Chapter 4Chapter 4

ConsciousnessConsciousness

2 Types of 2 Types of ConsciousnessConsciousness

• 1. Waking consciousness: 1. Waking consciousness: thoughts, feelings, perceptions thoughts, feelings, perceptions when awake and alertwhen awake and alert

• 2. Altered states of consciousness:2. Altered states of consciousness: include include – daydreaming– sleep and dreaming– hypnosis– meditation– drug induced

DaydreaminagDaydreaminag

• Why? Why? to escape boredom or to escape boredom or worry, deal with difficult situationsworry, deal with difficult situations

• Individual differences: relate to Individual differences: relate to personalitypersonality– Anxious Daydreamers: brief, worry related

daydreams– Achievement Oriented: success, guilt over

failures– Happy Daydreamers: pleassant relaxed

fantasy– Problem Solvers: use daydreams to work out

solutions to problems

SleepSleep

• Why?: Why?: May have developed as we May have developed as we evolved to protect us from dark, evolved to protect us from dark, large animals, etc.large animals, etc.

• Age differences:Age differences:– Children: sleep soundly through the night,

more REM– Elderly: awaken easily and often, less REM

• Most Americans are “sleep deprived”Most Americans are “sleep deprived”– in 1950s: 8 - 12 hours a night– in 1990: 7 hours a night– Is your surgeon, pilot, bus driver sleep

deprived?

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms• Our Daily rhythms (Biological Clock)Our Daily rhythms (Biological Clock)

– sleep, waking, work– From “circle” meaning around and “diem”

meaning day

• Light controls sleep cycle by Light controls sleep cycle by controlling “melatonin” productioncontrolling “melatonin” production

• Cycle can be disrupted byCycle can be disrupted by– stress– anxiety or depression– jet lag– alcohol and drugs– loss of sleep

Age-Related Sleep Age-Related Sleep ChangesChanges

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep

• Stages: Stages: we cycle through several we cycle through several stages of sleep each nightstages of sleep each night

• Brain Waves: Brain Waves: electrical activity electrical activity of the brain signal these stagesof the brain signal these stages

• EEG (electroencephalogram): EEG (electroencephalogram): measures the electrical activity measures the electrical activity (waves) of the brain(waves) of the brain

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep• Twilight sleep (stage 0)Twilight sleep (stage 0)

– drowsy half aspleep state– low amplitude, high frequency “ALPHA” waves

• Stages 1 through 3Stages 1 through 3– increasingly deep sleep– pulse slows, BP drops, breathing slows– higher amplitude, lower frequency waves

• Stage 4Stage 4– “Deepest” stage of sleep– pulse and breathing at slowest– high amplitude, low frequency “DELTA” waves

REM (Paradoxical) REM (Paradoxical) SleepSleep

• Rapid Eye Movements: Rapid Eye Movements: eyes move eyes move rapidly behind closed eyelidsrapidly behind closed eyelids

• Paradoxical: Paradoxical: because brain is because brain is “awake” but body is asleep“awake” but body is asleep

• Body is Paralyzed: Body is Paralyzed: prevents us prevents us from hurting ourselves during from hurting ourselves during dreamsdreams

• Dreams: Dreams: most vivid and realistic most vivid and realistic dreams occur during REM sleepdreams occur during REM sleep

REM DeprivationREM Deprivation• William Dement: William Dement: Do we need REM?Do we need REM?• Subjects were awakened each time Subjects were awakened each time

they entered REMthey entered REM• Results: Results: subjects becamesubjects became irritable, irritable,

anxious, “anxious, “NO long term effects”NO long term effects”• REM Rebound: REM Rebound: when allowed when allowed

normal sleep, subjects spend extra normal sleep, subjects spend extra time in REMtime in REM

• Alcoholic “DTs”: Alcoholic “DTs”: may be a severe may be a severe form of REM reboundform of REM rebound

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

• Sleepwalking: Sleepwalking: moving or talking moving or talking in sleepin sleep– more common in children– cause, minor dysfunction in brainstem?

• Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy: fall asleep fall asleep unexpectedlyunexpectedly– hereditary– emotion may trigger sleep or

REM/hallucinations– cause, minor CNS defect

Sleep Disorders (cont.)Sleep Disorders (cont.)• Night Terrors (sleep terrors): Night Terrors (sleep terrors): child is child is

screaming and terrified during screaming and terrified during sleep sleep

• does NOT remember a nightmaredoes NOT remember a nightmare• cannot be easily awakenedcannot be easily awakened• for most, this decreases with agefor most, this decreases with age• adults who continue to experience adults who continue to experience

these may be at higher risk for these may be at higher risk for psychological problemspsychological problems

Sleep Disorders (cont.)Sleep Disorders (cont.)

