Command and Control (CVCC)research efforts on the Comiibat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC)...

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Research Product 91-13

Task Analysis for the Combat VehicleCommand and Control (CVCC) System

AUG20 9I19RD

June 1991

Fort Knox Field Unit

Training Research Laboratory

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

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Task Analysis for the Combat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC) System

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Wigginton, Donald; and O'Brier, Lawreiice H.

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17. COSATI CODES 1S. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessaiy and identity by b•lck #awoe)FIELD GROUP (SUB-GROUP .. Combat Vehicle Command and Control System (CVCC)

_ _ _--'!__ Task analysis1 Close Combat Test Bed (CCTB), ----- , (Continued)"19, ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

>- This research produ'bt describes the results of a task analysis conducted to supportresearch efforts on the Comiibat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC) system. The CVCC Is aset of selected futuristic components with functions simulated in the Close CombatTest Bed (CCTB) environment. The objective of the task analysis was to provide theminimum essential task information needed to support (a) the early assessment of CVCCtraining requirements, and (b) the development of simulation models of CVCC operatortask performance. .•" , :t, ' u-( . . ,

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Research Product 91-13

Task Analysis for the Combat Vehicle Command

and Control (CVCC) System

Donald Wigginton and Lawrence H. O'BrienDynamics Research Corporation

Field Unit at Fort Knox, KentuckyDonald F. Haggard, Chief

Training Research LaboratoryJack H. Hiller, Director

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333-5600

Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for PersonnelDepartment of the Army

June 1991

Army Project Number T raining Oirutaiiv20263007Ai~o

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.

iii

FOREWORD

The U.S. Ar1iy Research Institute for the Behavioral andSocial Sciences (ARI) provides research, development, andapplications support to ensure that soldier-related issues areconsidered in the weapon system acquisition process. The FutureBattlefield Conditions team of the ARI Field Unit at Fort Knoxperforms research on soldier performance and training issues byusing simulation-based evaluations to investigate concepts andearly training requirements analyses of future systems such asthose for command, control, and communication (C ).

This research product was prepared under science and tech-nology task 3101, "Training Requirements for the Future Inte-grated Battlefield." ARI's research on future battlefieldconditions supports two Memoranda of Understanding. One isbetween ARI and the U.S. Army Armor Center and School on researchin future battlefield conditions, signed on 12 April 1989. Thesecond is between ARI and the Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) onthe Combat Vehicle Command and Control (CCVC) System, signed on22 M.rch 1989.

ARI has briefed the CVCC research and development program tothe Commanding General, U.S. Army Armor Center and School, theU.S. Army Armor School's Directors of Combat Developments andTraining and Doctrine, representatives from the Tank AutomotiveCommand, Project Manager Training Devices, and the Training andDoctrine Command System Manager, SIMNET.

This product identifies CVCC-related tasks and presents taskanalysis information useful for two purposes. The first is tosupport early training requirements analysis for the functionsassociated with the CVCC. The second purpose is to identifyessential tasks required for development of simulation models ofCVCC operator task performance. The task analysis consists ofboth task data elements and flow diagrams of task elements withinthe task. The task aaalysis was verified on functional represen-tations of the CVCC incorporated into the Close Combat Test Bed(CCTB), formerly referred to as SIMNET-D, at Fort Knox.

'5EDGAR M. HNSONTechnical Director

v

TASK ANALYSIS FOR THE COMBAT VEHICLE COliMAND AND CONTROL (CVCC)SYSTEM

CONTENTS

Page

OBJECTIVE ........................ ......................... 1

BACKGROUND ....................... ........................ 1

Overview of CCTB ................... .................... 3Overview of CVCC Subsystems ............. .............. 3

TASK ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ............ .... ................. 4

Identification of Tasks to be Analyzed ........ ......... 4Information Elements Identified in the Task Analysis . 4Tools for Documenting Task Analysis ......... .......... 8Data Sources ..................... ...................... 8Process for Conducting Analysis ....... ............ 12

DATA ELEMENT DEFINITIONS ........... ................. 12

Task Level .................. ....................... 12Task Element Level .............. ................... 14

TASK ANALYSIS SUMMARY .............. ................... 15

REFERENCES ................... ........................ 17

GLOSSARY ..................... ....................... .. 19

APPENDIX A. CVCC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ..... ........... A-I

B. TASK ANALYSIS DATA ........ .............. B-i

C. FLOW CHARTS ............. ................. C-i

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1. CVCC user task list ............ .............. 5

3-2. Relationships between CVCC tasks andexisting tasks ............... ................ 6

vii

CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Table 3-3. Task analysis data elements .......... ......... 9

3-4. Summary of selected features of taskanalysis ............... ................... 15

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1. Task analysis data elements ..... ... ......... 10

3-2. Example flowchart ......... .............. 11

viii

TASK ANALYSIS FOR THE COMBAT VEHICLE

COMMAND AND CONTROL 4CVCC) SYSTEM

1.0 Objective

This research product describes the results of a task analysisconducted in support of the U.S. Army Research Institute Fort KnoxField Unit's research efforts on the Combat Vehicle Command andControl (CVCC) system. The CVCC is a set of futuristic Command,Control and Communication (C3 ) components whose functions aresimulated in the Close Combat Test Bed (CCTB), formerly SimulationNetworking-Developmental (SIMNET-D) developed by the DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The objective of thetask analysis was to provide the minimum essential taskinformation needed to support (a) the early assessment of CVCCtraining requirements, and (b) the development of simulationmodels of CVCC operator task performance.

2.0 Background

The CVCC task analysis was part of a larger effort to evaluate theimpact of the CVCC on tank commander performance at the companylevel and below. In addition to the CVCC, the company-levelevaluation included the current Ml that served as the baselinecomparison. During the evaluation, functional representations ofthe CVCC were generated using the CCTB facilities at Fort Knox.Soldiers used these systems in a series of realistic missionexercises. During the exercises, workload and performance datawere collected.

