Data Science Boot Camp Survival Manual

1. Prologue2. Chapter0-DataScientist'sToolbox3. Chapter1-RProgramming4. Chapter2-GettingandCleaningData5. Chapter3-ExploratoryDataAnalysis6. Chapter4-ReproducibleResearch7. Chapter5-StatisticalInference8. Chapter6-RegressionModels9. Chapter7-PracticalMachineLearning

10. Chapter8-DevelopingDataProducts11. Capstone12. Epilogue

TableofContents

DataScienceBoot-CampSurvivalManual

2

Welcomerecruits!

Duringthenextyearyouwilllearnthefundamentalsofdatascience.TheDataScienceSpecialization,offeredbyJohnsHopkinsUniversity,ischallenging.Successrequiresastrategy.Thisbookaimstoequipeachofyouwiththeknowledgeandskillstocompleteboot-camp.The"DataScienceBoot-CampSurvivalManual"alonecannotguaranteesuccess.Listentotheinstructor'slecturesandapplyyourselftotheevaluationsthroughoutyourtraining.

AccordingtoJeffLeekandtheDataScienceSpecializationTeamthekeywordindatascienceis"science".Tothisend,thefocusoftheten-courseseriesincludingacapstoneprojectistoprovidethelearnerwith:

1. anintroductiontothekeyideasbehindreproducibleresearch,2. anintroductiontothetoolsandtechniquestotransformrawdataintoapresentablereport,3. anopportunitytogainhands-onpracticesoyoucanlearnthetechniquesforyourself,and4. anappreciationofthemathematics&statisticsinvolvedindatascience.

ThecoursescomprisingtheDataScienceSpecializationare:

DataScientist'sToolboxRProgrammingGettingandCleaningDataExploratoryDataAnalysisReproducibleResearchStatisticalInferenceRegressionModelsPracticalMachineLearningDevelopingDataProducts

ThesecoursestaughtbyBrianCaffo,JeffLeek,andRogerD.Pengenablethelearnertogetthefoundationalskills.Whilethelecturesandassignmentsbuildthesefoundationalskills,learnersoftenrequiredfurtherexplanations.Thecourseforumsallowlearnerstodiscussthelecturetopicsandassignments.Yeteachsessionofacoursebeginswithoutthesharedknowledgeofpreviousparticipants.AsaCommunityTeachingAssistant(CTA)itbecameclearthatacompanionguidewouldbebeneficial.

AreyouuptothechallengeofJohnsHopkinsUniversity'sDataScienceSpecialization?

Eachchaptercoversoneofthecorecourses.Atutorial-stylebalancingtheoryandpracticalapplicationmakessurvivingdatascienceboot-camppossible.Youlearntheworkflowtypicallyinvolvedinallphasesofadataanalysisproject.

Chapter0:TheDataScientist'sToolbox

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/datascitoolbox

Synopsis:"Getanoverviewofthedata,questions,andtoolsthatdataanalystsanddatascientistsworkwith.ThisisthefirstcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Prologue

CoreCourses

StructureoftheBoot-CampSurvivalManual


3Prologue

Chapter1:RProgramming

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/rprog

Synopsis:"LearnhowtoprograminRandhowtouseRforeffectivedataanalysis.ThisisthesecondcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter2:GettingandCleaningData

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/getdata

Synopsis:"Learnhowtogather,clean,andmanagedatafromavarietyofsources.ThisisthethirdcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter3:ExploratoryDataAnalysis

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/exdata

Synopsis:"Learntheessentialexploratorytechniquesforsummarizingdata.ThisisthefourthcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter4:ReproducibleResearch

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/repdata

Synopsis:"Learntheconceptsandtoolsbehindreportingmoderndataanalysesinareproduciblemanner.ThisisthefifthcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter5:StatisticalInference

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/statinference

Synopsis:"Learnhowtodrawconclusionsaboutpopulationsorscientifictruthsfromdata.ThisisthesixthcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceCourseTrack."

Chapter6:RegressionModels

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/regmods

Synopsis:"Learnhowtouseregressionmodels,themostimportantstatisticalanalysistoolinthedatascientist'stoolkit.ThisistheseventhcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter7:PracticalMachineLearning

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/predmachlearn

Synopsis:"Learnthebasiccomponentsofbuildingandapplyingpredictionfunctionswithanemphasisonpracticalapplications.ThisistheeighthcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

Chapter8:DevelopingDataProducts

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/devdataprod

Synopsis:"LearnthebasicsofcreatingdataproductsusingShiny,Rpackages,andinteractivegraphics.ThisistheninthcourseintheJohnsHopkinsDataScienceSpecialization."

DataScienceCapstone


4Prologue

URL:https://www.coursera.org/course/dsscapstone

Synopsis:"Thecapstoneprojectclasswillallowstudentstocreateausable/publicdataproductthatcanbeusedtoshowyourskillstopotentialemployers.Projectswillbedrawnfromreal-worldproblemsandwillbeconductedwithindustry,government,andacademicpartners."

CoursesynposesquotedfromthecourseinformationpagesatCourseraasat1April2015.

Althoughthecoursesarestandalone,theknowledgeiscumulative.ThepedagogicalcoursedependenciesareavailablefromJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

Figure1CoursedependencydiagramprovidedbyDanielM.Bontje(created17November2014)

Youneedalanguageorsystemtoperformthetasks(RProgramming)anddatatoanalyse(GettingandCleaningData)togetasenseofthedata(ExploratoryDataAnalysis)beforebuildingmodelsanddrawinginferences(StatisticalInference,RegressionModels)ormakingpredictions(PracticalMachineLearning)fromthedatabeforepresentingyourconclusionsandsupportingevidence(BuildingDataProducts,ReproducibleResearch).

Therecommendedmathematicsbackgroundislinearalgebraandintroductorystatistics(descriptiveandinferential).StatisticalInferenceandRegressionModels,coursesinthisspecialisation,coverallthebasicstatisticalconceptsformingasolidfoundationforsubsequentcoursesintheDataScienceSpecialization.ThesecoursesalongwithPracticalMachineLearningarethetheoreticalunderpinnings,whiletheothersixcoursesareappliedinnature:obtaininngdata,scrubbingdata,exploringdata,modelingdata,andinterpretingdatacollectivelyknownastheOSEMN(prounouncedasawesome)model.

