DESIGN MICROSTRIP SQUARE PATCH ARRAY ANTENNA AT …eprints.utem.edu.my/16122/1/Design Microstrip...

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DESIGN MICROSTRIP SQUARE PATCH ARRAY ANTENNA AT 2.5GHz BY

USING GRAPHENE FOR WiMAX APPLICATION

YULLY ERWANTI BINTI MASRUKIN

This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Bachelor

Degree of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication)

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

JUNE 2015

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Special dedication to my late father, Masrukin Bin Ideris, my lovely mother, Rabi’ah Binti Hussein and my family.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulilah with His blessing and the strengths, I am successfully completed

my project and thesis. First of all, I would like to my special gratitude to my supervisor,

En Azman Bin Awang Teh for his guidance, support and supervision to encounter the

problem in completing my project and thesis.

I also would like to thank PM Dr Zahriladha Bin Zakaria and Engr. Norbayah

Binti Yusop as my panel for PSM I and PSM II for their valuable comment in

improving my project. I am also be thankful to my family for their moral support and

encouragement.

Last but not least, I would to thank to all my friends for their help, knowledge

and assistance to accomplish my project and thesis. To those who indirectly

contributed to this thesis, your kindly means a lot to me.

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ABSTRACT

In recent time, there is a very large request by the consumer for integrated wireless

digital applications. Antenna that preferred in this demand should be low profile, light

weight and broad bandwidth. Microstrip antenna be selected to fulfil these

requirement. Due to the restraint of microstrip antenna such that low gain, narrow

bandwidth with low efficiency, constructing many patch in array configuration is

preferred to overwhelm the disadvantages. Nowadays, graphene has attain a great

demand from the device community. In this project, graphene is an element that

preferred in replacing the copper as patch material to improve the performance of

antenna. This is because of its advantages for instance light weight, strong, transparent

and good conductor of heat and electricity. This thesis presents the design of microstrip

square patch antenna with resonant frequency at 2.5GHz for WiMAX application. The

proposed design antennas are single patch and patch array of four by N (4xN) antenna,

which N=1, 2, 3 and 4 for two types of patch materials such as graphene and copper.

Two thickness of graphene been used in this design such that 0.035mm and 0.35nm.

The array of 4xN patch array microstrip square antenna with microstrip line feeding

based on quarter wave impedance matching technique was designed and simulated by

using Computer Simulation Studio 2011 (CST) software. The performance for the

single patch and patch array microstrip antenna for two types of patch materials;

graphene and copper are compared in terms of return loss, gain and directivity. From

the simulation, the highest return loss obtained is -27.16dB, while gain is 6.4520dB

and directivity is 13.180dB. From the overall results, 4x4 patch array antenna of

graphene with the thickness of 0.35nm gives the best performance among the others

in terms of return loss, gain and directivity. In this project, prove that graphene gives

an improvement in the performance of antenna due to its high conductivity.

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ABSTRAK

Kebelakangan ini, terdapat banyak permintaan oleh pengguna terhadap aplikasi digital

tanpa wayar. Antena yang dipilih dalam permintaan ini seharusnya berprofil rendah,

ringan dan mempunyai lebar jalur yang besar. Antenna mikrostrip dipilih untuk

memenuhi keperluan ini. Disebabkan kekangan antena mikrostrip seperti gandaan

yang rendah, lebar jalur sempit dengan kecekapan yang rendah, membina banyak

tampal dalam bentuk konfigurasi tatasusunan telah dipilih untuk mengatasi

keburukannya. Pada masa kini, graphene telah mendapat permintaan tinggi daripada

komuniti peranti. Dalam projek ini, graphene adalah unsur yang dipilih untuk

menggantikan tembaga sebagai bahan tampal untuk meningkatkan prestasi antenna.

Ini kerana kelebihannya misalnya seperti ringan, kuat, telus dan konduktor haba dan

elektrik yang baik. Thesis ini membentangkan reka bentuk tampal mikrostrip segi

empat sama dengan frekuensi salunan pada 2.5GHz untuk aplikasi WiMAX.