The CVCC company evaluation had three major objectives: (a) toevaluate the operational effectiveness of armor companies using atactical C3 concept configuration, (b) to identify critical soldier-machine interface (SMI) issues associated with the use of theconcept configuration and make recommendations concerning systemdesign, and (c) to determine operational training requirements,issues, and concerns for the new system. The evaluation producedthree major products:

1. An assessment of the impact of the CVCC on key unitperformance measures (Leibrecht et al., in preparation)

2. An assessment of the workload impacts of the CVCC(Morey, Wigginton, & O'Brien, in preparation).

1

3. A User Guide describing a methodology that can be usedto assess performance and workload in future CCTBstudies (O'Brien, Morey, & Wigginton, in preparation)

Task analysis is a central feature of the Army's Systems Approachto Training [TRADOC Pamphlet 351-13 (Draft), July, 1990] and isrequired for all new system developments (Department of Defense,1979). Meister (1985) provides four purposes for performing atask analysis:

To assist in (1) the design of the system, meaning theman-machine interface, the total job, construction ofprocedures, job aids, etc., (2) the manning of thesystem, meaning the development of the selectioncriteria and determination of the number and type ofpersonnel needed, (3) the development of aninstructional system, meaning the development of thecurriculum, selection of critical tasks to be trained,etc., and (4) the evaluation of the completed system, byestablishing performance criteria against which systempersonnel performance can be measured. (p. 32)

System design, training, and evaluation draw on the comprehensivetask analysis conducted early in the life cycle of the proposedsystem. With respect to training, decisions regarding new systemdesigns and how functions are allocated between the system and itsusers have impacts on the training requirements for both users andmaintainers. Early estimation of these training impacts, mandatedby current Department of Defense directives, provides valuableinputs to the design process. Recent developments in analyticaltools and automated aids for assessing these training requirementsuse comparability analysis as the principal method to estimatetask requirements for developmental systems (Jorgensen andO'Brien, 1983). In this approach, existing systems similar to thedeveloping system in function or capabil'.ty are identified. Taskdata for the comparable system(s) are then collected and modifiedto reflect the differences in design or usage between the new andcomparable system. Tasks are then rated on various criteria todetermine the subset of tasks having training requirements. Thislist provides the basis for preliminary estimates of trainingprogram estimation (e.g., training media selection) and trainingresource requirements such as (a) the number of students to betrained, (b) the number of instructors and support personnelrequired, (c) facilities requirements, and (d) training device andtraining equipment rcquirements.

CCTB offers an alternative to comparability analysis forconducting this early training requirements analysis. Functionalrepresentations of the proposed system can be integrated into theCCTB environment. The impacts on existing user tasks or the need

2

for new tasks can be identified and assessed through hands-on

developmental evaluations.

2.1 Overview of CCTB

CCTB refers to simulation capabilities developed under th- DARPASIMNET program. The objective of the SIMNET program was todevelop a technology base for low-cost, full-crew combat systemsimulators. SIMNET-D utilized this technology to provide anadvanced testbed for evaluating new technologies and tactics forcombat weapon systems (Miller and Chung, 1987). The originalSIMNET-D facility, now referred to as CCTB, includes a set ofreconfigurable simulators, an advanced capability for modelingthreat and friendly forces, as well as extensive capabilities fordata collection and display. A more detailed description of CCTBis found in DuBois (1989) and Gound & Schwab (1988).

The CVCC system was created from functional specificationsdeveloped by the Army Research Institute in cooperation with theTank Automative Command (TACOM). The CVCC components integratedinto the CCTB provided the primary source of information for theCVCC task analysis.

2.2 Overview of CVCC Subsystems

To represent the expected capabilities of the CVCC, four majorsubsystems (Position Navigation System, Con,,,wnd and ControlDisplay, Commanders Independent Thermal Viewer*: and Single ChannelGround Radio System) were added to M1 simulators in the CCTBfacility. These four subsystems provided tank commanders with thefollowing capabilities [see Appendix A for a more detaileddescription as found in Ainslie, Leibrecht, & Atwood (inpreparation)).

Position Navigation (POSNAV) System -- Automatically identifiedthe position of the tank on the battlefield in xy gridcoordinates.

Command and Control Display (CCD) -- Provided a capability forgenerating and displaying digital maps. These maps could displaythe position of all tanks in the unit as well as other objects(e.g., threats, waypoints, objectives) which had been entered inthe tank's digital data base either directly by the tank commanderor by the tank's other digital systems (e.g., SINCGARS) . Thesimulated SINCGARS link allowed information generated by othertanks and the unit operations center to be transmitted and thenadded directly to the digital data bases of other tanks.

The CCD provided a capability for generating digital versions ofthe most common tank commanu.•r reports. These reports supported

3

thi incorporation of location information based on integration ofdata from other tank subsystems (e.g., the LRF and POSNAV).

The tank commander could also enter directions for reaching thenext waypoint (heading, distance) that weie directly transmittedto and presented .,n the driver's steer-to display.

Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer (CITV) -- Provided thetank commander with his own thermal viewer. Tnis viewer could bepointed in a direction that was completely independent of the maingun (i.e., the gunner's primary sight). The CITV software hadalgorithms which could automatically identify targets. Thissoftware also allowed the commander to prioritize multiple targetlocations. The priority num-tber of cdch target location wasdisplayed to the gunner. The gunner could then select a ta.-etpriority and the main gun would automatically slew to thatlocation.

Single Channel Ground and Air Radio System (SINCGARS) --Provided a capability for transmitting digital information betweentanks and the unit operations center. For example, usingSINCGARS, information on the current tank's positions from POSNAVcould automatically be sent to all other tanks in the unit.

3.0 Task Analysis Methodology

3.1 Identification of Tasks to be Analyzed

The focus of the task analysis was on (a) new tasks required tooperate the CVCC or (b) current tasks significantly modified bythe CVCC functions. New tasks were additional tasks, beyond choseperformed on the current M1, required to operate the CVCC system.A variety of sources, such as the Soldier Training Publications,describe the tasks associated with the current M1 system. Tasklistings in these sources were reviewed to identify the specifictasks likely to be associated with CVCC operation. Table 3-1lists the tasks that were generated by this process. Table 3-2lists the relationship between the CVCC tasks and existing taskdescriptions. Section :5-4 lists the data sources.

3.2 Information Elements ICentified in the Task Analysis

The primary goal of the task analysis was to identify the minimumessential elements of information needed to support an "early"assessment of training requirements for the CVCC. Since only afunctional representation of the CVCC was evaluated, implementa-tion of a detailed task analysis as specified in Army trainingdevelopment procedures (i.e., TRADOC Form 550) was not warronted.