AgainwelcometotheDataScienceBoot-Camp.Reviewthe"DataScienceBoot-CampSurvivalManual"onaregularbasisthroughoutyourtraining.

CourseDependencyandRecommendedSequence


5Prologue

Weshallneitherfailnorfalter;weshallnotweakenortire...giveusthetoolsandwewillfinishthejob.-WinstonChurchill,PrimeMinisterofGreatBritain

PrimaryInstructor:JeffLeek,MS,PhD(Biostatistics)

ThefoundationalcourseDataScientist'sToolboxisahigh-leveloverviewofthespecialisation.Thiscourselaysthegroundworkforthenine-courseseriespluscapstonproject.Acomprehensiveapproachteachingfundamentalskillsfordatascienceregardlessofdataset.

Thekeywordin"datascience"issciencenotdata.Themethodisnotdependentuponthedatasetsize;itscalesfromsmalldatatobigdata.Thedatasciencemethodequatestothescientificmethodusedinthenaturalsciences.TheFinancialTimesarticle,"Bigdata:arewemakingabigmistake?",arguesforarigorousmethodology.Anarticle"TheDataScienceMethology",publishedonDataScience101,arguesforadoptionofthescientificmethodfamiliartoscientistsinthenaturalsciences.

DataScienceMethodology

1. problemformulation(hypothesis)2. obtaindata(experiment)3. analysis(validateorrefutehypothesis)4. dataproduct(report)

ThecoursesintheJohnsHopkinsUniversityDataScienceSpecialization"emphasiseadatasciencemethodologyratherthanfocusingprimarilyondatasciencetechnique.[T]heinstructorshavetakencarethroughouttodemonstratearesponsible,scientifically-basedapproachtocollecting,curatingandanalyzingdatasources,"saysspecialisationparticipantJohnFrederickThiels.

Youwillhavelearnedthebasicskillstosuccessfullyusethevarioustoolsrequiredthroughoutthebookandthedatasciencespecialisationcourses.

Tosuccessfullycompletethehands-onexercisesinthebookandcourseassignments(quizzes,programming,andcourseprojects)somesoftwaremustbeinstalledonyourcomputerorinahostedenvironment:Git,RandRStudio.AGitHubaccountismandatorybecausepeer-assessedsubmissionsmustbeaccessible.Internetaccessisnecessarytofullyparticipateinthecourses;suchaswatchingordownloadinglectures,takingquizzes,submittingprogrammingassignments,andparticipatinginthepeerassessmentprocess.Duetothevarietyofoperatingsystemplatformsonwhichthesoftwarecanbedeployed,forthisbook,wedecidedtosolelyfocusonUbuntuLinuxrunninglocallyorremotelyinavirtualisedenvironment.

Beforedelvingintohowtousethevarioustoolsinourtoolboxitisimportanttoconsiderthetypesofskillsweneedasdata-scientists-in-training.Firstly,linearalgebra,probabilityandcalculusattheintroductorylevelissufficientmathematics.Secondly,introductorydescriptiveandinferentialstatisticsincludinghypothesistestingistherecommendedstatisticsbackground.Thirdly,basicprogrammingskillsarerecommended.NoneoftheaforementionedskillsaremandatoryfortheDataScienceSpecialization.Forthosereadersseekingtolearnanyoftheseskillstherearecoursesavailable,including:

Pre-Calculus-Instructors:SarahEichhornandRachelCohenLehman,UniversityofCalifornia,IrvineProbability-Instructor:SantoshS.Venkatesh

Chapter0-TheDataScientist'sToolbox

LearningObjectives

ToolsoftheTrade


6Chapter0-DataScientist'sToolbox

Calculus:SingleVariable-Instructor:RobertGhrist,UniversityofPennsylvaniaDescriptiveStatistics-Instructor:MatthijsRooduijn,UniversityofAmsterdamInferentialStatistics-Instructor:AnnemarieZandScholten,UniversityofAmsterdamDataAnalysisandStatisticalInference-Instructor:Mineetinkaya-Rundel,DukeUniversityProgrammingforEverbody(Python)-Instructor:CharlesSeverance,UniversityofMichigan

ProgrammingforEverybody(Python)deservesspecialmentionbecauseitisconsistentlyhighly-ratedbycourseparticipantsfortheteaching-styleof"Dr.Chuck."Youdonothavetobeageektoenjoythiscourse.

Readtheinformationpageofeachcourseespeciallyifyoupreferaself-teachingapproachtolearning.Therearefreelyavailabletextbooksforsomeofthesecourses.

WhilethevariousapplicationsrequiredforthesecoursescanbeinstalledonthehostoperatingsystemofyourcomputerwerecommendusingvirtualisationsoftwaresuchasOracleVirtualBox,VMWareWorkstationorFusionorPlayer,andParallelsDesktopdependingupontheoperatingsystemrunningonthecomputer.AnothervirtualisationoptionisRStudioServerAmazonMachineImage(AMI)orrollingyourownlocalorhostedvirtualmachineinstance.

Thissectionwilldescribetwoscenarios:

importingaready-madediskimage(AMI)ofUbuntuLinux14.04LTS(64-bit)ontheAmazonWebServiceElasticComputing2(AWSEC2)hostingplatform.importingaready-madediskimageofUbuntuLinux14.04LTS(32-bitor64-bit)intoOracleVirtualBoxonyourcomputer,and

Anadvantageofvirtualisationsoftware,runningonyourcomputerorremotelyhostedbyaserviceprovider,isalltherequiredapplicationsarekeptseparatefromyourcomputer'soperatingsystemandbydefaultisolatedfromthehostfilesystem.

IfyoupreferinstallingOracleVirtualBoxandcreatingavirtualmachineonyourcomputer,youcanskipthissection.

Instructionsareforthcoming.

PleaseconsulttheinstructionsaboutdownloadingandinstallingOracleVirtualBoxontoyourcomputerbeforeproceeding.

Downloadtheready-madediskimageofUbuntuLinux(32-bitor64-bit)basedontheversionsupportedbyOracleVirtualBoxandthearchitectureofthecomputer.

Note:Somecomputersare64-bitbutonlyallow32-bitoperatingsystemstorunwithinvirtualisationsoftware.