Cadangan reka bentuk antena adalah satu tampal dan tatasusunan tampal bagi empat

oleh N (4xN) antenna yang N=1, 2, 3 dan 4 untuk dua jenis bahan tampal seperti

graphene dan tembaga. Dua ketebalan graphene telah digunakan dalam reka bentuk ini

iaitu 0.035mm dan 0.35nm. Tatasusunan daripada microstrip tampal segi empat sama

4xN dengan talian suap berasaskan teknik suku gelombang padanan galangan telah

direka dan disimulasi dengan menggunakan perisian Computer Simulation Studio

2011 (CST). Prestasi untuk satu tampal dan tatasusunan antena mickrostrip tampal

untuk dua jenis bahan tampal; graphene dan tembaga dibandingkan dari segi

kehilangan balikan, gandaan dan “direktiviti”. Daripada simulasi, kehilangan balikan

yang paling tinggi dicapai adalah -27.16dB, manakala gandaan adalah 6.4520dB dan

“direktiviti” adalah 13.180dB. Daripada hasil kesuluruhan, 4x4 tatasusunan tampal

daripada graphene dengan ketebalan 0.35nm memberi prestasi yang terbaik antara

yang lain dari segi kehilangan balikan, gandaan dan “direktiviti”. Dalam projek ini

telah membuktikan bahawa graphene telah memberi peningkatan dalam prestasi

antenna disebabkan konduktivitinya yang tinggi.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

PROJECT TITLE

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Graphene

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.4 PROJECT SCOPES

1.5 BRIEFLY EXPLANATION ON

METHODOLOGY

1.6 THESIS PLAN

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ANTENNA DEFINITION

2.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH

2.2.1 Rectangular Patch

2.3 ARRAY ANTENNAS

2.4 FEED NETWORKS

2.5 QUARTER WAVELENGTH TRANSFORMER

2.6 PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS

2.6.1 Radiation Pattern

2.6.2 Directivity

2.6.3 Bandwidth

2.6.4 Polarization

2.6.5 Antenna Efficiency

2.6.6 Gain

2.6.7 VSWR

2.7 GRAPHENE

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY

3.2 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL

3.3 DESIGNING ANTENNA

3.3.1 Single Microstrip Patch Design

3.3.1.1 Calculation of Patch Design

3.3.1.2 Calculation of Impedance for

Quarter-Wave Transformer

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3.3.2 Microstrip Patch Array Antenna Design

3.3.2.1 Patch Calculation

3.3.2.2 Calculation of Impedance for

Quarter-Wave Transformer

3.3.3 Design of 4xN Patch Array Antenna

3.3.4 Introduction to CST 2011 Studio Suite Software

3.3.5 Flowchart

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Single Patch Antenna

4.1.1 Return Loss

4.1.2 Gain

4.1.3 Directivity

4.2 Patch Array Antenna

4.2.1 4x1 Patch Array antenna

4.2.1.1 Return Loss

4.2.1.2 Gain

4.2.1.3 Directivity


4.2.2.1 Return Loss

4.2.2.2 Gain

4.2.2.3 Directivity


4.2.3.1 Return Loss

4.2.3.2 Gain

4.2.3.3 Directivity


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4.2.4.1 Return Loss

4.2.4.2 Gain

4.2.4.3 Directivity

4.3 Comparison for Overall Results

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Future Work

REFERENCES

PROJECT PLANNING (GANTT CHART)

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LIST OF TABLES

NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Materials Conductivity

3.1 Design Specification for WiMAX application

4.1 Gain of Single Patch at 2.5GHz

4.2 Directivity of Single Patch at 2.5GHz

4.3 Gain of 4x1 patch array antenna at 2.5 GHz

4.4 Directivity of 4x1 patch array antenna at 2.5 GHz







4.11 Overall Results

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LIST OF FIGURES

NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Representative shapes of microstrip patch element

2.2 Basic of patch antenna with transmission line

2.3 Patch antenna with quarter wave impedance

2.4 Microstrip patch array antenna

2.5 Four elements array line impedance design layout

2.6 (a) Series Feed

(b) Parallel Feed

2.7 Illustration of quarter wave impedance matching technique

2.8 Radiation Pattern

2.9 Rotation of a plane electromagnetic wave and its polarization

2.10 Reflection, conduction and dieletric losses

2.11 Structure of graphene

2.12 Application of grahene OLED

3.1 Basic structure of single patch antenna

3.2 Four element array line impedance design layout

3.3 Matching network of quarter wave (λ/4) transformer

3.4 Proposed design of single patch

3.5 Example of series feed

3.6 Example of corporate (parallel) feed

3.7 Layout of four element array antenna with impedance

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3.8 Proposed 4x1 patch array antenna




