Cutting Carbon Emissions with Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ... · •Zero-carbon or net-zero carbon...
Transcript of Cutting Carbon Emissions with Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ... · •Zero-carbon or net-zero carbon...
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Cutting Carbon Emissions with Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
M.A.Sc, Mechanical Engineering
Research AssistantThermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials (TEAM) LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Faculty of Applied Science & EngineeringInstitute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Toronto
Nov 29, 2017
Daniel Muirhead
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Outline
• CO2 emissions in transportation sector
• Electrifying mobile power applications
• Hydrogen as an energy carrier
• Fuel cell background
• Fuel cell market penetration (forklifts, hydrail and hydrogen buses)
• PGM cost challenge
• Research: improving PGM catalyst utilization
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 2
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (Canada)
• Transportation sector responsible for 24% of GHG emissions in Canada
• 23% of global energy-related GHG emissions from transportation sector (IEA Global EV outlook, 2017)
• 95% of transportation energy derived from liquid fuels
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 3
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (2017), National Inventory Report 1990-2015: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canadahttps://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions/canadian-economic-sector.html
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Reducing CO2 emissions in transportation and mobile power applications
• Requires high density stored energy or continuous electrical supply (catenary rail)• Zero-carbon or net-zero carbon fuels (e.g. Biofuels) or electrification
• Electrification can be achieved with batteries or fuel cells• Li-ion battery: energy carrier permanently encased in battery
• In fuel cell: energy carrier is a fuel stored externally, supplied continuously to electrode (i.e. hydrogen gas)
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 4
Toyota Mirai (https://ssl.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html) Nissan Leaf (nissan.ca)Alstom Coradia iLint (alstom.com/press-centre)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Caveat: Carbon intensity of electrical production
• Electrification of transport GHG reduction only if electrical generation is low-carbon
• Ontario, Quebec, BC, Manitoba, Newfoundland & Labrador dominated by hydro and/or nuclear power• Electrification of transit enables GHG reduction
• Saskatchewan, Alberta, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick rely heavily on coal and/or natural gas
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 5
Generation capacity info available from NRCAN (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/electricity-infrastructure/18792)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
• Ontario’s electricity supply is not carbon intensive• Predominantly nuclear and hydro
• Embedded generation projects (local distribution companies) – mostly solar and wind (>2500 MW total)
Ontario’s Energy Mix
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 6
Source: ieso power data http://www.ieso.ca/en/power-data/supply-overview/transmission-connected-generation
Ontario’s 2016 Transmission-Connected Energy Output
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Hydrogen as an energy carrier
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 7
With H2 Production & Storage
Benefits:
1. Storing energy from intermittent energy sources
2. Localization or elimination of pollutants
With No Storage
WindHydro
SolarNuclear
Geothermal
Continuous IntermittentBackstop / Demand Response
Coal
Natural Gas
Consumption
WindHydro
SolarNuclear
Geothermal
Continuous Intermittent
Consumption
Electrolyzer
Fuel Cell
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Hydrogen as an energy carrier
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 8
Source: NREL (USDOE) H2 at Scale Presentation https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/66246.pdf
• Hydrogen production enables greater penetration of intermittent wind and solar generation
• Hydrogen can provide large scale, long-term storage for electricity
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Hydrogen as an energy carrier
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 9
• Hydrogen production enables greater penetration of intermittent wind and solar generation
• Hydrogen can provide large scale, long-term storage for electricity
Source: IEA technology roadmap: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (2015)https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHydrogenandFuelCells.pdf
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 10
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells:
• Produce electricity from H2 and air
• Do not generate CO2 at point of use
• No combustion• Direct H2 (< 90°C)
Background: Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
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O2
GDLPEMGDL
H2
e-DC circuit
H2O
H2O
H+Anode
H2 2H+ + 2e-
Cathode
½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
H2O
Catalyst Layer
Gas diffusion layer (GDL)
Catalyst-coated membrane (CCM)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
PEM Electrolyzers:
• Water + H2 and O2
• Do not generate CO2 (unlike SMR)• Preferred method of H2 generation
• Not yet most common
Background: Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers
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H2
PTLPEMPTL
O2
e-DC circuit
H2O
H2O
H+
Catalyst Layer
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Fuel cells and electrolyzers
Advantages over batteries for mobile applications:
• Range scales with tank size, not fuel cell stack size (cost advantage for longer-range applications)
• Shorter fueling time (~5 minutes for a hydrogen fuel cell car)
• No performance loss as tank is being depleted
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 13
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Future of low GHG transportation: FCEV + BEV
• Both FCEVs and BEVs will be relevant!