Extractthecompressedarchivecontainingthediskimageusingp7zip.

$7zaeUbuntu_14.04.2-32bit.7z

7-Zip(A)[64]9.20Copyright(c)1999-2010IgorPavlov2010-11-18p7zipVersion9.20(locale=en_CA.UTF-8,Utf16=on,HugeFiles=on,2CPUs)

Processingarchive:Ubuntu_14.04.2-32bit.7z

Extracting32bit/Ubuntu14.04.2(32bit).vdiExtracting32bit

EverythingisOk

VirtualisationSoftware

OptionA:AmazonWebServiceElasticCompute2withAmazonMachineImage

OptionB:LocalComputerwithOracleVirtualBox



Folders:1Files:1Size:3807379456Compressed:776252068$

AfterinstallingOracleVirtualBoxitistimetolaunchitsowecanimportthevirtualmachinediskimage(.vdi).

Figure0.1Creatinganewvirtualmachineinstance

Click'New'onthemainmenu.Adialogueboxpop-upappearswhereyouenterthenametoassigntothevirtualmachineandselecttheoperatingsystemandversion.Click'Next'tocontinue.



Figure0.2Allocatingsystemmemorytothenewvirtualmachineinstance

Selecttheamountofsystemmemory(RAM)toallocatetothevirtualmachine.Allocate2048MBofsystemmemorytothisvirtualmachineinstance.Thisparametercanbemodifiedlaterifnecessary.Click'Next'tocontinue.



Figure0.3Associatinganexistingvirtualharddrivetothenewvirtualmachineinstance

Select'Useanexistingvirtualharddrivefile'andclickonthefilefoldericontonavigatetothevirtualharddrivefilepreviouslydownloadedanduncompressed.Click'Create'toassociatethisdiskimagewiththecurrentvirtualmachine.



Figure0.4MounttheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsISO

MaketheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsISOaccessibletothevirtualmachineinstance.AtthemainscreenofOracleVirtualBoxselecttheDataScientistsToolboxvirtualmachine.Click'Settings',then'Storage',followedby'Empty'.



Figure0.5MounttheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsISO

ClicktheCD/DVDiconandselectVBoxGuestAdditions.isofromthedropdownlist.Click'OK'toreturntothemainscreen.



Figure0.6Startingthenewvirtualmachineinstance

AtthemainscreenofOracleVirtualBoxselectthenewlycreatedvirtualmachineinstance.Click'Start'tolaunchthevirtualmachine.Attheloginprompttypethepasswordfromthedownloadwebpage.

ThefinalpreparatorystepisenablingtheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsandupdatinganyout-of-datepackagesinstalledonthevirtualmachine.Openaterminalwindow(CTRL+ALT+T).

ActivatetheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionssothevirtualmachineinstanceintegrateswiththehostsystem.

$cd/media/osboxes/VBOXADDITIONS*$sudoshVBoxLinuxAdditions.run

UponsuccessfulinstallationshutdownthevirtualmachineinstancebyclickingtheGeariconintheupperrightcornerofthevirtualmachine,umounttheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsbyreversingthestepsshowninFigures0.4and0.5.Alternatively,youmaychoosetoleavetheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsISOattached.

Note:WheneveranupdatedLinuxkernelisinstalledaspartofthenormalupdateprocesstheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionswillhavetobereappliedtoensurethesharedclipboard,forexample,continuestowork.DoNOTforgettorestartthevirtualmachineinstancesotheVirtualBoxGuestAdditionsareactivated.



Figure0.7Enable/Disablesharedclipboardanddrag-and-drop

Enablingasharedclipboardbetweenyourcomputerandthevirtualmachineinstanceisconfigurableviathe'Settings'menu.



Figure0.8Pointingdeviceanddeviceboot-orderconfiguration

Themousedevicetypeshouldbeconfiguredas'PS/2Mouse'whetherusingawiredorwirelessmouse.Thedevicebootordershouldbeconfiguredtoensurethevirtualdiskimageisthedefaultbootdevice.

Restartthevirtualmachineinstance.

Switchingbetweenstandardmodeandfull-screenmodeisaseasyasHost_Key+F(RIGHT_CTRL+Fbydefault).

Forconveniencelaunchaterminalsession(CTRL+ATL+T)andwhenitsiconappearsintheapplicationbarright-clickthemouseandselect'LocktoLauncher'.Fromthispointforwardanytimeaterminalsessioniswantedsimplyclickthe'Terminal'icon.



Figure0.9Systemsettingsconfiguration

BeforeproceedingwithupdatingthecurrentlyinstalledsystemsoftwareandapplicationsweshouldselectanUbuntuLinuxpackagerepositoryingeographicproximitytoyourlocation.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyclickingthe'SystemSettings'iconintheapplicationbaralongtheleft-edgeofthescreen.Click'Software&Updates'.

Next,openaterminalsession(CTRL+ALT+T).Whentheterminaldisplaystheshellprompttypethefollowingcommandstoupdateandupgradethecurrentlyinstalledsystemsoftwareandapplications.Ifyouseethe'SoftwareUpdater'iconintheapplicationbar,youcanapplysoftwareupdatesbyclickingtheiconinstead.

$sudoapt-get-yupdate$sudoapt-get-yupgrade



Figure0.10Editingtheusername,password,languagepreferenceandenablingautomaticlogin

Automaticlogincanbeenabledandthedisplaynamefortheuseraccountandpasswordcanbechanged,ifdesired,via'SystemsSetting'sbyclicking'UserAccounts'.

Figure0.11Automaticloginenabled

Click'Unlock'toenableeditingoftheuseraccountconfiguration.Typethecurrentpasswordwhenprompted.Ifyouwanttochangetheaccountname,click'osboxes.org'andtypethedesiredaccountname.Ifyouwanttochangethepassword,clickontheasterisksandtypethedesiredpassword.Ifyouwanttoenableautomaticlogin,click'OFF'sothat'ON'isvisible.Finally,click'Lock'torelocktheuseraccountconfiguration.

Afterashortdetourtofamiliariseourselveswiththecommand-lineinterface(CLI)wewillinstallGit,R,andRStudio.Restassuredthatinteractingwithcommand-lineisnotrequiredbeyondthischapter.RStudioprovidesseamlessintegrationwiththefilesystemtonavigateandmanipulatefiles,versioncontrolandrepositorysynchronisationbetweenyourcomputerandrepositoryhostingservices,andthestatisticalcomputationandsoftwaredevelopmentenvironment.