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Table 3-1

CVCC User Task List

CVCC TaskNumber Task .- tle

1 Receive and Review Report Using CCD

2 Prepare and Submit Spot Report Using CCD

3 Prepare and Submit Shell Report Using CCD

4 Prepare and Submit Contact Report Using CCD

5 Prepare and Submit Call For Fire Report Using CCD

6 Prepare and Submit SITREP Report Using CCD

7 Prepare and Submit NBC Report Using CCD

8 Designate and Transmit Route Coordinates Using CCD

9 Receive and Review Route Coordinates Using CCD

10 Prepare and Submit Adjust Fire Report Using CCD

11 Prepare and Submit Ammunition Report Using CCD

12 Prepare and Submit Intelligence Report Using CCD

13 Receive, Review, and Retransmit FRAGO Report Using CCD

14 Search for Targets Using the CITV

15 Identify and Prioritize Targets Using the CITV

16 Control Map Display Functions Using CCD

5

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Table 3-2

Relationships Between CVCC Tasks and Existing Tasks

CVCCTASK NO. TASK TiTLE TASK REFERENCE TASK

01-1240.00-0007 Select Movement Route STP 17-1211-MQS 13,16Based on the MilitaryAspects of Terrain

03-3120.00-0002 Analyze Terrain Using the STP 17-1211-MQS 13, 16Five Aspects of Terrain

03-3060.00-6005 Prepare/Submit Standard STP 21 -11/11I-M 2-6Shelling, Mortaring, andBombing Report

031-503-3005 Prepare/Submit NBC-1 STP 21-24-SMCT 7Report

031-503-4004 Prepare/Submit NBC-4 STP 21-24-SMCT 7Report

113-571-1003 Establish, Enter, or Leave a STP 17-19K1-SM 8,9Radio Net

113-622-2004 Operate Radio Set Control STP 17-19K1-SM 8, 9Op AN/GRA 39

113-622-2011 Operate Intercommunication STP 17-19D1-SM 8,9Set ANNIC-1 on a TrackedVehicle (Includes FM Radio)

01-5704.03-0900 Prepare/Operate ANNRC-12 STP 17-1211-MQS 8,9Series Radio

071-326-5502 Issue a Platoon Fragmentary STP 17-19D1-SM 16Order (FRAGO)

071-326-5626 Prepare and Issue an Oral STP 17-19K24-SM 16Operational order (OPORD)

01-1241.00-0001 Conduct Fire and Movement STP 17-1211/MQS 11, 12of a Unit at Platoon Level

6

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Table 3-2 (cont'd)

CVCCTASK NO. TASK TITLE TASK REFERENCE TASK

01-1225.00-0001 Determine the Range to a STP 17-1211-MQS 14, 15Target Using the Immediateor Deliberate Method

No task number Determine Range to Target PDEP-9-2350-264-10-1 14, 15Using Laser Rangefinder

171-123-1041 Issue a Fire Command STP 17-19E1-SM 12171-129-1020 FM 17-12-1

171-126-1002 Drive an M1/M1A1 tank STP 17-19K1 -SM 11

171-126-1001 Start/Stop the Engine on an STP 17-19K1-SM 11Mi/MiAl Tank

Note: TASK NO. is the task Identification number found in the Task Reference. Thereare numerous tasks (17) referenced in the STP 17-1211-MOS that are related to landnavigation.

7

In addition to the early identification of training requirements,the task analysis was also designed to identify the descriptiveinformation needed to support the development of the simulationmodels of CVCC operators. Simulation models can be developedusing analytical tools such as MicroSaint that indicate operatoroverload, and provide overall time and performance estimates basedon system design changes or alternative performance strategies.

Table 3-3 displays the information elements that were selected forinclusion in the task analysis. Table 3-3 also indicates thereason that each of these elements was selected for inclusion inthe analysis (i.e., either to support early training requirementsanalysis or to support the simulation model development). Thetraining-related elements were chosen by selecting a subset of theinformation elements used in traditional Army task analyses (i.e.,TRADOC Form 550). The model-related elements were selected tomeet the unique needs to the CVCC tank commander simulation models(see O'Brien, Morey, & Wigginton, in preparation).

A detailed definition of each element in Table 3-3 is provided in

Section 4.

3.3 Tools for Documenting Task Analysis

Three tools were selected to record and document the informationcollected during the task analysis. First, a microcomputer-baseddata base management system (dBASE III PLUS) recorded the textualinformation that was used to describe most of the task analysisinformation elements. Figure 3-1 provides an overview of thestructure of this data base. Appendix B provides a completelisting of all the information in the data base.

Second, a microcomputer-based flow chart program was used todescribe the sequencing of task elements within a task. Figure3-2 provides an example of one of the flow charts that wasproduced with this program. The flow charts for all of the CVCCtasks are listed in Appendix C.

Third, using video recording capabilities already present in CCTB,a video tape of potential task element sequences was made. Inthese videos, researchers demonstrated how CVCC control anddisplays were used in performing each task element.

3.4 Data Sources

The primary data source for obtaining information on current tankcommander tasks was the soldier training publications for MilitaryOccupation Specialty (MOS) 19K and Military QualificationStandards (MQS) for armor officers. The MOS 19K identifiesenlisted soldiers who serve as Ml tank crewmen (tank commander,driver, gunner, or loader). The MQS for Level 11 Armor Officer

8

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Table 3-3

Task Analysis Data Elements

DATA ELEMENT INCLUDEDTO SUPPORT ___

PRIMARY METHODSIMULATION OF

DATA ELEMENT TRAINING MODEL DOCUMENTATION

Duty Position X X Textual Data baseConditions of Performance X Textual Data basePerformance Measures X X Textual Data baseInitiating Cues X X Textual Data baseTerminating Cues X X Textual Data baseFeedback Cues X X Textual Data baseFrequency X Textual Data baseCriticality X Textual Data baseLearning Difficulty X Textual Data baseSkills and Knowledge X Textual Data baseTask Elements X X Textual Data baseDisplays X X Textual Data baseControls X X Textual Data basePerformance Time X X Textual Data baseTask Element Sequencing X X Flow chart

9

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training (1211) identifies training materials for platoon leaders(i.e., lieutenants). Data sources consisted of research reportsby DuBois (1989), DuBois and Smith (1989), Gound and Schwab(1988), Myers, Cavallo, Eldredge and Hess '1987), and Quinkert(1987); Army Training and Evaluation Program publications (ARTEP17-237-10-MTP and ARTEP 71-I-MTP); and soldier manuals (STP 17-1211-MQS, STP 17-19K23-SM, STP 17-19EK4-SM, FKSM 17-15-3).

