Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the...

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Crop Production DCR Training July 2011

Transcript of Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the...

Page 1: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Crop Production

DCR Training July 2011

Page 2: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Physiographic Regions • Ridge and Valley

– Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Allegheny mountains

– Cooler climate, shorter season

– Soils – deep, fertile clays; shallow over limestone

– Crops – cool season grasses, corn, soybean, alfalfa

JM Gaidos

Page 3: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Physiographic Regions

• Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge

and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite derived, red,

high in clay, acidic, low OM – Reduced tillage practices to

decrease erosion – Crops – CS grasses, corn,

soybean, small grains

http://wwwcapp.er.usgs.gov/publicdocs/gwa/ch_l/gif/L060.GIF
Page 4: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Physiographic Regions

• Southern Piedmont – James River boundary – Long season – Soils – deep, sandy,

drought prone – Reduced tillage in some

crops – Crops – tobacco, peanut,

cotton, CS & WS grasses, corn, soybean, small grains

http://wwwcapp.er.usgs.gov/publicdocs/gwa/ch_l/gif/L060.GIF
Page 5: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Physiographic Regions

• Coastal Plain – Begins at fall line on west – Long season – Soils – v.deep, high in

sand, low clay and OM, drought prone

– Reduced tillage in most crops

– Crops – corn, soybean, small grains, vegetables

Page 6: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite
Page 7: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Harvested Acres, 2000-2011

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600H

arve

sted

Acr

es (1

000'

s)

Barley

Corn For Grain

Corn For Silage

Cotton

Alfalfa hay

Grass Hay

Peanuts

Soybeans

Tobacco

Wheat

Page 8: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Harvested Acres, 2000-2011

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Har

vest

ed A

cres

(100

0's) Barley

Corn For Grain

Corn For Silage

Cotton

Peanuts

Soybeans

Tobacco

Wheat

Page 9: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Value of Crop Produced, 2000-2010

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Crop

Val

ue (1

000

dolla

rs) Barley

Corn for Grain

Alfalfa Hay

Grass Hay

Peanuts

Soybeans

Tobacco

Wheat

Page 10: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Historic Soybean Yields

y = 0.4095x - 780.2

y = 0.1903x - 350.47

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Soyb

ean

Yiel

d, b

u/ac

USA Virginia

Page 11: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Historic Corn Yields

y = 2.319x - 4501.8

y = 0.6922x - 1280.7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Cor

n Yi

eld,

bu/

ac

USA Virginia

Page 12: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Historic Wheat Yields

y = 0.3629x - 685.35

y = 0.4636x - 869.75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Whe

at Y

ield

, bu/

ac

USA Virginia

Page 13: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

What Drives Emergence and Vegetative Growth in Most Plants?

Page 14: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Crop Growth & Development

Page 15: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Heat unit (GDD) concept

• GDD = ((Tmax-Tmin) / 2) – 50F – Difference between avg temp and 50 – Limits

• Upper 86 F • Lower 50 F

– Range • 0 – 36 GDD per day

Page 16: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

GDD

Page 17: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages Stage GDD Accumulated

VE 120

V2 220

V4 355

V6 470

V8 585

V10 720

V12 815

VT 1150

R1 – Silking 1250-1400

R5 – Dent 2130-2450

R6 – Black Layer 2350-2900

Page 18: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite
Page 19: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• VE (emergence) • V1 (first leaf) • V2 (second leaf) • V3 (third leaf) • V(n) (nth leaf) • VT (tasseling)

• R1 (silking) • R2 (blister) • R3 (milk) • R4 (dough) • R5 (dent) • R6 (physiological

maturity)

Page 20: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• VE - emergence

Page 21: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V2 – 2 leaves

Page 22: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V6 – 6 leaves emerged, all leaves formed, growing point reaches soil surface

Page 23: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V8 – 8 leaves, potential kernel row number being determined

Page 24: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V12 – 12 leaves, kernel row number set, maybe

Page 25: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V16 – 16 leaves or about 1 wk prior to silking, kernels per row set

Page 26: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• VT – Tasseling,

Page 27: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• R1 – Silking

• R2 - Blister

Page 28: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• R3 – Milk

• R4 - Dough

Page 29: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• R4 - Dough

Page 30: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• R5 – Dent

• R6- Black layer

Page 31: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• R6- Black layer

Page 32: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Soybean Development Vegetative Stages • VE Emergence • VC Unrolled

unifoliate leaves

• V1 1st trifoliate • V2 2nd trifoliate • Vn nth trifoliate

Reproductive Stages • R1 Begin Flower • R2 Full Flower • R3 Begin Podding • R4 Full Pod • R5 Begin Seed • R6 Full Seed • R7 Begin Maturity • R8 Full Maturity