• Insomnia: Insomnia: 3 types3 types– initial: trouble falling asleep– middle: waking during night– terminal: early morning waking (link to

“endogenous depression”

• Sleep Apnea: Sleep Apnea: breathing related breathing related disorderdisorder– breathing problems disrupt sleep – person is constantly exhausted– cause is a minor defect in brainstem

What are Dreams?What are Dreams?• Freud’s Theory: Freud’s Theory: “Royal Road to the “Royal Road to the

Unconscious”Unconscious”– Dreams express repressed conflicts and desires

• Manifest Content: Manifest Content: what the dream what the dream looks likelooks like

• Latent Content: Latent Content: underlying underlying meaningmeaning

• Dream Work: Dream Work: understanding the understanding the meaning of dreamsmeaning of dreams

Neuropsychological TheoriesNeuropsychological Theories

• Activation-Synthesis: (Hobson)Activation-Synthesis: (Hobson)– Higher brain areas try to make sense

out of random firing of neurons in the lower brain areas (brainstem)

• Organization-Housecleaning: Organization-Housecleaning: (Crick & Mitchison)(Crick & Mitchison)– Brain is organizing and storing the day’s

events and is cleaning out old unnecessary information

Artificial Variations in Artificial Variations in ConsciousnessConsciousness

© Prentice Hall, 1999

Drug-Altered Drug-Altered ConsciousnessConsciousness

Substance Use and Substance Use and AbuseAbuse

• Psychoactive drugs: Psychoactive drugs: chemicals that alter mood and/or perception

• abuse:abuse: continued frequent use continued frequent use despite negative consequences despite negative consequences

• dependence:dependence: indicated by indicated by tolerance and/or withdrawal.tolerance and/or withdrawal.

Substance Use and Substance Use and AbuseAbuse

• tolerance:tolerance: higher drug doses higher drug doses are needed to produce the are needed to produce the original desired effectoriginal desired effect

• withdrawal:withdrawal: unpleasant unpleasant symptoms when use is abruptly symptoms when use is abruptly discontinueddiscontinued

3 Main Categories3 Main Categories

• 1. depressants1. depressants: : depress CNS, depress CNS, relax, produce “euphoria”relax, produce “euphoria”

• 2. stimulants2. stimulants: : excite/stimulate excite/stimulate CNS, produce optimism and CNS, produce optimism and energyenergy

• 3. hallucinogens3. hallucinogens: : distort distort perception, especially perception, especially visualvisual but but in other senses tooin other senses too

DepressantsDepressants

• alcoholalcohol• barbituratesbarbiturates• opiatesopiates

AlcoholAlcohol• Most popular: Most popular: the LEGAL drug the LEGAL drug

most abusedmost abused by adolescents by adolescents and college studentsand college students

• Paradoxical: Paradoxical: relaxes and relaxes and disinhibitsdisinhibits

• involved in 2/3 of auto involved in 2/3 of auto accidentsaccidents

• Fetal alcohol syndromeFetal alcohol syndrome

Short-term Consequences Short-term Consequences of Alcohol Abuseof Alcohol Abuse

• memory loss, blackoutsmemory loss, blackouts• loss of balance and coordinationloss of balance and coordination• impaired abilities (e.g., driving)impaired abilities (e.g., driving)• Memory storage is affectedMemory storage is affected• doing “doing “stupid stuffstupid stuff””

Long-Term Effects of Long-Term Effects of AlcoholAlcohol• Memory lossMemory loss• Liver and kidney damageLiver and kidney damage• Korsakoff’s Syndrome Korsakoff’s Syndrome (Alcohol (Alcohol

Amnestic Disorder)Amnestic Disorder) with chronic use with chronic use– memory failure, hallucinations,

confusion

• Delerium Tremens (DTs)Delerium Tremens (DTs)– Severe Withdrawal symptoms:

shaking, nausea, hallucinations

Who is at risk for Who is at risk for alcoholism?alcoholism?• Both heredity and environment Both heredity and environment

(e.g., family, friends) play a role(e.g., family, friends) play a role• Research suggests that “Research suggests that “HeredityHeredity” ”

is the stronger factoris the stronger factor• Cultural differencesCultural differences - Muslims - Muslims

forbid alcohol use and Jews use forbid alcohol use and Jews use wine primarily for religious wine primarily for religious ceremonies. Both groups have low ceremonies. Both groups have low rates of alcoholismrates of alcoholism

Barbiturates (downers)Barbiturates (downers)• Potent CNS depressantsPotent CNS depressants• Effects: Effects: tension/anxiety tension/anxiety

reduction, sleepreduction, sleep• Deadly: Deadly: when combined with when combined with

alcoholalcohol• Examples: Examples: Seconal, AmytalSeconal, Amytal• at low doses can enhance at low doses can enhance

memory (so-called “truth memory (so-called “truth serum”)serum”)

Opiates Opiates

• Opium, morphine, heroin: Opium, morphine, heroin: all derived all derived from the opium poppyfrom the opium poppy

• Opium: Opium: smoked, many “opium dens” smoked, many “opium dens” were in San Franciscowere in San Francisco

• Laudanum: Laudanum: opium dissolved in opium dissolved in alcohol, one of many “patent alcohol, one of many “patent medicines” of the 1800smedicines” of the 1800s

• Action: Action: opiates chemically resemble opiates chemically resemble “endorphins,” the body’s natural “endorphins,” the body’s natural pain killerspain killers

Opiates (cont.)Opiates (cont.)• Morphine: Morphine: developed during developed during

1800s1800s– “Morpheus” the Greek God of dreams– used as a pain killer– addictive properties were soon

recognized

• Heroin: Heroin: developed to replace developed to replace morphinemorphine– turned out to be more addictive– can be injected, smoked or snorted

Opiates (cont.)Opiates (cont.)