GettingFamiliarwiththeCommand-LineInterface(CLI)



15-minuteIntroductiontoNavigatingandManipulatingtheFileSystemfromtheTerminal

Let'sstartexploringthebasicfeaturesoftheenvironmentfromthecomfortofaterminalsessionandthecommand-line.Openaterminalwindow(CTRL+ALT+T)ifyouarerunningagraphicaldesktopenvironment.BylearningafewbasiccommandstonavigateandmanipulatethefilesystemyouwillfeelateaseandunderstandwhatisgoinginbehindthesceneswithinFilePanelofRStudio.

Command Description CommonFlags Arguments

pwd printworkingdirectoryname

ls listfileand/ordirectorynames

-l(longform)-a(hidden)-R(recursive)

[directory_path/][pattern]

(optional)

mkdir makedirectory

[directory_path/]directory_nameor[directory_path/]directory_name_list

(mandatory)

cd changedirectory[directory_path/][directory_name]

(optional)

touch createanemptyfile[directory_path/]file_name

(mandatory)

echo createafile(bydefaultstdout)

-e-n(nocarriagereturn)

"astringofcharacters"

(mandatory)

cp copyfileordirectory -r(recursive)

(source)[directory_path/][filename]

(target)[directory_path/][file_name]

(mandatory)

mv movefileordirectory -r(recursive)

(source)[directory_path/][file_name]

(target)[directory_path/][file_name]

(mandatory)

rm remove/deletefileordirectory-f(force)-r(recursive)

[directory_path/][file_name]

(mandatory)

Argumentsinbracketsareoptionalbutifthe'mandatory'designationispresent,atleastoneoftheargumentsmustbesupplied.Directorynamesandpathsaswellasfilenamesmaycontainwildcardcharacters(*and?)whenusedwithsomeofthesecommands.

Table0.1BasicFileandDirectoryCommands

Foreachexampletypethecommandstotherightofthecommandprompt($)tointeractivelyfollowalongtheseexamples.Takeyourtimeworkingthroughthecommandsuntilyoufullyunderstandwhyeachcommandproducestheobservedresults.



Example1:Determinethecurrentworkingdirectory

$pwd/home/osboxes

Example2:Listthefileandsubdirectorynamesinthecurrentworkingdirectory

$lsDesktopDownloadsMusicPublicVideosDocumentsexamples.desktopPicturesTemplates

Example3:Createasubdirectorynamed'test'inthecurrentdirectory

$mkdirtest$cdtest$pwd/home/osboxes/test

Example4:Createsubdirectoriesnamed'1','2','3',and'4'inthecurrentdirectory

$mkdir{1,2,3,4}

Example5:Listthefilesandsubdirectorynamesinthecurrentdirectory

$ls1234

Example6:Createsomeemptyfilesandsomefileswithcontent

$touch1/file01.txt2/file02.txt$echo"Bonjourtoutlemonde"Bonjourtoutlemonde$echo"HelloWorld!">./1/file0101.txt$echo"Tobeornottobe">./3/file03.txt

Example7:Changetothedirectoryimmediatelyabovethecurrentdirectoryandlistthefilesandsubdirectorynamesinthesubdirectorynamed'1'

$cd..$ls-ltest/1total4-rw-rw-r--1osboxesosboxes13Apr309:28file0101.txt-rw-rw-r--1osboxesosboxes0Apr309:27file01.txt

Example8:Listthefilesendingwith'.txt'inthesubdirectorynamed'3'

$ls-ltest/3/*.txt-rw-rw-r--1osboxesosboxes19Apr309:29test/3/file03.txt

Example9:(a)Copythefile'file02.txt'fromdirectorynamed'${HOME}/test/2'todirectory'${HOME}/test/4'andnamethefile'file04.txt'

$cp./test/2/file02.txt./test/4/file04.txt



(b)Copythefile'file02.txt'fromdirectorynamed'${HOME}/test/2'todirectory'${HOME}/test/4'andnamethefile'file02.txt'

$cp~/test/2/file02.txt./test/4/file02.txt

Example10:Makesubdirectory'${HOME}/test/3'thecurrentworkingdirectoryandcreateahiddenfileandahiddensubdirectory

$cdtest/3$touch.hidden01.txt$mkdir.hidden

Example11:Listthenamesofnon-hiddenfilesandsubdirectoriesinthecurrentdirectory

$lsfile03.txt$ls-a...file03.txt.hidden.hidden01.txt

Example12:Createasubdirectorynamed'another'inthehomedirectoryoftheuserandcopythefilesandrecursivelyfrom'${HOME}/osboxes/test'to'${HOME}/another'

$mkdir~/another$cp-r../*~/another

Exampke13:Listthefilesandsubdirectoriesinthehomedirectoryofuser

$ls~anotherDocumentsexamples.desktopPicturesTemplatesVideosDesktopDownloadsMusicPublictest

Example14:Listthefileandsubdirectorynamesin'${HOME}/another'

$ls~/another1234

Example15:Listthefilenamessandrecursivelythesubdirectoriesin'${HOME}/another'

$ls-R~/another/home/osboxes/another:1234/home/osboxes/another/1:file0101.txtfile01.txt/home/osboxes/another/2:file02.txt/home/osboxes/another/3:file03.txt/home/osboxes/another/4:file02.txtfile04.txt

Example16:Createasubdirectorynamed'test/5'inthehomedirectoryoftheuserandmove(copyanddelete)thefilesand/orsubdirectoriesfrom'${HOME}/another'



$mkdir~/test/5$mv~/another/*../5

Example17:Listthefileandsubdirectorynamesin'${HOME}//another'

$ls-a/home/osboxes/another...

