poverty and People below poverty line are more or less concentrated in

Asia and in particular Africa. While African nations are very well

entrenched at the bottom, South Asian countries are not that behind.

Even if Afghanistan is the only Asian country to be in the bottom 10 owing

to its 3 decades old political instability and social anarchy, many Asian

nations are in fact very poorly developed.

But GDP alone is not an absolute indicator of wealth of economies overall.

Sometimes GDP is misleading because of other inherent problems. Now a

days , quality of life ,life expectancy , distribution of income and literacy

rate has become indicators of economic growth.

Economic growth has been defined as an increase in the GDP of an

economy over a period of time. (Mishra and Puri,1996). But mere

increase in the GDP is not sufficient sometimes. As GDP growth

sometimes gets offset by more than proportionate increase in the

Population and thus the increase in the GDP is not sufficient to sustain the

growth of the economy in the right way.

To make it possible that the Economic growth is robust the policy makers

need to take initiatives to reach greater life expectancy and achieve social

upliftment. Along with this they shall target employment generation to

sustain the growth over a long period. When Economic growth is long

term it becomes economic development .Economic development brings

numerical and visible changes. It helps the creation of a pool of human

capital, robust and enlarged infrastructure, green environment, clean and

green technology and social inclusion. So in a way economic growth is a

part of Economic development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia


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Nobel laureate Prof Amartya Sen Emphasised Social Inclusion (rather the

lack of it) as a major reason of underdevelopment. Some of the

economists also referred to this as Marginalisation. It is defined to include

a process which blocks certain individuals and at times even certaincommunities from significant rights to take part in the process of

economic development. They are kept off from the oppotunirites that

exist and denied resources that are available both traditionally and also as

a result of technological advancement. Because of the process a

significant section of the society was kept away from what is happening

around them and remains downtrodden. These section of the population

helps to produce the most commodities an services but the

marginalisation process keeps them from using the same resources to

develop themselves.

Only a few countries have been able to buck the trend so far. Notable

among them are CHINA and INDIA. These two along with South Africa,

Brazil and Russia are known as the BRICS countries.

RANK COUNTRY Per capita GDP YEAR

93 China 9,055 2012

133 India 3,843 2012

These countries along with a few more like South Korea and Vietnam has

managed to achieve a growth rate which averages more than 6% in the

last one and half decade. The case of CHINA and India are unique in

every aspect though.

It has managed to match the behemoth of CHINA at each step. It has a

good education system and puts large emphasis on technology and

management along with development of English. Its economy is also

robust with a pretty large middle class. The countrys population consists

of almost 60% people within range of an age between 25-50.which is

quite contrary to a country like US whose population in the same category

is only 33%.Even if the Population growth is a problem in itself often

creating the scares of Inflation and Health related problems, it has utilised
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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its able manpower to expedite the growth. So much so that almost all

recognisable US corporations has now backend operations in India. So in

effect these two Asian Giants now have been able to convert the Surplus

Population as an immense natural Wealth and Knowledge power thatenlightens the entire developed World.

In some aspects these two has also given the Western countries a large

market to explore. The Demand these two generate is enormous and the

products which was seen only being produced for the western market is

now being sold here. And these markets have shown tremendous growth

in every aspect. So much so that they control almost 40% of worlds

markets in sheer numbers.

But despite their impressive growth story there are problems which still

drag them down. Not just these two but almost all the smaller countries

in ASIA and AFRICA. These two countries are truly blessed with enormous

natural resources and manpower. But they lacked the funds which can be

used to develop them. Now this problem is almost over. The developed

world has slowed down to a 2% or even lesser growth pattern thus

necessitating the need for finding newer markets to sell their products

and invest their surplus funds elsewhere to be able to produce at a lower

cost and garner more profits. But the irony is that most of the

underdeveloped nations are still mired in policy Anomaly and political

Instability. Apart from INDIA , CHINA , SOUTH KOREA,BRAZIL and South

AFRICA and to some extent Philippines and Vietnam none of the

Undeveloped Nations have been able to find the true benefits of Funds

Proliferation.