The data source for identifying the unique requirements of theCVCC tasks was primarily hands-on experience of the authors. Thisexperience was augmented with (a) the functional specificationsfor the CVCC system and (b) job aids provided to CVCC company-level evaluation participants.

3.5 Process for Conducting Analysis

Task elements were identified for each of the 16 CVCC tasks usingavailable documentation. Assignments for each data element weremade by the senior author, a training analyst with over 15 yearsexperience in Army training. Assignments were based on theexperiences of the analyst in directly using the CVCC and inobserving users employing the CVCC during the company-levelevaluation. The textual information was identified and enteredinto the automated data base. To facilitate entry, an entry formwas created to cue the appropriate response. Flow charts werethen constructed to describe the sequence of task elements withina task. The flow charts were verified by sitting in a CCTBsimulator and attempting to step through the sequences indicatedin the flowcharts. Once the flow charts were verified, videorecordings were made. In making the videos, the flow charts wereused as scripts to identify the alternative sequence forperforming the elements of each task.

4.0 Data Element Definition

4.1 Task Level

Task Number -- Arbitrary number used to identify a specific taskwithin the data base.

Task itlp -- Title of task performed on CVCC.

Duty Position -- Identification of CVCC user. One of thefollowing:

1. Company Commander2. Platoon Leader3. Platoon Sergeant4. Tank Commander

12

Conditions of Performance -- Conditions under which the task isperformed.

Performance Measures -- Potential measures that could be used toassess the adequacy of the task's performance.

Initiating Cues -- Cues which cause the CVCC user to begin thetask. The generic term "tank commander" is used because all fourduty positions were tank commanders. However, three of thepositions (company commander, platoon leader, and platoonsergeant) have additional responsibilities.

Terminating Cues -- Cues which indicate to the tank commanderthat he no longer has to perform the task.

Feedback Cues -- Cues which the tank commander might receiveduring the performance of a task. Provides information on howwell the task is being performed.

Defensive Frequency -- Frequency of performing a task during adefensive mission. All missions were approximately 3 hours induration. One of the following:

1. Rarely - An occasional mission or exercise2. Seldom - Every few missions3. Regularly - Once per mission4. Frequently - Several times per mission5. Continuously - All during the mission

Offensive Frequency - Frequency of performing a task during anoffensive mission. All missions were approximately 3 hours induration. One of the following:

1. Rarely - An occasional mission or exercise2. Seldom - Every few missions3. Regularly - Once per mission4. Frequently - Several times per mission5. Continuously - All during the mission

ritiralit!y, -- Percent of exercise participants who rated thistask as their top priority during the CVCC workload assessment.Ratings were drawn from a list of priorities based on 32 tasks,only some of which are included in the task analysis. Therefore,criticality ratings do not sum to 100%.

Learning Difficulty -- This scale is the same scale used in theArmy Occupational Survey program. The learning difficulty rating

lBased on unpublished data obtained during the CVCC company-level evaluation.

13

was based on a comparison of a task with the average learningdifficulty of the set of 16 tasks.

1. Extremely Low2. Low3. Somewhat Below Average4. Average5. Somewhat Above Average6. High7. Extremely High

Reasons for Difficulty -- Justification for the learningdifficulty rating. Reasons were identified by the traininganalyst.

Data Sources -- Documentation sources used to obtain informationon task.

Comt 2 -- Anomalies associated with any of the data entries.

Skills -- Psychomotor or perceptual skills associated with thetask.

Enowedge -- Types of cognitive information associated with thetask.

Performance Time -- Estimate of the time it takes to perform thetask.

4.2 TASK ELEMENT LEVEL

Task Element Number -- Arbitrary number used to identify aspecific task element within a task.

Task Element Title -- Title of task element.

D-- Specific displays used in performing the taskelement.

ntrols-- Specific controls used in performing the taskelement.

2Judgments provided by DRC training analysts conducting theanalysis.

14

5.0 Task Analysis Summary

A summary of selected features of the task analysis is presentedin Table 3-4. The tabulation provides a comparison of tasks withrespect to frequency, criticality, learning difficulty, andperformance time.

Table 3-4

Summary of Selected Features of Task Analysis

Defensive Offensive Criticality Learning PerformanceFrequency Frequency (%) Difficulty Time

Receive and Review Continuously Continuously 21.0 Somewhat 5 min 0 secReport Using CCD Above Average

Prepare and Submit Continuously Frequently 14.4 Average 1 min 0 secSpot Report Using CCD

Prepare and Submit Frequently Frequently 9.3 Somewhat 1 min 0 secShell Report Using CCD Below Average

Prepare and Submit Frequently Frequently 33.5 Average 1 min 0 secContact Report Using CCO

Prepare and Submit Call Frequently Frequently 7.5 Average 1 min 30 secfor Fire Report Using CCD

Prepare and Submit Continuously Frequently 13.3 Average 2 min 0 secSITREP Report Using CCD

Prepare and Submit NBC Regularly Regularly 2.2 Somewhat 2 min 0 secReport Using CCD Above Average

Designate and Transmit Frequently Continuously 37.4 Somewhat 5 min 0 secRoute Coordinates Above AverageUsing CCD

Receive and Review Route Regularly Regularly 0 Somewhat 1 min 0 secCoordinates Using CCD Below Average

Prepare and Submit Adjust Frequently Frequently 7.5 Somewhat 1 min 0 secFire Report Using CCD Below Average

Prepare and Submit Frequently Frequently 0 Low 1 min 0 secAmmunition ReportUsing CCD

Prepare and Submit Frequently Frequently 0 Average 1 min 30 secIntelligence ReportUsing CCD

Receive. Review and Regularly Seldom 0 Average 2 min 0 secRetransmit FRAGO ReportUsing CCOD

Search for Targets Frequently Continuously 0 Average 3 min 0 secUsing CITV

Identify and Prioritize Frequently Continuously 25 1 Somewhat 3 min 0 secTargets Using CITY Above Average

Control Map Display Frequently Regularly 0 Average 1 min 30 sec

Functions Using CCD

15

6.0 References

Ainslie, F.A., Leibrecht, B.C., and Atwood, N.K. (in preparation).Combat vehicle command and control systems* III. Simulation-based evaluation of the soldier-machine interface (SMI).Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for theBehavioral and Social Sciences.