Example18:Listthefileandsubdirectorynamesin'${HOME}/test/5'

$ls../51234

Example19:Listthefilenamesandrecursivelythesubdirectoriesin'${HOME}/test/5'

$ls-R~/test/5/home/osboxes/test/5:1234/home/osboxes/test/5/1:file0101.txtfile01.txt/home/osboxes/test/5/2:file02.txt/home/osboxes/test/5/3:file03.txt/home/osboxes/test/5/4:file02.txtfile04.txt

Example20:Makedirectory'/home/osboxes'thecurrentworkingdirectory

$cd$pwd/home/osboxes

Example21:Deletethesubdirectories'test'and'another'from'${HOME}',andthenlistthefileandsubdirectorynamesinthecurrentdirectory

$rm-rftestanother$lsDesktopDownloadsMusicPublicVideosDocumentsexamples.desktopPicturesTemplates

Example22:Closetheterminalsession

$exit

AcheatsheetfortheBourneAgainSHell(BASH)hasbeenpreparedbythefolksatLearnCodetheHardway(LCodeTHW).AcompletemanualforBASHisavailablefromtheGNUProjectifyouwanttofurtherexploretheCLIanditscapabilities.

Themarkdownlanguage,createdbyJohnGruber,isrelativelysmallandeasytolearnunlikemarkuplanguagessuchas

Markdown-WritingDocumentationtheEasyWay



HTMLandXML.Takingaportionofthisbookasanexample,withsomeminorchangestodemonstrateparticularfeatures,weexploresomeofthemorecommonmarkdownelements.

Prologue===

#Introduction

Duringthenextyearyouwilllearnthefundamentalsofdatascience.Survivingtheninecourseswhichmakeupthe[DataScienceSpecialization][0001]offeredby[JohnsHopkinsUniversity][jhu]requiresa**strategy**.

Tothisend,thefocusoftheten-courseseriesincludingacapstoneprojectistoprovidethelearnerwith:

1.anintroductiontothekeyideasbehindreproducibleresearch,2.anintroductiontothetoolsandtechniquestotransformrawdataintoapresentablereport,4.anopportunitytogainhands-onpracticesoyoucanlearnthetechniquesforyourself,and3.anappreciationofthemathematics&statisticsinvolvedindatascience.

##CoreCourses


*DataScientist'sToolbox*RProgramming*ExploratoryDataAnalysis*GettingandCleaningData*ReproducibleResearch*StatisticalInference*RegressionModels*PracticalMachineLearning*DevelopingDataProducts

![CourseDependency](dst_courses.png)*Figure1Coursedependencydiagram*

[0001]:https://www.coursera.org/specialization/jhudatascience/1?utm_medium=courseDescripTop[jhu]:http://www.jhu.edu

Listing0.1Samplemarkdowndocument

Soyoucanimmediatelypractiseeachofthemarkdownelementsusedinthesampledocumentaconcisedescriptionissuppliedwithreferencestothesampledocument.

FontModifiers

Therearetwostylesoffontmodifiersupportedbystandardmarkdown:

bold(textsurroundedby**)italics(textsurroundedby*)

Fromthesampledocumentweseethat'strategy'ismodifiedduringconversiontorenderbolded,whilst'Figure1Coursedependencydiagram'ismodifiedduringconversiontorenderitalicised.

Headings

Therearetwostylesofheaderssupportedbystandardmarkdown:

setextFirst-level(textunderlinedbyatleast3equal-signs)



Secondary-level(textunderlinedbyatleast3dashes)atx

First-level(#precedingtext)Secondary-level(##precedingtext)Third-level(###precedingtext)Fourth-level(####precedingtext)

Fromthesampledocumentweseethat'Prologue'and'Introduction'arefirst-levelheaders,and'CoreCourses'isasecond-levelheader.

Images

Therearetwostylesofimagelinkssupportedbystandardmarkdown:

inlinefilename:![alternatetext](directory_path/image"optionaltitle")

referenceid:![alternatetext][stringofdigits|stringofterms]

Links

Therearetwostylesoflinkssupportedbystandardmarkdown:

inlineURL:[randomwebsite][website]

referenceid:[randomwebsite][stringofdigits|stringofterms]

Fromthesampledocumentweseethat'DataScienceSpecialization'isreferencedbytheidlabel(0001)whereas'JohnHopkinsUniversity'isreferencedbytheidlabel(jhu).TheactualURLsarecollectedattheendofthesamedocumentalthoughthelabelscouldappearanywhereinthedocument.

Lists

Therearetwostylesoflistssupportedbystandardmarkdown:

orderedlist

number(followedbyanoptionalperiodandtwomandatoryspaces;physicalorderingoverridesnumericlabelduringconversion)

unorderedlist

*(asterisk)-(dash)+(plus)

Fromthesampledocumentweseeanorderedlistcontainingthelearneroutcomesandanunorderedlistcontainingthenamesofeachoftheninecorecourses.

Installthemarkdown(MD)tohyper-textmarkuplanguage(HTML)convertertopractisemodifyingthesamplemarkdowndocument.

$sudoapt-getinstallmarkdown



Atexteditorcombinedwiththemarkdown-to-htmlconverterisallthatisneeded.

$nanosample.md$markdownsample.md#sendsHTMLoutputtothescreen$markdownsample.md>sample.html#sendsHTMLoutouttoafilenamed'sample.html'$firefoxsample.html#viewtherenderedHTMLinawebbroswer

Takeyourtimeworkingthroughthesamplemarkdowndocumentuntilyoufullyunderstandwhyeachelementproducestheobservedresults.Thisbookiswritteninamarkdownlanguage.InanothercourseyouwilllearnhowtoproduceamarkdowndocumentcombiningtextandexecutableRcodeusingRmarkdown,andconvertittoHTMLandPDFusingRStudio.

Gitisadistributedversioncontrolsystemallowinganynumberofpeopletocollaborativelycontributetosoftwaredevelopmentorotherprojects.SomeofthecoursesrequirelearnerstosubmittheirprogrammingassignmentstoGitHubaspartofapeerassessmentgradingprocess.

InstallingGit

ByinstallingtheGitcommand-lineclientyoucanchoosewhethertomanageyourlocalandremoterepositoriesfromaterminalsessionorwithinRStudio.AssumingyouarerunningtheUbuntuLinuxvirtualmachineoranotherDebianGNU/LinuxderiveddistributiontypethecommandshowntoinstalltheGitclient.

$sudoapt-getinstall-ygitgit-doc

Ifyouhaveinstalledadifferentdistributionrefertothesystemdocumentationtodeterminethepackagemanagerneededtoinstallsoftwarefromthesoftwarerepository.