Page 33: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Soybean Development

• VC

C. Whaley

R. Taylor

Page 34: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• V1

Soybean Development

C. Whaley

Page 35: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• V2

Soybean Development

Page 36: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• V3

Soybean Development

Page 37: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R1

Soybean Development

Page 38: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R2

Soybean Development

Page 39: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R4

Soybean Development

Page 40: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R6

Soybean Development

Page 41: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R7

Soybean Development

Page 42: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

• R8

Soybean Development

Page 43: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Split Apply N According to Growth Stage

Page 44: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Zadoks stage, in parenthesis

Estimated GDD (base 32ºF) Required to Reach Key Developmental Stages

235 550

950 1200

1350

2700

3550 3200

Page 45: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Wheat

• Daylength Sensitivity – What triggers the change from vegetative to

reproductive growth?

Page 46: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Integrated Management

Page 47: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Lack of

moisture

Possible production

Low fertility

Poor stand

Poor soil

conditions

Improper crop

variety

Weeds

Insects and

diseases

Factors Limiting Crop Production

Page 48: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Wheat Varieties Recommended

http://www.ext.vt.edu/
Page 49: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite
Page 50: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Suggested Seeding Dates for No-till Wheat

Page 51: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite
Page 52: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Hessian Fly Free Date

Page 53: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Seeding Rate • Attain 30 vigorous seedlings per square foot. • Calibrate the drill for 30-35 seeds per square ft.

Planting Time

Row width, in Timely 2 wk late 4 wk late

Seeds/row foot

4 12 13 14

6 18 20 22

7 20 22 24

8 22 24 26

Page 54: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Seed Size

Page 55: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

30 seeds/sq ft 10 seeds/sq ft

Page 56: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Nitrogen Management In Winter Wheat Production

Page 57: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite
Page 58: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Split Apply N According to Growth Stage

60% N Uptake After GS 30

Page 59: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

GS 25 N Rate Directly Related to Tiller Numbers

Page 60: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Growth Stage 30 Just prior to

jointing

Page 61: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

GS 30 N Application Directly Related to Tissue N Content

Page 62: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Weeds, Insects, and Disease

• Weed Control information – Site specific – See the VT Pest Management Guide http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/456-016.html

S. Hagood S. Hagood

Page 63: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Weeds, Insects, and Disease • Insects

– See the PMG – Aphids and BYDV

• Seed treatments • Scouting and in-season control

– Cereal Leaf Beetle • Scouting and thresholds, timing

Page 64: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Foliar Diseases

Page 65: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Corn Hybrid Selection Considerations

• Adaptation • Performance Data

– Yield & Test wt. – Heading – Disease resistance – Lodging/Standability

• Use Quality Seed

Page 66: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Corn Planting Date

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

April 1 April 15 April 29 May 13

Date

Tem

pera

ture

, °C

Westmoreland, 2004

Westmoreland, 2005

Charles City, 2004

Charles City, 2005

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-032/424-032.html

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/grains/424-033/424-033.html
Page 67: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Seeding Rate • Yield potential

– <90 bu/ac = 18,000-20,000 seeds – 90-120 bu/ac = 20,000-22,000 – >120 bu/ac = 22,000-26,000+

• “Stretch” hybrids – 18,000-20,000 seeds

• Planting >26,000 seeds only on soils w/ 4 plus

inches of available moisture and avg yields >125 bu/ac

Page 68: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Plant Population

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Planted population, plants/A

Yiel

d, b

u/A

Page 69: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Row Width

• Why narrow rows should increase yields.

Page 70: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Row width

% yield change Location Experiments Row spacing (in) vs. 30 in. row Michigan 10 22 8.8 Minnesota 6 20 7.3 Purdue 9 15 2.7 Iowa 5 20 4.5 Pennsylvania

27,000 PPA 2 15 3.2 34,000 PPA 2 15 11

Kentucky 5 20 0 Tennessee 3 20 -4.3

Page 71: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Row Spacing

y = 0.0014x + 110.37 R 2 = 0.6138

y = 0.0021x + 82.01 R 2 = 0.8312

y = -0.0003x + 154.31 R 2 = 0.4189

y = 0.0009x + 120.08 R 2 = 0.3072

130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170

25000 27000 29000 31000 33000 35000 37000 39000 Plants/ac

Yiel

d, b

u/ac

15 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch Twin 30 Inch

Page 72: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

N Fertilizer Rate 1.0 lb N Per Bu Yield Potential

• (56 lbs/bu) * (1-0.15) = 47.6 lbs dry matter/bu

• Corn grain: 9% protein = 1.44%N • (47.6 lbs dm/bu) * (0.0144) = 0.69 lbs N/bu • Efficiency of uptake:

