Consciousness
description
Transcript of Consciousness
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Consciousness
Chapter 7 – Myers Psychology
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Levels of Consciousness •Normal or waking Consciousness – active conscious that you are currently thinking about•Preconscious – information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness•Non-conscious: we are unaware of it happening–Heartbeat, breathing, etc.
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Consciousness – continued
Unconscious level • Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic approach• Repressed thoughts and feelings drive behaviors
– Difficult/impossible to prove (not widely accepted)
Subconscious level • Information that we are not consciously aware of but we know
must exist due to behavior– Mere exposure effect
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Altered States
Anything that enhances or diminishes consciousness
Drugs, supplements, deprivation of sustenance…
Most common is SLEEP
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Sleep
• Sleep is a behavior and an altered state of consciousness
• Fast Facts: – 1/3 of lifetime (25 years) spent in sleep• 6 of these 25 are spent dreaming (approx. 100,000 dreams in a
lifetime)– Need for sleep varies (20 hours for infants)– Every animal sleeps
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Theories of Sleep • Protects
• Our sleep suits our ecological niche – fits our environment• Hides us from harm; animals with least fear of predation sleep
least
• Restorative• Conserving energy for daylight hours, recuperating from
exhaustion/stress• Literally repairing neurons (weaken unused connections and
strength others)
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Theories of Sleep - continued
• Remembering• Restores and rebuilds our fading memories of the day’s
experiences• Increases creative thinking
• Growth process• Pituitary releases growth hormones
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Biological Rhythms
• Defn: periodic physiological fluctuations
• Annual cycles – migration, hibernation, humans – experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods– SAD(Seasonal Affective Disorder) – people become
depressed at the same time of year
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Biological Rhythms – continued
• 28-day cycles – menstrual cycle
• 24-hour cycle – varying and falling alertness, body temperature, and growth hormone secretion.
• 90-minute cycle – cycle through various stages of sleep.
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Circadian Rhythm• the “biological clock” • Regular body rhythms (body temp, and wakefulness
for example) that occur on a 24-hour cycle– High alertness portion of this cycle shifts as we age
(“owls” “larks”)• Retirement homes vs. dorms
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Circadian Rhythm – Continued • Jet Lag – crossing time zones
– Spend the 1st day outdoors – helps you assimilate
• Shift work sleep disorder – work hours overlap normal sleep hours can lead to insomnia
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus – pair of pinhead-sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock, located In hypothalamus – Partly does this by causing pineal gland to regulate melatonin
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Stages of Sleep (repeats ~ every 90 minutes)
“Quiet sleep”- NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement)•Stage 0 (Awake, relaxed): relaxed with eyes closed
– You don’t know when you fall asleep (characteristic of sleep – state you don’t know you are in until you are out)
– But, an EEG will show exactly when you fell asleep• alpha waves
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Stages of Sleep NREM, continued
• Stage 1: 30 seconds – 10 minutes– theta waves– hypnagogic (hypnic) jerks (usually falling or floating)– other hallucinations – false sensory experiences; seeing
something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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• Stage 2: 40-50% of sleep, 20 minutes– sleep spindles – bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity– sleep talking possible during this or later stages
• Stage 3: transition stage– beginning of delta waves (“slow-wave sleep” = stages 3
and 4)
Stages of Sleep NREM, continued
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• Stage 4: about 30 minutes, decreases as night goes on– deep sleep, 20-50% delta waves, brain responds to
sounds– Sleepwalking and bedwetting
Function of Non-REM sleep:– Body tissues are restored, pituitary releases growth
hormone, body re-energizes
Stages of Sleep NREM, continued
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Sleep Cycle
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1 REM
(repeat)
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REM Sleep • Resembles nearly-awake stage 1 sleep• Heart rate and breathing increase, approx. every ½ minute your eyes
dart around• Nearly all dreams occur in REM
• Vivid and story-like• 25% of night’s sleep (approx. 100 min per night)• temporary paralysis
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Function of REM Sleep
• Necessity demonstrated by “REM Rebound”– Intoxication increases SWS (Slow-wave sleep) Stage 4,
resulting in REM Suppression – After removal of suppressant, rebound occurs
• hormones are released that counteract fatigue, irritability, and inattention
• Nervous system development (provided neural stimulation needed)
• Memory consolidation (esp. procedural memory)
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Sleep Duration
• Take a one minute to think and write:– How much sleep is necessary? Explain your
thoughts.
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Sleep Duration – Continued • What accounts for differences among individuals?– Genetics (identical twins more similar than fraternal)– Cultural (2001 Gallup avg = 6.7 / night, 1942 avg. = 7.6
hours)Sleep Debt: your body is not forgiving!
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Age & Condition Avg. Sleep per Day
Newborn Up to 18 hours
1-12 months 14-18 hours
1-3 Years 12-15 hours
3-5 Years 11-13 hours
5-12 Years 9-11 hours
Adolescents 9-10 hours
Adults + elderly 7-8(+) hours
Pregnant women 8(+) hours
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Effects of Sleep Deprivation – Causes problems with• Confusion• Attention - Causing accidents
– Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez, Three Mile Island accidents, BP oil spill• Misperceptions• Hand tremors, droopy eye-lids, focusing, sensitivity to pain• Suppressed immune systems (even cancer – people who sleep 7-
8 hours per night outlive the sleep deprived).
http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/sleep-deprivation-observed-21-volunteers-16120599
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Sleep Deprivation - Continued
• Randy Gardner - 1964– 17 year old high school student– 264 hours (about 11 days), no stimulants• Wanted to show that he could break the record without
negative consequences. • Day 4 he thought a street sign was a person. • Day 11 he was asked by a reporter to continually subtract 7
starting with 100. He stopped at 65, and said he forgot what he was doing.
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Sleep Deprivation
• Peter Tripp - 1950s disc jockey – 201 hour wake-a-thon, used some drugs (controlled
by psychiatrists)• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko9MdrVW
vHM
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Sleep Disorders • Dyssomnias – sleeping disorders that make it difficult to get
to (or remain) asleep – insomnia, sleep apnea, alcohol-dependent sleep disorder
– Insomnia – Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep• Onset Insomnia – Takes a long time (30 + min) to fall asleep• Maintenance Insomnia – awakening after a short period of sleep• Early Morning Awakening – 30-60 before person intends to rise
• Often worsened by worry over sleep loss
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Sleep Disorders - Continued
– Sleeping pills and alcohol trigger SWS, not REM, so it just makes it worse.
Solutions? – Relax before you go to bed– Avoid caffeine– Exercise regularly (not late at night)– Sleep on a regular schedule
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• Sleep apnea – temporary cessations of breathing during sleep – causes wakefulness– 1 in 20 people– Serious cases require a mask-like device to open airways
• Narcolepsy – uncontrollable sleep attacks (often directly in to REM sleep)– Narcoleptic Dog (
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o)
Sleep Disorders - Continued
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Sleep Disorders – continued
• Parasomnias – involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping:– Bruxism – severe teeth grinding– Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)– Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)– SIDS (crib death)– Jet Lag
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Sleep Disorders - continued
• Night terrors – high arousal and appearance of being terrified; Stage 4, seldom remembered.
• Nightmares v. Night terrors– Mares – unpleasant dreams, REM sleep, memories– Terrors – physical symptoms, Stage 4, no memori