15-minuteIntroductiontoVersionControlwithGitfromtheTerminal

Let'sstartexploringthebasicfeaturesoftheversioncontrolfromthecomfortofanRConsolesession.Openaterminalwindow(CTRL+ALT+T)ifyouarerunningagraphicaldesktopenvironmentandthentype'R'andpressthe[ENTER]key.OnceRStudioisinstalledyouwillhaveintegratedaccesstoR.

Command Description CommonFlags Arguments

gitinit initialisealocalrepository;defaultiscurrentworkingdirectory

[directory_path/][directory_name]

(optional)

gitbranch determinethecurrentbranch

gitcheckout

createanewbranchinthecurrentrepository -b(newbranch)

branch_name

(mandatory)

gitstatus reportsthestatusofthelocalrepository

gitshowreportsthehistoricaldifferencesofthefilesinthelocalrepository

gitadd addfilestothelocalrepository

-A(add)

-u(trackfilenamechangesand


(mandatory)

Git-VersionControl



deletions)

gitcommit commitanychangesthelocalrepository

-a(add)

-m(message)


"astringofcharacters"

(optional,mandatory)

gitpull fetchchangesfromanotherrepositoryandmergewithcurrentrepository

sourcetarget

(mandatory)

gitpush updateremoterepositorywithchangesfromthecurrentrepository-u(addupstream(tracking)reference)

targetsource

(mandatoryunless-uflagpresent)

gitmerge flattencommithistorybeforemergingsourcebranchwithtargetbranch --squashbranch_name

(mandatory)

gitrevert undochangestothelocalrepositoryreference_point

(mandatory)

Argumentsinbracketsareoptionalbutifthe'mandatory'designationispresent,atleastoneoftheargumentsmustbesupplied.

Table0.2BasicGitCommands

Foreachoftheexamplesinthissectiontypethecommandstotherightofthecommandprompt($)tointeractivelyfollowalongtheseexamples.Takeyourtimeworkingthroughthecommandsuntilyoufullyunderstandwhyeachcommandproducestheobservedresults.

Preliminaries:ConfigureyouremailaddressandusernametobeusedbyGit.Theflag--globalmeansapplytheconfigurationtoallofyourGitrepositoriesonthecomputer.Theflag--localmeansapplytheconfogurationtoonlythecurrentGitrepository.

$gitconfig[--local|--global]user.email"[email protected]"$gitconfig[--local|--global]user.name"username"

Note:TheoutputofsomeGitcommandsintheseexampleshasbeenreformattedforpresentationwithinthisbook.

Example1:Createalocalrepository.

$mkdirProjects$mkdirProjects/DataScientistsToolbox$mkdirProjects/DataScientistsToolbox/sample$cdProjects/DataScientistsToolbox/sample$gitinitInitialisedemptyGitrepositoryin/home/osboxes/Projects/DataScientistsToolbox/sample/.git/$ls-ladrwxrwxr-x3osboxesosboxes4096Apr519:15.drwxrwxr-x3osboxesosboxes4096Apr519:07..drwxrwxr-x7osboxesosboxes4096Apr519:15.git

Example2:CreateanemptyREADME.mdfileinthelocalrepository.



$touchREADME.md$gitadd.$gitcommit-m"initialcommit"

[master(root-commit)b7c48f3]initialcommit1filechanged,0insertions(+),0deletions(-)createmode100644README.md

$gitstatus

Onbranchmasternothingtocommit,workingdirectoryclean

$gitshow

commitb7c48f3e5cdc772e6a198c3633acd853a69a5778Author:jhudssDate:SunApr519:21:212015-0300

initialcommit

diff--gita/README.mdb/README.mdnewfilemode100644index0000000..e69de29

Example3:EdittheREADME.mdfileandpastethesamplemarkdowndocumentintothefile.

$nanoREADME.md$gitadd-A.$gitcommit-m"addedcontent"

[master8fd8eb8]addedcontent1filechanged,41insertions(+)

Example4:EdittheREADME.mdfileswapping"GettingandCleaningData"and"ExploratoryDataAnalysis."

$nanoREADME.md$gitcommit-m"swappedorderoftwocourses"

[master87d0125]swappedorderoftwocourses1filechanged,1insertion(+),1deletion(-)

Example5:Determinewhetherthereareanychanges.

$gitstatus


$gitshow

commit87d012594aa5a8a39e99d4728dc8c853779587abAuthor:jhudssDate:SunApr519:34:342015-0300

swappedorderoftwocourses

diff--gita/README.mdb/README.mdindex756292a..48587e6100644---a/README.md+++b/README.md@@-25,8+25,8@@ThecoursescomprisingtheDataScienceSpecializationare:

*DataScientist'sToolbox*RProgramming-*ExploratoryDataAnalysis



*GettingandCleaningData+*ExploratoryDataAnalysis*ReproducibleResearch*StatisticalInference*RegressionModels

Example6:Createabranchnamed'draft'.

$gitcheckout-bdraft

Switchedtoanewbranch'draft'

$gitstatus

Onbranchdraftnothingtocommit,workingdirectoryclean

Example7:EdittheREADME.mdfiletoadd"Gitiseasy.Gitisfun.ThanksLinus!"anywhereinthefile.

$nanoREADME.md$gitstatus

OnbranchdraftChangesnotstagedforcommit:(use"gitadd..."toupdatewhatwillbecommitted)(use"gitcheckout--..."todiscardchangesinworkingdirectory)

modified:README.md

nochangesaddedtocommit(use"gitadd"and/or"gitcommit-a")

$gitcommit-a-m"thankedthecreatorofGit"

[draft34af00f]thankedthecreatorofGit1filechanged,2insertions(+)

Example8:Switchtothe'master'branchandchecktherepositorystatus.

$gitcheckoutmaster

Switchedtobranch'master'

$gitstatus


Example9:Mergethe'draft'branch'withthe'master'branchandchecktherepositorystatus.

$gitmergedraft

Updating87d0125..34af00fFast-forwardREADME.md|2++1filechanged,2insertions(+)

$gitstatus


$gitshow

commit34af00fc564fd28e485503715dd5a9a9a461329a



Author:jhudssDate:SunApr519:49:082015-0300

thankedthecreatorofGit

diff--gita/README.mdb/README.mdindex48587e6..aa53fee100644---a/README.md+++b/README.md@@-19,6+19,8@@istoprovidethelearnerwith:3.anappreciationofthemathematics&statisticsinvolvedindatascience.