Countries in AFRICA face the problems from inside. There is widespread

internal strife and corruption which has stopped production in its bud. As

and when these nations require the money to invest and grow they face

the immediate situation of being non-livable. Countries like NIGER,

GHANA, ZIMBAWE , RWANDA is mired in endless political struggle. The

same is true for some of the countries in South East Asia, most notably

PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN , MYANMMAR and SRILANKA to some extent.


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The feudal society is still spreading its tenterhooks. Its not letting the

economic community and business leaders tap the potential resources

and close the gap on the immense division of societal imbalance.

Population in the African continent is still characterised by very low

density and was high degree of migration from rural to urban and vice

versa. The Great SAHARA has acted as a barrier to growth in the northern

side of the continent and on the other side Atlantic does not let it

communicate with rest of the world. Most of the countries are land locked.

And starved for water and because of lack of waterways it has remained

cut off. Even in parts of EGYPT where the great NILE river flows, there is

severe water scarcity leaving people to find alternate ways to manage day

to day life and earning livelihood.

Similarly the diversity of culture and ethnicity is extraordinary. There are

so many languages spoken in one region that even the best of the

linguists find it impregnable to communicate .900plus languages are still

spoken in Western African countries which remains a huge cultural barrier

to development.

The western part of the continent is inaccessible, devoid of any

worthwhile means of communication and generates a number of diseases

not found anywhere in the world , which affects both Human life and at

the same time plagues the animal World. The disease infested tsetsesfly

all over this continent and infect millions of people and animal each year.

Apart from this there is almost non-existent healthcare facilities in these

parts of the world that stops any kind of development here.

Western powers try to control tribal warlords who control parts and

territories and thus aid them to remain in position to use their huge

natural resources and in exchange supply arms to them. This illustrates

the hypocrisy of Western and outside powers that are not interested in

real development rather come here to fulfil their own political ambitions.

Nigeria is a classic example of this. This is so big a country and sodeficiently structured that a particular district called Delta is comprising of


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at least 4 tribes each completely diverse from the other. And all of them

relies on the oil reserves to such an extent that they do nothing but

protect their share of it. Such a country not only needs a Stable but

powerful government which is a premium at this stage of the century.Despite their immense oil reserves they are not a stable country and

migrate to Asia for education and often found trafficking drugs. (Simon

and weasels 2007)

Problems in the Modern Era

Many countries in Africa face the familiar problem of failed

administrations. These states became Gatekeeper ones (Frederick cooper

, 2004) as their main form of revenue was generated from customs and

excises and concessions from foreign corporations and Foreign Aids. Slave

trade was prevalent even today. People in migrate to western nations that

too illegally. Because there was and is no credible alternative there

ensued a crude race to control machineries of administration and that

included the armed military and the civilian portion too. And those who

wrested power worked for the chosen few and not for the Development of

the masses. Public institutions became non functional and thus started a

mad rush and scramble for becoming the privileged few.

The United Nations constituted UN Human Development Index to make

uniformity of data interpretations for all countries. In the year 2010, it

introduced an index called Inequality Adjusted Development Index was

brought in . This new index tries to bring to the fore the actual level of

development that has taken place which also accounted for the

inequalities of education, income and social inclusion overall. This report

covers 185 out of 193 listed members of UN. These 8 were not included

because of non availability of data.

The following list shows the high and low ranked African and Asian

countries inside the index.