Department of the Army. (October 1988). ARTEP 17-237-10-MTP,Mission training plan for the tank platoon. Washington, DC:Author.

Department of the Army. (October 1988). ARTEP 71-1-MTP, Missiontraining plan for the tank and mechanized infantry company andcompany team. Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (September 1988). FM 17-12-1, TankCombat Tables. MI. Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (December 1990). Preliminary DraftEquipment Publication, PDEP 9-2350-:'64-10-1 (MlA2) . Op•rator'_amanual. Operator controls. PMCS. and operation under usualconditions (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (September 1986). STP 17-12II-MQS,Military aualification standard 11. SC12. armor officer.Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (August 1989). STP 17-19DI-SM, Soldiermanual MOS 19D. cavalry scout. Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (August 1988). Soldier Manual, STP 17-19EK4-SM, Armor platoon sergeant. Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (August 1989). STP 17-19EI-SM, Soldiermanual MOS 19E. M48/M60 series armor crewman. Washington, DC:Author.

Department of the Army. (November 1989). Soldier Manual, STP 17-19K23-SM. MI/MIAl Abrams armor crewman. Washington, DC:Author.

Department of the Army. (November 1989). STP 17-19K24-SM,Soldier manual MOS 19K. MI/MIAl. Abrams armor crewman.Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army. (January 1989). STP 21-24-SMCT, Soldiermanual of common tasks (SL2/3/4). Washington, DC: Author.

17

Department of the Army. (March 1987). STP 21-II/III-M, Mtaryqualifications standards manual of common tasks. Militaryqualification standards system: Commanders and supervisors.Washington, DC: Author

Department of Defense. (January 1979). Human engineeringrequirements for military systems, MIL-H-46855B. Washington,DC: Author.

Dubois, R. S. (1989). Simulation-based command, control, and communicationexercise for armor small unit commanders (Technical Report 866). Alex-andria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and SocialSciences. (AD A218 869)

DuBois R. S. & Smith, P. G. (1989). A simulation-based evaluationof a position navigation system for armor: Soldierperformance. training, and functional requirements (TechnicalReport 834). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute forthe Behavioral and Social Sciences. (AD A210 696)

Gound, D. & Schwab, J. (1988). Concept evaluation program ofsimulation networking (SIMNET) (Final Report). Fort Knox, KY:U.S. Army Armor and Engineer Board.

Jorgensen, C.C. & O'Brien, L.H. (1983). The early trainingestimation system (ETES): An automated training needs,assessment technique. Training Technology Journal, 1, 42-49.

Leibrecht, B.C., Kerins, J.W., Ainslie, F.M., Sawyer, A.S.,Childs, J.M., & Doherty, W.J. (in preparation). Combat_vei ommand and control systems- I. Simulation-basedcompany-level evaluation. Alexandria, VA: U.S. ArmyResearch Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Meister, D. (1985). Behavioral analysis and measurement methods.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Miller, D. C. & Chung, J. W. (1987). SIMNET-D capabilities andoervie. Cambridge, MA: BBN Laboratories, Inc.

Morey, J. C., Wigginton, D., & O'Brien, L. H. (in preparation).Workload assessment for the combat vehicle command and controlcompany-level evaluation. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army ResearchInstitute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Myers, L. B., Cavallo, K. M., Eldredge, D., & Hess, L. J. (1987).Task analysis of MlAl tank crew members (Report No. HEL 22).Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Human EngineeringLaboratory.

18

O'Brien, L. H., Morey, J. C., & Wigginton, D. (in preparation).User guide: Performance assessment in advanced distributedsim. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institutefor the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

Quinkert, K. A. (1987). Preliminary training requirementsenalysis for the commander's independent thermal viewer (CITV)(Research Product 87-19). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army ResearchInstitute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.(AD A185 467)

U.S. Army Armor Center. (February 1989). FKSM 17-15-3, Tankplatoon SOP. Fort Knox, KY: Author.

U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. (July 1990). TRADOCPamphlet 351-13 (Draft), Systems approach to training. FortMonroe, VA: Author.

7.0 Glossary

A22O Ammunition

CCD Command and Control Display

CCTB Close Combat Test Bed

CFF Call for Fire

CITV Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer

CVCC Combat Vehicle Command and Control

FLOT Forward Line of Own Troops

FRAGO Fragmentary Order

GLOS Gunner Line of Sight

GPS Gunner Primary Sight

IFF Identification Friend or Foe

LRF Laser Range Finder

MOS Military Occupational Specialty

MQS Military Qualification Standards

LBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical

19

OPORD Operation Order

POSNAV Position Navigation

SINCGARS Single Channel Ground and Air Radio System

SIMNET-D Simulation Networking - Developmental

SITREP Situation Report

SMI Soldier-Machine Interface

TC Tank Commander

TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command

20

APPENDIX A

CVCC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

A-I

CVCC System Description

The vehicle commander's workstation in a CVCC-equipped tanksimulator of the Fort Knox CCTB facility is shown in Figure A-I.Table A-I lists the simulator capabilities which characterized theCVCC configuration. The key features included the Command andControl Display (CCD--previously referred to as IVIS), theCommander's Control Handle, the CITV, Vision Blocks in all threecrew stations (vehicle commander, gunner, driver), Grid AzimuthIndicator, Odometer, Laser Range Finder (LRF), Gunner's PrimarySight (GPS), GPS extension (GPSE) in the commander's station,Turret Reference Display, the Autoloader, and simulated SingleChannel Ground Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) without terrainmodeling capability.

Figure A-1. Vehicle commander's CVCC workstation.