– 69% eff. = (0.69 lbs N / 1.0 lb N applied) (100%)

– 60% eff. = (0.69 lbs N / 1.15 lb N applied) (100%)

Page 73: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Nitrogen

Growing Degree Units

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Dry

Mat

ter A

ccum

ulat

ion

(Mg

ha-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

N U

ptak

e (k

g ha

-1)

0

50

100

150

200

Dry MatterTotal N

V4 V8

VT

R2

TraditionalPreplant

N Application

Proposed N ApplicationWindow

May June July Aug Sept

R4

Page 74: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

FERTILIZER EFFICIENCY •Placement

Page 75: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Yetter

Sub-Surface Placement

118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132

0 20 40 60 80

Starter N, lb/ac

Yiel

d, b

u/ac

60 lb N BC, preplant + 10 lb N starter

Page 76: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Optimum Starter Band and Sidedress N Rates for No-till Corn

Soil Series Starter Band* N Rate (lbs/ac)

Side-dress N Rate (lbs/ac)

Yield (bu/acre)

Pamunkey 66 0 89

Slagle sil 70 93 168

Pamunkey fsl 70 80 154

Slagle sl 49 125 128

Turbeville sl 27 107 111

Cullen l 44 58 126

Eubanks sil 70 0 122

Ross l 70 93 105

Pamunkey sil 70 93 148

*Starter band placed 2x2. N rates were 10, 30, 50, 70 lbs N/acre.

Page 77: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Developmental Stages

• V6 – 6 leaves emerged, all leaves formed, growing point reaches soil surface

• kernel row number being determined

Page 78: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Nitrogen

Page 79: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Stress

• Types of Stress – Temperature – Moisture – Nutrient

Page 80: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Critical Stages

• Early Vegetative • Tassel Emergence • Silking • Blister • Dough

Page 81: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

Critical Stages

Growth Stage

Yield loss from 4 days visible wilting (%)

Early Vegetative 5-10

Tassel Emergence 10-25

Silking 40-50 Blister 30-40

Dough 20-30

Classen and Shaw, 1970

Page 82: Crop Production · 2015-09-19 · Physiographic Regions • Northern Piedmont – Bordered by the Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain – 600-700 ft lower in elevation – Soils – granite

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ESTIMATING VOLUME OF SEDIMENT, NUTRIENT ......ESTIMATING VOLUME, NUTRIENT CONTENT, AND RATES OF STREAM BANK EROSION OF LEGACY SEDIMENT IN THE PIEDMONT AND VALLEY AND RIDGE PHYSIOGRAPHIC

THE PIEDMONT CARVER - PIEDMONT WOOD CARVERS CLUB | …

THE PIEDMONT CARVER - PIEDMONT WOOD CARVERS CLUB | …

India and Its Physiographic Divisions

India and Its Physiographic Divisions

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Physiographic Provinces of Virginia

Physiographic Provinces

Physiographic Provinces

The Piedmont View - Piedmont Environmental Council

The Piedmont View - Piedmont Environmental Council

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SUBDIVISION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SUBDIVISION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES

APPENDIX A Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage ... · Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations in the Piedmont Physiographic ... the annual maximum series calculated

APPENDIX A Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage ... · Site Characteristics for Selected USGS Gage Stations in the Piedmont Physiographic ... the annual maximum series calculated

India Physiographic Map 2001

India Physiographic Map 2001

RIS 3 Piedmont - RIS3 strategy of Piedmont

RIS 3 Piedmont - RIS3 strategy of Piedmont

5. Natural Resources - Montgomery County, Maryland...5. Natural Resources 5.1 Geology The Midcounty Corridor study area (study area) located in the Piedmont Plateau is physiographic

5. Natural Resources - Montgomery County, Maryland...5. Natural Resources 5.1 Geology The Midcounty Corridor study area (study area) located in the Piedmont Plateau is physiographic

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE LOWER 48 UNITED …geo-site.net/geology/ROCK_LANDFORMS_files/PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGI… · PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE LOWER 48 UNITED STATES ... Piedmont

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE LOWER 48 UNITED …geo-site.net/geology/ROCK_LANDFORMS_files/PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGI… · PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE LOWER 48 UNITED STATES ... Piedmont

Virginia’s Physiographic Provinces

Virginia’s Physiographic Provinces

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Bordered Blanket

Black Bordered Ad

Black Bordered Ad

Physiographic Regions of Canada

Physiographic Regions of Canada