3.12 CST Studio Suite Software

3.13 Flow chart

4.1 Return loss for single patch at 2.5 GHz

4.2 Gain for single patch antenna for graphene

(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz

4.3 Gain for single patch antenna for graphene

(t=0.35nm) at 2.5 GHz

4.4 Gain for single patch antenna for copper at 2.5 GHz

4.5 Directivity of single patch antenna for graphene

(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz

4.6 Directivity of single patch antenna for graphene

(t=0.35nm) at 2.5 GHz

4.7 Directivity for single patch antenna for copper at 2.5 GHz

4.8 Return loss for 4x1 patch array antenna at 2.5 GHz

4.9 Gain for 4x1 patch array antenna for graphene

(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz


(t=0.35nm) at 2.5 GHz

4.11 Gain for 4x1 patch array antenna for copper at 2.5 GHz

4.12 Directivity for 4x1 patch array antenna for graphene (t=0.035mm)

at 2.5 GHz

4.13 Directivity for 4x1 patch array antenna for graphene (t=0.35nm)

4.14 Directivity for 4x1 patch array antenna for copper at 2.5GHz



(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz

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(t=0.35nm) at 2.5 GHz


4.19 Directivity for 4x2 patch array antenna for graphene

(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz





(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz


(t=0.35nm) at 2.5 GHz


4.26 Directivity for 4x3 patch array antenna for graphene (t=0.035mm)

at 2.5 GHz




4.30 Gain for 4x4 patch array antenna for graphene (t=0.035mm)

at 2.5 GHz

4.31 Gain for 4x4 patch array antenna for graphene (t=0.35nm)

at 2.5 GHz


4.33 Directivity for 4x4 patch array antenna for graphene

(t=0.035mm) at 2.5 GHz



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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will discuss briefly the background of the project have been

chosen to design and simulate. In this chapter will also discuss the problem statement,

main objective and the scope of the project.

By the passage of time, microstrip antennas became one of the rapid growing

segments in the industry of telecommunication and believed to be the vital and

preferred medium for the future. These days, this type of antenna has a large demand

by the end user and consumer for integrated wireless digital application. Antenna that

will be used in this application such as WiMAX should be low profile, low weight,

low volume and broad bandwidth.[1]

Antenna is a transducer designed to send information as well as collect data in

electromagnetic waves. It transforms electrical power into radio waves and the other

way round so that performing its operation. In other words, the antenna is the

transitional structure between free-space and guiding device. The guiding device or

transmission line may take the form of coaxial line or a hollow waveguide, used to

transport electromagnetic energy from the source to the antenna, or even from the

receiver to the antenna.

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There are many types of antenna such as wire antennas, aperture antennas,

microstrip antennas, array antennas, lens antennas and so on. Different types of

antenna have different types of application.

1.1 Project Background

This project been proposed to design of microstrip rectangular patch antenna

with centre frequency at 2.5GHz for WiMAX application by using Graphene. The

array of 4 by N (4xN) patch array microstrip rectangular antenna with microstrip line

feeding based on quarter wave impedance matching technique will be done and

simulated by using Computer Simulation Tool (CST) software [15]. This design will

replace the patch material of copper with the graphene. There are two thicknesses of

graphene have been used which are 0.035mm and 0.35nm. The graphene could

potentially lead to very interesting features such as miniaturization, dynamic tuning

and even optical transparency and mechanical flexibility [9]. We are also need to vary

in number of arrays to compare the performance for two types of materials such that

copper and graphene. As well as the performance of the single patch designed antenna

was compared for two types of materials in term of return loss, directivity, radiation

pattern and gain. There are also some aspects need to reconsider such that type of

substrate, feeding technique, the thickness and dielectric constant of substrate to meet

a good result. [14]

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1.1.1 Graphene

Graphene is, simply a single atomic layer of graphite; an ample mineral which

is an allotrope of carbon which is composed of very tightly bonded carbon atoms

orderly into a hexagonal lattice. What might make graphene so unique is its sp2

hybridization and very thin atomic thickness which is 0.345nm. These characteristics

let the graphene to break so many facts in terms of strength, electricity and heat

conduction.

It was theoretically claimed that two dimensional substances failed to exist

because of lack of thermal stability when separated. Still, after graphene was isolated,

obviously that it seemed actually possible, and it took researchers a bit of time to

discover the correct way. After suspended graphene sheets were analysed by

transmitting electron microscopy, researchers stated that they discovered a good

reason of slight rippling in the graphene, altering composition of the material. Even

so, in the future research implies that it is actually simply because of the carbon to

carbon bonds in graphene are so compact and also strong that they avoid thermal

changes from destabilizing it.