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AFRICA

10 highest HDIs

RankCountry

HDI

New2013

estimatesfor 2012

Very high human development

1 Seychelles 0.806

High human development

2 Libya 0.769

3 Mauritius 0.737

4 Algeria 0.7135 Tunisia 0.712

Medium human development

6 Gabon 0.683

7 Egypt 0.662

8 Botswana 0.634

9 South Africa 0.629

10 Namibia 0.608

10 Lowest HDIs

Rank Country

HDI

New2013estimatesfor 2012

Low human development

1 Democratic Republic of the Congo0.304

1 Niger 0.304

3 Mozambique 0.327

4 Chad 0.340

5 Burkina Faso 0.343

6 Mali 0.344

7 Eritrea 0.351

8 Central African Republic 0.352

9 Guinea 0.355
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fasohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fasohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fasohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles


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10 Burundi 0.355

ASIA & OCENIA

10 highest HDIs

RankCountry

HDINew2013estimatesfor 2012

Very high human development

1 Australia 0.938

2 New Zealand 0.919

3 Japan 0.912

4 South Korea 0.909

5 Hong Kong 0.906

6 Israel 0.900

7 Singapore 0.895

8 Brunei 0.855

9 Cyprus 0.848

10 Qatar 0.834

10 lowest HDIs

Rank Country

HDI

New2013estimatesfor 2012

Low human development

1 Afghanistan 0.374

2 Yemen 0.458

3 Nepal 0.463

4 Papua New Guinea0.466

5 Burma 0.498

6 Pakistan 0.515

7 Solomon Islands 0.530

Medium human development

8 Bhutan 0.538

9 Laos 0.543

9 Cambodia 0.543
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi


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This list proves the already discussed points correct. Countries mired in

controversies , internal power struggle, tribal warfare and lack of

centralised planning has struggled to find an answer to bring in

developmental activities. There are conditions prevalent which arepremature, state of safety is non-existent, probability of loss of human

life and capital investment is very high. When these are coupled with too

frequent changes of governments and absence of a credible alternative it

makes almost impossible to redesign the developmental activities.

But the World order has changed over the last decade or so. Because of

Globalisation the Political thinking has changed. Corporations and EvenIndividual investors world over has gone on to invest at new places and to

find new Markets. New technologies have come to reduce the distances

and proliferation of this has become possible. World has become a better

place. There is new hope and there is optimism. Yet a lot depends how

the new generation of World leaders handle the Burden and lead us to a

new Developmental process.


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REFERENCES

1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index

2.http://hdr.undp.org/

3. http://sustainablebusinessforum.com/kbottero/77756/stealing-africa-why-

africa-so-rich-resources-yet-so-poor

4.

http://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa?gclid=CNSA8bDg2bsCFSdU4godQB8

ATQ

5.www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm6.www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.html

7.africa.siemens.com

8.www.washingtonpost.com/special reports

9.www.partnersworldwide.org

10.www.investopedia.com/terms

11. web.mit.edu/krugman

12.www.econ.nyu.edu/user/debraj/Papers/RayPalgrave.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://hdr.undp.org/http://sustainablebusinessforum.com/kbottero/77756/stealing-africa-why-africa-so-rich-resources-yet-so-poorhttp://sustainablebusinessforum.com/kbottero/77756/stealing-africa-why-africa-so-rich-resources-yet-so-poorhttp://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa?gclid=CNSA8bDg2bsCFSdU4godQB8ATQhttp://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa?gclid=CNSA8bDg2bsCFSdU4godQB8ATQhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/specialhttp://www.partnersworldwide.org/http://www.investopedia.com/termshttp://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/debraj/Papers/RayPalgrave.pdfhttp://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/debraj/Papers/RayPalgrave.pdfhttp://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/debraj/Papers/RayPalgrave.pdfhttp://www.investopedia.com/termshttp://www.partnersworldwide.org/http://www.washingtonpost.com/specialhttp://www.nielsen.com/us/en/.../report-the-diverse-people-of-africa.htmlhttp://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa?gclid=CNSA8bDg2bsCFSdU4godQB8ATQhttp://www.thp.org/where_we_work/africa?gclid=CNSA8bDg2bsCFSdU4godQB8ATQhttp://sustainablebusinessforum.com/kbottero/77756/stealing-africa-why-africa-so-rich-resources-yet-so-poorhttp://sustainablebusinessforum.com/kbottero/77756/stealing-africa-why-africa-so-rich-resources-yet-so-poorhttp://hdr.undp.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index


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