Construction Construction TechnologyTechnology

Applying TechnologyApplying Technology

Period 1Period 1

Construction TechnologyConstruction Technology

►The design and building of The design and building of structuresstructures

► Some structures have been so Some structures have been so beautifully designed that they are beautifully designed that they are

considered great works of art and other considered great works of art and other structures have become important structures have become important historical or cultural symbols while historical or cultural symbols while others have ended up as disasters.others have ended up as disasters.

StructuresStructures

► Something that is constructed or built.Something that is constructed or built.► Are made by joining parts to meet a certain Are made by joining parts to meet a certain

need or perform a certain task. need or perform a certain task. Structural Member-Structural Member- building material used building material used

with similar materials to make a structures framewith similar materials to make a structures frame

► Can be natural or human-madeCan be natural or human-made Natural ex: spider web, birds nest, wasp nest,…Natural ex: spider web, birds nest, wasp nest,…

► The design of any structure depends on its The design of any structure depends on its useuse

Construction Systems ModelConstruction Systems ModelInputs:

•People

•Information

•Materials

•Tools/ Machines

•Energy

•Capitol

•Time

Processes:

•Designing the structure

•Preparing the site

•Laying the foundation

•Building the structure

Outputs:

•Finished Structure

•Impacts on individuals, community and environment

Feedback:

•Comments from structures users or inhabitants

•Accidents or disasters resulting from defective materials or poor design

Who Designs Structures?Who Designs Structures?

►Civil Engineers-Civil Engineers- design and supervise design and supervise the building of structures that service the the building of structures that service the publicpublic Most work on roads, water supply, sewers, and Most work on roads, water supply, sewers, and

some public structuressome public structures

►Structural Engineers-Structural Engineers- civil engineers civil engineers whose work focuses more on the mechanics whose work focuses more on the mechanics of load-bearing structuresof load-bearing structures

►Architect-Architect- someone who designs someone who designs buildings and often over sees constructionbuildings and often over sees construction

Designing StructuresDesigning Structures

►On large projects, structural engineers and On large projects, structural engineers and architects work together. The architect designs a architects work together. The architect designs a building, and the engineer determines what kind building, and the engineer determines what kind of structural system is needed. The engineers of structural system is needed. The engineers decide what sizes and types of columns and decide what sizes and types of columns and beams are needed to make the structure stable. beams are needed to make the structure stable. They consider the forces that act on a structure They consider the forces that act on a structure as well as some other questions to be considered:as well as some other questions to be considered:

►How many vehicles or pedestrians will travel on the bridge How many vehicles or pedestrians will travel on the bridge dailydaily

►How might a skyscraper be affected by high wind?How might a skyscraper be affected by high wind?►What needs to be done to protect a structure being built in an What needs to be done to protect a structure being built in an

area with frequent earthquakes?area with frequent earthquakes?

Forces on StructuresForces on Structures

►Structures must be designed to Structures must be designed to withstand the forces that will act on withstand the forces that will act on them.them.

►Force- Force- a push or a pull that transfers a push or a pull that transfers energy to an object energy to an object

►Forces can be external or internalForces can be external or internal External-External- come from outside the structure come from outside the structure Internal-Internal- those that one part of the those that one part of the

structure exerts on another part. They are structure exerts on another part. They are forces acting forces acting withinwithin a structural material a structural material

Forces on StructuresForces on StructuresInternal ForcesInternal Forces

►Tension:Tension: stretches an object or even pulls it apartstretches an object or even pulls it apart

►Compression:Compression: Shortens an object or even crushes it. Shortens an object or even crushes it. Squeezing forceSqueezing force

►Torsion:Torsion: Twist an object along its axisTwist an object along its axis

►Shear:Shear: Pushes adjacent parts of a material in opposite Pushes adjacent parts of a material in opposite directionsdirections

Forces on StructuresForces on StructuresExternal ForcesExternal Forces

► A A loadload is an external force acting on is an external force acting on an object. an object. A load on a structure can be any kind of A load on a structure can be any kind of

weightweight Can also be force caused by pressure Can also be force caused by pressure

from wind or waterfrom wind or water

►Two types of loads:Two types of loads: StaticStatic DynamicDynamic

Static LoadStatic Load

►Also known as a “dead load”Also known as a “dead load”►Changes slowly or not at allChanges slowly or not at all►The materials used to build a structure The materials used to build a structure

are part of this loadare part of this load ex: bricks in a building, twigs in a birds ex: bricks in a building, twigs in a birds

nest, shingles on a roofnest, shingles on a roof

Dynamic LoadsDynamic Loads

►Also known as “live loads”Also known as “live loads”►These loads move or changeThese loads move or change