+Gitiseasy.Gitisfun.ThanksLinus!+##CoreCourses


AcheatsheetforGitandGitHubhasbeenpreparedbythefolksatGitHub.

GitHubisarepositoryhostingserviceallowinganynumberofpeopletocollaborativelycontributetosoftwaredevelopmentorotherprojects.SomeofthecoursesrequirelearnerstosubmittheirprogrammingassignmentstoGitHubaspartofapeerassessmentgradingprocess.

15-minuteIntroductiontoVersionControlwithGitHubfromtheTerminalandWebBrowser

Figure0.12CreateanaccountwithGitHub

BeforecreatingarepositoryonGitHubyoumustcreateanaccountpreferablywiththesamenameemailaddressusedwhenconfiguringGit.IfyouuseanalternateemailaddressandusernameforyourGitHubaccount,youcanassociateGit'susernameandemailaddresswiththisaccount.

GitHub-RepositoryHostingServiceSupportingtheGitVersionControlSystem



Figure0.13ChooseaPersonalPlan

Selecttherepositoryhostingplanforyouraccount.ThedefaultfreeplanissufficientforpeerassessmentsduringtheJohnsHopkinsUniversityDataScienceSpecialization.

Figure0.14NewAccountOrientationDashboard

AfteryourGitHubaccountisset-upyouarereadytoexploretheservice.Youshouldupdatetheprofileinformationattheveryleastbeforeproceeding.

Foreachoftheexamplesinthissectiontypethecommandstotherightofthecommandprompt($)tointeractivelyfollowalongtheseexamples.Takeyourtimeworkingthroughthecommandsuntilyoufullyunderstandwhyeachcommandproducestheobservedresults.

Example1:SynchronisealocalrepositorywithanemptyrepositoryofthesamenameonGitHub.ThecommandsbelowcreatetheemptyrepositoryonGitHubandpushthecontentofthelocalrepositorytoyourGitHiubaccount.SubstituteyourGitHubaccountnamefor'user_name'andtypeyouraccountpasswordwhenprompted.

$curl-uuser_namehttps://api.github.com/user/repos\-d"{\"name\":\"sample\",\"description\":\"learningaboutGitandGitHub\"}"$gitaddremoteoriginhttps://github.com/username/sample.git$gitpushoriginmaster



AcheatsheetforGitandGitHubhasbeenpreparedbythefolksatGitHub.

Risastatisticalanalysisandcomputingenvironmentproviding"anintegratedsuiteofsoftwarefacilitiesfordatamanipulation,calculationandgraphicaldisplay."

InstallingR

Addtheline"debhttp://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntutrusty/"totheendofthesources.listfile.

$sudonano/etc/apt/sources.list

FetchthesigningkeyfortheCRANrepository.

$sudoapt-keyadv--keyserverkeys.gnupg.net--recv-key51716619E084DAB9

InstallthelastestversionofRwhichmightbenewerthanshowninthefigures.

$sudoapt-getupdate$sudoapt-getupgrade$sudoapt-getinstall-yr-baser-doc-infor-mathliblibcurl4-gnutls-dev

15-minuteIntroductiontotheRStatisticalandComputationalEnvironment

Let'sstartexploringthebasicfeaturesoftheRenvironmentfromthecomfortoftheRConsolecommand-lineinterface.Openaterminalwindow(CTRL+ALT+T)ifyouarerunningagraphicaldesktopenvironmentandtype'R'followedbythe[ENTER]key.OnceRStudioisinstalledyouwon'thavetoworkatthecommand-lineunlessyouchoosetodoso.

Command Description Arguments

install.packages installapackagefromCRANpackage_name

(mandatory)

install_github installapackagefromGitHubpackage_name

(mandatory)

library loadapackagepackage_name

(mandatory)

? accessthehelpsystem

[package_name][function_name]

(mandatory)

q() exitRPrompttosavetheenvironmentbeforeshuttingdowntheRStatisticalAnalysisandComputingEnvironment.

Argumentsinbracketsareoptionalbutifthe'mandatory'designationispresent,atleastoneoftheargumentsmustbesupplied.

R-StatisticalAnalysisandComputingEnvironment



Table0.3EssentialRCommands

Foreachexampletypethecommandstotherightofthecommandprompt(>)tointeractivelyfollowalongtheseexamples.Takeyourtimeworkingthroughthecommandsuntilyoufullyunderstandwhyeachcommandproducestheobservedresults.

Example:ForsimplicitywedonotshowtheoutputofthecommandsusedwithinRConsole.Wewillinstallthedevtoolspackage,asanexemplar,whichwillbeneededtosuccessfullycompileotherpackagesthroughoutthesechaptersandtheninedatasciencecourses.

$RRversion3.1.1(201-07-10)--"SockittoMe"Copyright(C)2014TheRFoundationforStatisticalComputingPlatform:i686-pc-linux-gnu(32-bit)

RisfreesoftwareandcomeswithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY.Youarewelcometoredistributeitundercertainconditions.Type'license()'or'licence()'fordistributiondetails.

NaturallanguagesupportbutrunninginanEnglishlocale

Risacollaborativeprojectwithmanycontributors.

Type'contributors()'formoreinformationand'citation()'onhowtociteRorRpackagesinpublications.Type'demo()'forsomedemos,'help()'foron-linehelp,or'help.start()'foranHTMLbrowserinterfacetohelp.Type'q()'toquitR.>install.packages("devtools")>library(devtools)>?devtools>q()$

RStudioisanintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentprovidingaplatform"totacklethetoughestandmostinterestingproblemswithR."

InstallingRStudio

$wgethttp://download1.rstudio.org/rstudio-0.98.1103-i386.deb-O${HOME}/Downloads/rstudio.deb$sudoapt-getinstalllibjpeg62$sudodpkg-i${HOME}/Downloads/rstudio.deb

15-minuteIntroductiontotheRStudioIntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment

RStudio-IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment



Figure0.15RStudioIntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment

LaunchRStudiobyclickingonthe'Button'iconneartheupperleftoftheapplicationbar,typing'rstudio'intothesearchfield,andclickingontheRStudioicon.OncetheapplicationisvisibleasshowninFigure0.15right-clickontheRStudioiconintheapplicationbarandselect'LocktoLauncher'.