A-3

Table A-I

Basic Capabilities of a CVCC Simulator Configuration

Vision blocksPaper map with acetate overlaysGrid azimuth indicatorOdometerLaser Range Finder (LRF)CCDPOSNAVWaypcint Transmission

Target acquisition/engaaenent

Vision blocksGPS/GPSE (with thermal, 3X/lOX, LRF)Turret reference displayCITV

Target DesignateTarget StackIdentification Friend or Foe (IFF)

Communications

Intercom (for crew communication)SINCGARS radio (voice)CCD/ReportsCCD Radio Interface Unit

Command and Control Display Configuration

The CCD is pictured schematically in Figure A-2. The 10.25-inch diagonal cathode ray tube (CRT) displaying the CCD wasmounted to the right of the vehicle commander. A 7 X 5.75 inchrectangular working area of the CRT face comprised the primaryuser interface. Five functional sections organized thisinterface: (a) full-feature, five-color Tactical Map (4.5 X 5.12inches) with directional own-vehicle icon; (b) Information Centerdisplaying date/time group, own grid location, own vehicleheading, and own call sign; (c) fixed array of dedicated soft-switch menu keys accessing specific functions; (d) working menuarea displaying queue/file listings, sub-menus, and selectedfunctions; and (e) message receipt alert key.

A-4

INUNCTIONO

i ~ 22 1230 1 RECEIVE(e

iA24 H4dg 221

KES Y463 0279

Route savod

TACTICAL MAP (o t

'MN (d)

FUNCTIONI

KEYS (c)i

Figure A-2. Schematic drawing of the CCD user Interface with thefive primary functional areas labelled.

Table A-2 lists the C3-related capabilities of the CCDconcept configuration. A brief overview of the system follows.

Map functions. The basic Tactical Map was a UniversalTransverse Mercator (UTM) grid representation of the terrainsurrounding the tank's location fron an overhead perspective.Digital data in the CCTB terrain data base constituted the basisfor all resident map graphics. Four map scales were available at

all times--r:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:125,000, and t :250,000--with atleast a few seconds processing time required for rescaling. TheCCD provided several additional features for optional selection bythe vehicle commander: contour lines, rivers, roads, vegetation,and UTM grid lines, all of which were color coded. Also, thesystem could display graphic tactical map overlays receiveddigitally.

Se-v ral map scroll functions enabled the vehicle commander tocontrol positioning of the map in relation to his tank icon.The basic scroll function maintained the icon in the center of themap, scrolling the map as the tank moved. An option was to lockthe mnap in position, maintaining a view of the same terrainsegment regardless of where the tank moved. The vehicle commandercould reposition the map to show a new terrain segment, allowinghim flexibility to inspect icons or terrain features of interest.

A-5

Table A-2

C3 Capabilities of the CCD

Grid mapTerrain mapGraphic overlaysOwn vehicle location (grid + icon)Directional icon (own vehicle)Friendly vehicle locationsReport-based iconsRoute waypointsDriver's Steer-to-DisplayWaypoint AutoadvanceTransmission of routes

Communications

Report preparation (text)LRF input to reportsSend/receive/relay reports (text)Receive/relay graphic overlaysReport-based icons

General Characteristics

Thumb controlTouchscreen controlColor display

Finally, he could position his tank icon in an off-center locationwhile the map scrolled under the tank icon.

The Tactical Map could display key symbols (icons)representing battlefield information. These included report-basedand route-based icons. Reports being prepared generated iconsappearing on the map (e.g., CONTACT reports generated enemyvehicle icons). Upon completing the report, the vehicle commandercould post these icons to the map. Waypoints generated underNavigation functions appeared on the map with connecting lines,forming graphic routes. The Tactical Map automatically displayedicons representing all friendly vehicles located on the terrainsegment currently displayed. This was labelled the "mutualPOSNAV" feature. Finally, map icons (e.g., minefield symbols)signalled reports which were received digitally. These iconsremained on the map until the vehicle commander took action on the

A-6

report or until the report automatically transferred to the "old"file (a report-type filing system). Exceptions to the latter ruleexisted: when CONTACT and INTELLIGENCE reports transferred to theold file, their icons automatically posted to the map.

Navigation functions. The CCD enabled the vehicle commanderto create and modify routes for navigation and to send routeinformation to his driver. In addition, the CCD permitted anyvehicle commander to transmit a route digitally to other vehiclesin his unit. Routes were generated by designating up to sixlocations on the map (waypoints). An icon for each waypointappeared on the map, while lines connected successive waypoints.The vehicle commander could send waypoints to his driver one at atime--manually or automatically by means of an Autoadvance option.

The Navigation subsystem included a Steer-to-Display in thedriver's compartment, mounted to the right of the steering column(the T-bar). Figure A-3 depicts the driver's T-bar, to the rightof the T-bar is the Steer-to-Display which presented alphanumericinformation about the tank's current and required heading as wellas distance from the waypoint. In addition, the displayincorporated a graphic indicator with a pointer showing how thedriver should steer to reach and maintain the proper heading,represented by the 12 o'clock position. Note in Figure A-3 thatthe pointer is approximately at the 4 o'clock position, thus thedeviation (DEVN) is 111 degrees. Given this situation, the driverwould neutral steer the tank 111 degrees to the West (at whichtime the pointer would be at the 12 o'clock position) and drivethe eight kilometers to the waypoint.

Also of value in navigating and positioning was thedirectional own-tank icon displayed on the CCD tactical map. Thishelped maintain proper orientation and direction of movement.Additionally, both UTM grid location and grid azimuth heading wereavailable in the CCD information center.

Report functions. The CCD supported preparation of reportsby means of menu-driven screen forms. The vehicle commander wasable to prepare any of the nine types of reports available on theCCD by filling in fields appearing in the working menu area.Table A-3 lists these report types along with information aboutnumber of fields in each. The vehicle commander could call upCONTACT, CALL FOR FIRE, and NUCLEAR-CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL (NBC)report forms directly from the fixed menu keys. The remainingreport forms required him to call up a report menu first, thenchoose a report type from the options appearing in the workingmenu area.