Ex: cars or people crossing a bridge, oil Ex: cars or people crossing a bridge, oil flowing through a pipeline, or wind flowing through a pipeline, or wind blowing on a buildingblowing on a building

Types of Construction Types of Construction ProjectsProjects

►Each construction project falls into one Each construction project falls into one of the major types of construction:of the major types of construction: ResidentialResidential IndustrialIndustrial CommercialCommercial Public WorksPublic Works

Residential ConstructionResidential Construction

► Building of structures in which people live.Building of structures in which people live. Most of these structures are single-family, private Most of these structures are single-family, private

homes, condo’s or even multi-family units or homes, condo’s or even multi-family units or apartments.apartments.

►Most of this construction is done by fairly small Most of this construction is done by fairly small construction companies.construction companies.

► Stick ConstructionStick Construction- small and lighter pieces of - small and lighter pieces of wood are assembled into a framework which is wood are assembled into a framework which is then covered with other building materials to then covered with other building materials to make the walls, floors, and roof. make the walls, floors, and roof. method started many years ago and still greatly used method started many years ago and still greatly used

todaytoday

Industrial ConstructionIndustrial Construction

►The building of manufacturing plants The building of manufacturing plants and other industrial structures.and other industrial structures. Usually planned by specialized Usually planned by specialized

engineering firms and usually built by engineering firms and usually built by large construction firms that have many large construction firms that have many employees. employees.

Commercial ConstructionCommercial Construction

► Building structures that are used for business.Building structures that are used for business. Supermarkets, malls, restaurants, office buildings, Supermarkets, malls, restaurants, office buildings,

and skyscrapersand skyscrapers► Usually large scale construction projects that Usually large scale construction projects that

involve millions of dollars and many workers.involve millions of dollars and many workers.► Building materials and techniques used in Building materials and techniques used in

commercial and industrial construction are commercial and industrial construction are somewhat different from those in residential somewhat different from those in residential construction.construction. These structures often have steel frames and These structures often have steel frames and

many concrete partsmany concrete parts

Public Works ConstructionPublic Works Construction

► Building structures intended for public use Building structures intended for public use or benefit.or benefit. Includes large projectsIncludes large projects

►DamsDams►HighwaysHighways►BridgesBridges►TunnelsTunnels►HospitalsHospitals►SchoolsSchools►AirportsAirports►Sewer systemsSewer systems

Types of StructuresTypes of Structures

►BuildingsBuildings Usually defined as a structure with a roof Usually defined as a structure with a roof

and wallsand walls May be temporary or permanentMay be temporary or permanent

►RoadsRoads Highways, streets, and other roadwaysHighways, streets, and other roadways Highways- major roads through and around Highways- major roads through and around

cities. Usually vary in width from 2-8 lanescities. Usually vary in width from 2-8 lanes Interstates HW- pass thru more than 1 stateInterstates HW- pass thru more than 1 state

Types of StructuresTypes of Structures

►TunnelsTunnels Underground passageway built to allow Underground passageway built to allow

people, vehicle or materials to pass through people, vehicle or materials to pass through or under an obstructionor under an obstruction►Also can be built to carry water around a damAlso can be built to carry water around a dam

Three types of tunnelsThree types of tunnels►EarthEarth- dangerous to build, constructed in soil or - dangerous to build, constructed in soil or

sandsand►ImmersedImmersed- pre-manf. sections that are floated to - pre-manf. sections that are floated to

site then sunk into trenches and all connected site then sunk into trenches and all connected togethertogether

►RockRock- blasted or drilled through rock with machines- blasted or drilled through rock with machines

Types of StructuresTypes of Structures

►DamsDams Structure placed across a body of water to Structure placed across a body of water to

control or block its flowcontrol or block its flow►Water that collects behind a dam is called a Water that collects behind a dam is called a

reservoirreservoir Usually built from earth, concrete, steel, Usually built from earth, concrete, steel,

masonry, or wood but normally a masonry, or wood but normally a combination of materials is used.combination of materials is used.

Main reason for dams is to provide a Main reason for dams is to provide a dependable water supply for nearby dependable water supply for nearby communitiescommunities

Types of StructuresTypes of Structures

►CanalsCanals Artificial waterways built for irrigation or Artificial waterways built for irrigation or

navigationnavigation

►BridgesBridges Built to allow people and vehicles and Built to allow people and vehicles and

anything else to pass over something elseanything else to pass over something else►Often built over water, valleys, highways, or Often built over water, valleys, highways, or

railroad tracksrailroad tracks