• Pleasant Effects:Pleasant Effects:– “euphoria”– relaxation– sense of well being– sense of peace and calm

• Unpleasant Effects: (Withdrawal)Unpleasant Effects: (Withdrawal)– pleaseant effects wear of quickly– chills, hot flashes, shakes, cramps,

nausea, excess sleep– goosebumps that appear on skin are

origin of the term “Cold Turkey”

StimulantsStimulants

• CaffeineCaffeine• NicotineNicotine• AmphetaminesAmphetamines• CocaineCocaine

CaffeineCaffeine

• found in coffee, colas and other sodas, chocolate, tea, etc.

• Caffeinism (coffee nerves): with large doses (>600 mg a day), may become anxious and jittery

• Withdrawal: minor headaches, fatigue, depression

Amount of Caffeine in Common DrinksAmount of Caffeine in Common Drinks

decaffeinated coffeepercolated coffee

drip-brewed coffeeinstant coffee

brewed teainstant tea

cocoamany soft drinks

pain relieverscold/allergy remedies

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200Milligrams

NicotineNicotine

• Mechanism: Mechanism: increases levels of increases levels of dopamine and endorphins in dopamine and endorphins in brainbrain

• Addictive?: Addictive?: Yes, maybe more Yes, maybe more addictive than heroinaddictive than heroin

• increases risk of cancers, other increases risk of cancers, other lung diseases, heart diseaselung diseases, heart disease

• Less than 20% can quit Less than 20% can quit permanentlypermanently

AmphetaminesAmphetamines

• Widely used: Widely used: in wake up pills, in wake up pills, diet pills, pep pillsdiet pills, pep pills

• Mechanism: Mechanism: chemically similar to chemically similar to adrenaline (norepinephrine), adrenaline (norepinephrine), increases dopamine activityincreases dopamine activity

• Amphetamine Psychosis: Amphetamine Psychosis: overdose leads to overdose leads to schizophrenia-schizophrenia-likelike paranoia, hallucinations, and paranoia, hallucinations, and delusionsdelusions

Methamphetamine Methamphetamine (Ecstacy)(Ecstacy)• Has both stimulant and Has both stimulant and

hallucinogenic propertieshallucinogenic properties– notable loss of inhibition– feelings of love and trust– said to heighten sexual pleasure

• Even short-term use can Even short-term use can permanently damage neural permanently damage neural connections in the brainconnections in the brain

CocaineCocaine

• Extracted from the coca bush, can be Extracted from the coca bush, can be “snorted” or smoked, or injected“snorted” or smoked, or injected

• Action:Action: increases dopamine activity increases dopamine activity in the brain’s pleasure centers in the brain’s pleasure centers

• Effects: Effects: euphoria, clarity of thought, euphoria, clarity of thought, energy, well being, addiction is fastenergy, well being, addiction is fast

• Crack: Crack: smoked cocaine is particularly smoked cocaine is particularly potent and addictivepotent and addictive

HallucinogensHallucinogens

• LSDLSD• MarijuanaMarijuana• hashishhashish

LSD (lysergic acid LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)diethylamide)• synthesized in 1950s, blocks synthesized in 1950s, blocks

serotonin receptorsserotonin receptors• desired effects: desired effects: sensory sensory (esp. (esp.

visual) hallucinations, “expanded visual) hallucinations, “expanded consciousness”consciousness”

• ““bad trip”: bad trip”: panic/anxiety panic/anxiety experience during an “acid” trip experience during an “acid” trip

• flashbacks: flashbacks: re-experiencing of re-experiencing of “high” long after drug has left body“high” long after drug has left body

Marijuana/HashishMarijuana/Hashish• Source: “cannabis” hemp plantSource: “cannabis” hemp plant

– marijuana: leaves and stems– hashish: plant resin

• Active ingredient: Active ingredient: THCTHC• Effects: Effects: relaxes inhibitions, relaxes inhibitions,

increases appetite, perceptual, increases appetite, perceptual, spatial, time, disortionspatial, time, disortion

• Dangers:Dangers:– respiratory problems, cancer– poor judgement

MeditationMeditation

• Techniques: have many Techniques: have many similaritiessimilarities– controlled breathing (ZEN)– chanting a “Mantra” (TM)– frenzied dancing (Sufism)

• Reduces sympathetic nervous Reduces sympathetic nervous system activitysystem activity– has a calming effect– produces “ALPHA” brain activity

HypnosisHypnosis

• Trancelike state, susceptibility Trancelike state, susceptibility to suggestion is heightened.to suggestion is heightened.

• Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses:– to quit bad habits: (e.g., smoking or

overeating) results are no better or worse than other methods

– regression therapy: recall of repressed childhood memories is “controversial” and risky

• Who can be hypnotized?Who can be hypnotized?– 10% yes, 10% no, 80% maybe