Essentially the most beneficial characteristics of graphene is a zero-overlap

semimetal, which the both holes and electrons as charge carrier with very high

electrical conductivity. Carbon atoms have a total of 6 electrons; in graphene, each

atom is linked to 3 other carbon atoms on the two dimensional plane, leaving 1 electron

freely available in the third dimension for electronic conduction. These pi orbitals

overlap and assist to improve the carbon to carbon bonds in graphene. Generally, the

electronic properties of graphene are dictated by the bonding and anti-bonding of these

pi orbitals.

Tests have shown that the electronic mobility of graphene is very high. It is

said that graphene electrons act like photons in their mobility due to their lack of mass.

Graphene also contains elastic properties, being able to retain its initial size after strain. [4][12] [19]

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1.2 Problem Statement

Microstrip antenna is preferred due to the some advantages for example low

profile, light weight, inexpensive, simplicity and versatile in terms of resonant

frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance[3][15]. However, there are some

limitations in microstrip single antenna such that low gain, narrow bandwidth with low

efficiency [15]. These disadvantages can be overcome by constructing many patch

antennas in array configuration. This project also has been done to improve the patch

material of the antenna from copper to graphene. Though graphene is the best

conductor known, it is mono-atomic and thus the surface resistance is very high

compared to metals.[21] The conductivity of graphene is very frequency-dependent and

can have completed different behavior [9]. So, the improvement need to be simulate by

CST Studio Suite to prove that graphene is better than copper in term of performance.

1.3 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design an efficient microstrip

rectangular patch antenna by adding in many patch (4xN) antennas in array for

WiMAX application at 2.5GHz. The design’s performance will be more focus on

return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), bandwidth, directivity, radiation

pattern and gain and will be simulated and tested by CST Studio Suite software.

i. To design an efficient microstrip square patch antenna by adding in many

patch antennas (4xN) by using graphene as patch material in array for

WiMAX application at 2.5GHz

ii. To evaluate the performance between the single patch and patch array

microstrip antenna for two types of materials; graphene and copper.

iii. To identify the advantages and improvement can be done by Graphene

as a patch material.

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1.4 Project Scope

The design of microstrip rectangular patch antenna with resonant frequency at

2.5GHz been used for WiMAX application. The microstrip line feeding based on

quarter wave impedance matching technique will be fed on the array of four by N

(4xN) patch array microstrip rectangular antenna. This project designed and simulated

by using CST Studio Suite Software. Design single patch and multiple patch antenna

specifically array of 4xN; N=1, 2, 3, 4. Two types of patch material have been used;

graphene with two thicknesses such that 0.035mm and 0.35nm as well as copper to

identify and compare the performance. The tabulation of data and results will be based

on the simulation in the CST Suite Studio software.

1.5 Brief Explanations on Methodology

Many research on the project need to be done to ensure that the project will run

smoothly. Primary stage, need to learn theoretically the concept of microstrip patch

antenna and graphene to implement it in the suggested antenna. Next step, the

designing and simulation process by using the CST software. Last but not least,

analyse the results in term of performance of patch antenna and graphene.

1.6 Thesis Plan

Chapter 1- In this chapter, briefly explain about the introduction or the

background of project. Some of the information about the definition of antenna and

types of antenna also explained. This chapter also including the project background,

problem statement, objectives and project scope.

Chapter 2- In this chapter, the literature review is where the explanations of

past research and journal that related with this project. Past research included the

results, formulas and calculation based on the antenna and the graphene.

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Chapter 3 - Methodology is a guideline to complete and run the project

smoothly. Start from the research on the related antenna and graphene so that it fulfils

all the requirements in order to meet desired results.

Chapter 4 - In this chapter, it will present all the tabulation data and results. As

the results have been tabulated, the analysis of data can be done. There will also a

discussion about the results.

Chapter 5 - There will a suggestion and future work based on this project. As

well as, the explanation of overall conclusion for the whole project.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter review theoretically to get an idea that related with this project so that it

can helps to design and simulate the project by using an appropriate concept. From the

collected information, it can be a guideline in this project to improve the proposed

project so that it works successfully.

2.1 Antenna Definition

Antenna is a very crucial component in communication, broadcasting and radar

system. The definition of antenna is the component which transforms wire propagated

waves into space propagated waves. The antenna gets electromagnetic waves and also

goes by them onto a receiver or sends electromagnetic waves that have been generated

by a transmitter. In other phrase, the transmitter signal energy is delivered into space

by a sending antenna and the signal is then obtained from space by a receiving antenna.

With the role of the antenna, it could be imagining as a gate connecting the

transmission lines and free space.

Antennas are generally categorized in various techniques. One of the

techniques is the frequency band of operation. The rest comprised of physical structure

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