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 14
Figure from The Hydrogen Council Vision Report. (www.hydrogeneurope.eu) Weight and range estimates from Toyota, Hyundai, Daimler
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Today’s market for hydrogen fuel cells
Material handling (forklifts)
• Advantages:• Fuelling time
• Space saving (no battery charging rooms)
• No loss of power during discharge
• On-site hydrogen generation in off-peak hours
• Food distribution, manufacturing, retail distribution facilities switching to fuel cells based on cost and productivity advantages
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 15
Ballard Power Material Handling Solutionshttp://www.ballard.com/markets/material-handling
PlugPower Gendrive Series 2000http://www.plugpower.com/products/gendrive/series-2000/
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Today’s market for hydrogen fuel cells
Fuel cell buses
• Zero-emission 1:1 replacement for CNG or diesel buses • same range/route flexibility, similar refueling time
• Governments (esp. China) pursuing for urban air quality improvements
• Case studies, white papers available: ballard.com/markets/transit-bus
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 16
Blue-G/Hydrogenics (Mississauga) fuel cell bus (promotional image - Hydrogenics Nov 2017 Investor Presentation)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Today’s market for hydrogen fuel cells
Hydrogen-powered rail transit (hydrail)
• Governments/municipalities in Europe and China are showing growing interest in fuel cells for trains
• Alternate form of rail electrification
• Advantages over traditional catenary system:• Gradual rollout, no service interruption
• Resilience to extreme weather
• H2 production during off-peak hours, less strain on electrical grid
• Kickstart H2 production infrastructure
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 17
Alstom Coradia iLint (alstom.com/press-centre)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Today’s market for hydrogen fuel cells
Canadian companies are producing the fuelcells for global hydrail projects!
• Alstom and Hydrogenics (Mississauga) have partnered to deliver hydrogen-powered trainsin four German states
• Ballard (Burnaby, BC) has signed a developmentagreement with Siemens for fuel-cell powered commuter train
• Ballard also supplying fuel cells for CRRC (Chinese train co.) hydrail projects
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 18
Alstom Coradia iLint (alstom.com/press-centre)
Source: Ballard Power (http://ballard.com/about-ballard/newsroom/news-releases)
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Today’s market for hydrogen fuel cells
• Rail and bus transit generally operated by a government body• Motivated to achieve public health & environmental goals
• May be open to innovation (also may be especially hesitant!)
• Longer-term planning: transit infrastructure choices are decades-long commitments
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 19
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Hydrail in Ontario?
• Metrolinx is launching a feasibility study on electrifying the GO rail network using hydrogen fuel cells (http://www.gotransit.com/electrification)
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 20
gotransit.com/electrification
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Platinum Usage in PEM Fuel Cells
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 21
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Why PEM fuel cells require platinum
• Low temperature PEM fuel cells are most suitable for mobile power applications (weight, start-up time)
• Best catalysts for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions: platinum-group metals (Pt and Irmainly).• With a poor catalyst, reaction activation barrier is larger
• More heat is created (less efficient), and the electrical output is at lower potential (V)
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 22
O2
PEM
H2 H+
Catalyst Layer
H2O
H2O
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
The cost of Pt in fuel cell systems
• Costs associated with the catalyst layers are nearly half of the estimated mass-production stack cost
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 23
Stack cost breakdown (500,000 stacks/year)
*https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/15015_fuel_cell_system_cost_2015.pdf
• Cost reductions required (+carbon pricing) to significantly displace ICEs
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
The cost of Pt in fuel cell systems
Platinum mining
• Top 3 producers (with >90% of global resource):
• Major markets: consumer electronics, automotive sector (catalytic converters)
• Socio-political factors may affect price and availability• Sanctions & trade relations• Political unrest• Strikes/labour disputes (~5 month strike at 3 major South Africa Pt mining
companies in 2014)• Depletion not yet a major concern
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 24
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
The need for platinum-group metals (PGMs)
• Non-PGM catalysts under development (eg. Fe-based),• performance and/or durability currently not sufficient for transportation or power
generation applications.