A-7

VEICL A PVTSEE HN-,'~

TRANSISSIO IS... IN NPSIO

DIS N. 0. 00

Figure~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ AP3 DrwnHftedierOGa hwn heSert-ipaonTE the right.ATE ~m ... . E

UTIOI WAA-BG

Table A-3

Report Preparation Forms Available on the CCD

Number of Number ofof option- of grid- Numberinput input of

Report Type fields fields Pages

CONTACT 4a 4a 1CALL FOR FIRE 1 1 1ADJUST FIRE 3 1 1SPOT 9 2 3b

SHELL 2 1 1SITUATION 8 2 3b

AMMUNITION 5 0 1INTELLIGENCE 8 6 4bNBC 7 2 3b

a - Up to four paired ID-location fields could be filled in.b - Includes a final summary page.

Fill-in fields usually called for selecting inputs fromoption sets provided by the CCD. Fields dealing with location orheading information called for grid inputs from the tactical mapor from lasing to a vehicle or terrain point. Blank fields werepermitted. Since typically only four or five fields could fit inthe working menu area, four of the reports required more than one"page" for complete presentation, the final page being a summaryof all fields.

At any time the vehicle commander could leave a reportpreparation screen without completing or sending the report. Thatreport preparation screen would remain "behind" any subsequentscreens without loss of information and could be returned to forlater completion. He might, for example, leave to prepare anothertype of report or go to the MAP function to change scales.Multiple types of reports could be open at the same time, but onlyone report of a given type (e.g., CONTACT) could be open at anytime. No more than one report could be visible on the screen at agiven moment. The vehicle commander could complete a report (andthereby dispose of that report form) by either deleting,cancelling, or sending it, using a sequence of soft-switchpresses.

A-9

Digital report transmission. A simulated radio interfaceunit (RIU) enabled the vehicle commander to transmit digitalreports prepared on the CCD. Co Cdrs and Plt Ldrs had access totwo nets: Co Cdrs had the battalion and company nets, while PltLdrs had the company and their platoon nets. Only the platoon netwas available to the platoon sergeant and the wingmen. A routingmenu offered the option of sending any report on any radio netavailable for the vehicle commander's use, including simultaneoustransmission if two nets were available. For example, a platoonleader could send a report to the TCs within his platoon (platoonnet), to the Co Cdr and the other Plt Ldrs (company net), or toall of them at the same time. A default net (based ontransmission direction--upward or downward) existed for eachreport t.,pe. If a Co Cdr or Plt Ldr sent or relayed anINTELLIGENCE Report, a FRAGO, an Overlay or a Route, the defaultwas the downward-going net (TCs had no downward-going net). Forthe remainder of reports the default was the upward-going net.Upon transmission, a report copy automatically transferred to thesender's old file, from which it could be retrieved later andresent. A "MESSAGE SENT" confirmed transmission, displayed in theInformation Center, but there was no feedback indicating thataddressees had received and read the report.

When a vehicle commander received a transmitted report, threecues appeared at once: the message receipt alert key (located inthe upper right corner of the CCD) lighted up, an audible cuesounded in the vehicle commander's headset (three tone beeps for ahigh priority report, one beep for others), and an icon appearedon the tactical map (blinking for the first five seconds). Areport remained in the receive queue for five minutes, as did itsassociated icon remain on the map. As high priority reports(ADJUST FIRE, CALL FOR FIRE, CONTACT, FRAGO, INTELLIGENCE, and NBC--report priority being based on immediacy of information) arrived,they went to the head of the queue. Activation of the RECEIVE keycalled up the Receive Queue, listing the report type, originator,and time received for each report, enabling the vehicle commanderto select a report for display in the working menu area. Up tofive reports were displayed in the Receive Queue at a time, but itcould be scrolled forward and backward to view the complete Queue.

If the vehicle commander failed to retrieve a report from theQueue within five minutes, the report automatically transferred tothe old file (unless the vehicle commander was viewing the reportwhen the five minutes elapsed). When transferred to the old fileCONTACT and INTELLIGENCE reports automatically posted an icon tothe map. For other reports, the associated icon, if not manuallyposted, disappeared from the map.

A-10

Once the vehicle commander selected a report to read, hecould review it at his own pace. In the case of a multi-pagereport, only the summary page appeared. For example, when readyto terminate his review, he could cancel and file the report (withan option to post to the tactical map an icon representing it), hecould relay it (see below), or he could delete it. Unless hedeleted it, he could subsequently retrieve the same report as manytimes as he desired.

If the vehicle commander decided to pass a report along toother members of his unit, he could exercise the option to relayit (there was no capability to edit reports). Relaying a reportinvolved the same steps as transmitting one. The same options forrouting were available. The system did not limit the number oftimes a given report could be relayed.

Control device. The vehicle commander controlled theoperation of the CCD by means of a cursor appearing on the face ofthe display screen. He selected menus and functions bypositioning the cursor on the desired key. The CCD afforded thevehicle commander the option of manipulating the cursor positionby touching with his finger the face of the touch-sensitive screenor by using a thumb control mounted on his control handle.Touching the screen automatically jumped the cursor to the newposition designated by the finger's contact with the screen. Whensatisfied with the cursor position, the vehicle commander removedhis finger from the screen. This action initiated the menu orfunction corresponding to the key on which the cursor rested, orresulted in a grid location input to a report if the cursor waslocated on the map. The cursor was offset from the touchpoint toenable the vehicle commander to see the cursor location.

When operating the thumb control, the vehicle commander couldmove the cursor in virtually any direction at a variable speed.With the cursor rezting on the desired key, release of the thumbcontrol initiated the corresponding menu or function.

Utility functions. The CCD provided a small set of utilityfunctions with which to manage prepared and received reports. Theautomatic transfer of reports from the Receive Queue to the oldfile was one such function. The vehicle commander could alsodelete reports which he created, both during preparation and aftertransmission, as well as any reports he had received. The latteraction could be accomplished without reviewing the contents of thereport or after it had been filed. Deletion resulted in no recordof the contents. To declutter the tactical map, the vehiclecommander could delete icons one at a time or he could select amenu option to delete all icons older than a specified time.

A-I1

Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer Configuration

The CITV afforded the vehicle commander a battlefield viewingcapability and an independent laser locator. In terms of tacticalutility, the diverse functions of this system spanned navigation;battlefield surveillance; target acquisition, identification, andmanagement; and fire control. Table A-4 lists the functionalcapabilities of the CITV.