Figure0.16ConfigureGlobalOptions

Click'Tools'onthemainmenufollowedby'GlobalOptions'toconfigureRStudio.



Figure0.17SelecttheCRANrepositorymirrortofetchpackages

Selectageographically-nearbyCRANrepositoryafterclicking'Packages'.



Figure0.18Configurecodeeditingpreferences

Click'CodeEditing'toconfiguretheappearanceandbehaviourofthecodeeditingpane.



Figure0.19Configureversioncontroloptions

Click'Git/SVN'toconfigurewhichversioncontrolsystemsystemwillbeused.IfGithaslareadybeeninstalled,thedefaultscanbeaccepted.Click'Apply'.Click'OK'.



Figure0.20Createadirectory

Clickthe'Files'tabinthelowerrightpaneandnavigatetotheProjectsdirectoryandclick'NewFolder'.TypethenameofthecourseDataScientistsToolbox.IfadirectorynamedProjectsdoesnotexist,createit.



Figure0.21Createanewproject-Step1

Intheupperrightclick'Project(None)'andselect'NewProject'.




Click'NewDirectory'tocreateanewrepository.




Click'EmptyProject'astheprojecttype.




Navigateto${HOME}/Projects/DataScientistsToolbox.Click'Choose'.




Typeanamefortheproject.Tocreatetheprojecttypeadirectoryname,select'Createagitrepository',andclick'CreateProject'.



Figure0.27Createanewtextfile

Select'File'onthemainmenufollowedby'NewFile'andselect'TextFile'asthefiletype.



Figure0.28Savethestudent_grades.csvdatafile

Typethecontentsshowninthecodeeditingpane.Clickonthedisketteiconorselect'File,Save'fromthemenu.Typethefilenameandclick'Save'.



Figure0.29Settheworkingdirectory

Click'Session'onthemainmenuandselect'SetWorkingDirectory'followedby'ToFilesPaneLocation'.



Figure0.30Savethestudent_grades.Rscript

Click'File'onthemainmenufollowedby'NewFile'andselect'RScript'.

TypetheRcodeshownbelow.Thenclick'File'followedby'Save'beforetypingthefilenameandclicking'Save'.



Figure0.31Readstudentgradesfileandoutputthecontents

Highlightthecodeinthe'student_grades.R'tab.Click'Run'.



Figure0.32Commitchangestothelocalrepository

Clickthe'Git'tabintheupperrightpane.Click'Commit'.



Figure0.33Selectchangestobecommitedtothelocalrepository

Selecteachofthefourfilesbymarkingthemasstaged.Typeacommitmessage.Click'Commit'tocommitthesechangestothelocalrepository.



Figure0.34Summaryofchangestothelocalrepository

Reviewthemessagesbeforeclicking'Close'.Afterwardsclosethe'ReviewChanges'pop-upwindow.



Figure0.35Trackingchangesinanopenproject

ModifytheRcodeasshowninthe'student_grades.R'tab.Didyounoticethenewentryunderthe'Git'tab?Highlightthelastlineofcodeandrunit.Committhischangeusingthesameprocedure.



Figure0.36PushthecontentsofthelocalrepositorytoGitHub

LogintoGitHubusingawebbrowserandcreateanemptyrepositorynamed'demo'.InRStudioclickthegeariconunderthe'Git'tabandselect'Shell'.Forconvenienceweputthegitcommandsinthecodepane.TypethesecommandsintheshellsubstitutingyourGitHubaccount.Type'exit'toclosetheshell.VerifytherepositoryonGitHubhasbeenupdated.LogoutofGitHub.



Figure0.37Closethecurrentlyactiveproject

Clickon'demo'intheupperrightcornerofRStudioandclick'CloseProject'.

Figure0.38GitHubrepositorynameddemoafterthepushfromlocalrepository

Congratulations!Yousuccessfullyonfiguredavirtualmachineforuseduringthedatascienceboot-camp.

Practise.Practise.Practiceyournewlyacquiredknowledgeandskillsinpreparationforthecourseproject.



DataScientist'sToolboxintroducedthestatisticalcomputingandgraphingsuite,theintegrateddevelopmentenvironment,andtheversion/revisioncontrolsystemselectedbytheDataScienceSpecializationLabTeamintheBiostatisticsDepartmentofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Thefeaturesandcapabiilitiesofthesetoolsextendbeyondthebasicspresentedinthischapter.Whilethegraphicaluserinterfaceisconvenientwehighlyrecommendandencourageyoutobecomecomfortablewiththecommand-lineaswell.

Asadatasciencerecruitoutfittedwithyourkit(Git,R,RStudio,UbuntuLinux,andGitHubaccount)theinstructorforRProgrammingawaits.Boot-camphasbeeneasyuptothispoint.Readthe"DataScienceBoot-CampSurvivalManual"regularlytoavoidwashing-outofboot-camp.

Recruits,dismissed.

FinalThoughts



Chapter1-RProgramming


56Chapter1-RProgramming

Chapter2-GettingandCleaningData


57Chapter2-GettingandCleaningData

Chapter3-ExploratoryDataAnalysis


58Chapter3-ExploratoryDataAnalysis

Chapter4-ReproducibleResearch


59Chapter4-ReproducibleResearch

Chapter5-StatisticalInference


60Chapter5-StatisticalInference

Chapter6-RegressionModels


61Chapter6-RegressionModels

Chapter7-PracticalMachineLearning


62Chapter7-PracticalMachineLearning

Chapter8-DevelopingDataProducts


63Chapter8-DevelopingDataProducts

Capstone


64Capstone

Epilogue


65Epilogue

PrologueChapter 0 - Data Scientist's ToolboxChapter 1 - R ProgrammingChapter 2 - Getting and Cleaning DataChapter 3 - Exploratory Data AnalysisChapter 4 - Reproducible ResearchChapter 5 - Statistical InferenceChapter 6 - Regression ModelsChapter 7 - Practical Machine LearningChapter 8 - Developing Data ProductsCapstoneEpilogue

Data Science Boot Camp Survival Manual

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