• Current best approach: minimize Pt usage (maximize utilization), and ensure recyclability.
• The more Pt we use, the more stack cost will track with a precious metal’s commodity price
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 25
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
How do we reduce the platinum requirement?
• Fuel cell systems are constructed with up to several hundred individual “cells” connected in a “stack”
• Reduce Pt by:• Reducing Pt loading in catalyst layers of each cell• Reducing # cells per stack (increase power density in remaining
cells)
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 26
Ballard Power Fcgen 1020ACS ballard.com/fuel-cell-solutions
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Mass transport limitations in PEM fuel cells
• On cathode side, water is produced• Must exit cell through gas channels
• Oxygen must diffuse across the GDL to reach the catalyst layer
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GDL
Cathode
½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
H2O
Catalyst Layer
H2O
H2O
O2
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Mass transport limitations in PEM fuel cells
• Liquid water accumulates in GDL• decreases the open pore space
• lengthens oxygen diffusion pathways
• Liquid water accumulation is most severe at high current density
• If Pt loading is decreased in catalyst layer• Reduced # reaction sites, larger transport
resistance in the catalyst layer
• Resistance to oxygen transport must be kept small in all fuel cell layers to prevent O2starvation
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O2
GDL
H2O
Cathode
½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
H2O
Catalyst Layer
H2O
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Mass transport limitations in PEM fuel cells
Focus of my research:
• Liquid water accumulation and O2 transport behavior• Inlet gas humidity
• GDL porosity
• Operating current density (rate of water production)
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O2
GDL
H2O
Cathode
½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e-
H2O
Catalyst Layer
H2O
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Ongoing research around the world: catalyst layer development
• Industrial and academic research groups around the world are focusing on studies of catalyst layer performance and durability• Improving transport of O2 to Pt particles in catalyst
• Catalyst nanostructure characterizations
• Catalyst oxidation states, catalysis reaction pathways
• Developing novel catalyst application methods
• Developing non-PGM catalysts
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 30
Nonoyama et al. 2011 (Toyota), J. Electrochem. Soc
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials Laboratory
Summary
• An exciting, growing field, albeit with challenges ahead• Real, feasible pathway to eventual cost-competitiveness
• Research to cut catalyst costs, improve performance• Increased production volumes
• Biggest challenge is public acceptance• H2 production, storage, delivery and use are safe in a well-regulated environment
• On-board storage tanks engineered to meet or exceed industry standards for crash safety• H2 dissipates quickly in leak scenarios (minimal explosion risk, counter to public perception)
• Rail and heavy transit adoption will accelerate technological development• Boom in demand from Europe and China for H2-powered transit
Spaces to watch:
Canada: Hydrogenics, Ballard, Hydrogen Business Council of Canada, Canadian Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association
US: US DOE VTO Consortia: FC-PAD, HydroGEN, HyMARC, ElectroCat
Europe: The Hydrogen Council (hydrogeneurope.eu) Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU), Hydrogen Mobility Europe (h2me.eu)
Daniel Muirhead ([email protected]) 31
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Thermofluids for Energy and Advanced Materials (TEAM) Laboratory (bazylak.mie.utoronto.ca)
Contact Info:Daniel Muirhead M.A.Sc., B. [email protected]
Acknowledgements