Mounted directly to the front of the vehicle commander, theCITV interface arrayed control switches around three sides of acentral display screen (Figure A-4). Switches on the right marginof the interface were nonfunctional. The vehicle commandercontrolled operation of the CITV via inputs through the functionalswitches and through push buttons on his control handle. Thecontrol handle was also used to control manual movement of theCITV sensor. The interface components entailed: (a) rectangular(6.5 X 5.88 inches) monochrome CRT display screen with own vehicleicon and sighting reticle; (b) power switch with OFF, STANDBY, andON positions (three-position toggle); (c) push-button selectorswitches for basic mode (CITV, GPS); (d) push-button selectorswitches for operational mode (AUTOSCAN, MANUAL SEARCH, GLOS);

Table A-4

Capabilities of the CITV

Independent thermal search3X and 1OX magnificationWhite-hot and black-hot polarityManual SearchAutoscanIndependent Laser Range FinderIdentification Friend or Foe (IFF)Target DesignateTarget StackGunner's Line of Sight (GLOS)Own vehicle icon (directional, all parts moving)

A-12

Figure A-4. Drawing of the vehicle commander's crewstation In amanned tank simulator with the CITV in the center.

(e) two-position push-button switch for polarity (WHITE-HOT, BLACK-HOT); (f) Autoscan control switches for setting sector limits andadjusting scan rate; (g) vehicle commander's Target Stack displaywith four push-button target selector switches and ON-OFF push-button switch; (h) gunner's Target Stack display similar to thevehicle commander's (depicted in Figure A-5, along the bottom ofthe gunners crewstation); (i) control handle with push buttons forswitching magnification (3X, 1OX), operating the laser, anddesignating targets (depicted in Figure A-6) . Summarized below isan overview of the system functions.

Basic modes. In the GPS mode, the CITV was functionallyinactivated, with the last active scene from the sensor remainingstatic on the screen. Requiring the vehicle commander to use his

A-13

Figure A-5. Drawing of the gunner's crewstation, with theTarget Stack buttons along the bottom, labelledone through four.

TOP VIEW

LA~ E ESIINATE SIDE VIEWCITY

MAGNIFICATION

3x lox

cCvCC RGETHUMB

*CONTROL

PALMSWITCH

Figure A-6. Drawing of the comnmander's control handlewith the functions labelled.

A- 14

GPSE for viewing, this mode enabled him to override the gunner inmoving the turret/gun tube and firing. The CITV mode permittedthe vehicle commander to select three types of surveillance--GLOS,Manual Search and Autoscan. The GLOS mode slaved the CITV line ofsight to the main gun alignment, except when the vehicle commanderdepressed his palm switch to activate Manual Search. The slavedalignment provided a view overlapping the gunner's view whileenabling the vehicle commander to operate his own laser and changemagnification and polarity. The Manual Search and Autoscancapabilities, both providing independent surveillance, arediscussed below. For the purposes of this research effort thevehicle commander could not move or fire the main gun from theCITV mode.

In all CITV modes the display screen presented optionalfields of view: wide field (3X magnification, 7.5 X 10 degrees)and narrow field (10X magnification, 2.5 X 3.3 degrees). Inproviding uninterrupted horizontal sweep capability, the systemafforded a 360 degree field of regard. The vertical expanse ofthe field of regard ranged from +20 to -12 degrees. According tohis preference, the vehicle commander could select White-Hot orBlack-Hot display options. In White-Hot mode, warmer objectswithin the 2ield of view appeared "white" against a darkerbackground. In Black-Hot mode, warmer objects appeared blackagainst a lighter background.

The own tank icon present on the display screen depicted thedirectiona' orientation of the turret/gun and CITV. The CITVindicators included the CITV's line of sight as well as theAutoscan sector limit markers. The entire icon rotated torepresent the proper grid azimuth heading of the tank hull. TheCITV tank icon was consistent with the CCD own tank icon.

Manual Search. In selecting Manual Search, the vehiclecommander could control the CITV's line of sight manually bymanipulating his control handle. Both direction (horizontal,vertical, and oblique) and speed of movement could be controlledsimultaneously. This mode allowed the vehicle commander to varyat will his pace and pattern as he searched for targets. Itpreserved access to other control options such as magnification,polarity, and target designation.

Aon. Autoscan permitted the vehicle commander to sweepautomatically the CITV's line of sight back and forth across aspecified sector at a set rate of speed. The search patternrequired no input from the vehicle commander once initialparameters were set. Setting or resetting left and right sectorlimit markers defined the portion of the field of regard to bescanned. To adjust scan rate, the vehicle commander couldincrease or decrease the current rate, which began at a defaultvalue upon initialization. The entire 36G degree field of regard

A-15

could be selected as the scanning sector, if desired. As withManual Search, Autoscan maintained availability of secondarycontrol options such as polarity, magnification, and targetdesignation. The latter function required the vechicle commanderto activate a temporary Manual Search option by depressing hispalm switch.

Independent Laser Range Finder. The CITV system included alaser capability independent of the standard LRF. The vehiclecommander could exercise this capability in GLOS, Manual Search,and Autoscan modes; lasing in the latter mode requiredinterruption of scanning to stabilize the sight picture. Eachlase event produced a range-to-target reading in meters, displayedin the lower left corner of the display screen; this reading couldindicate flawed determinations and double returns. Lasing alsosupported the IFF function, which had an 85% accuracy rate andgenerated symbology characterizing the target as friendly, enemy,or uncertain. This symbology appeared in the upper left portionof the display.

Target designation. In the Manual Search and Autoscan modes,the vehicle commander could use the Designate function to quicklyhand off a target to his gunner. Having identified an enemytarget for immediate engagement, the vehicle commander pressed theDESIGNATE button on his control handle. This rapidly slewed themain gun to the CITV's line of sight, overriding the gunner'scontrols. The vehicle commander then could hand off the target.

Target Stacking. The CITV configuration incorporated atarget management feature referred to as Target Stack. In boththe Manual Search and Autoscan modes, the vehicle commander coulduse this feature to cue the gunner about available targets. Afterlasing to and identifying an enemy target the vehicle commanderpressed one of four buttons to mark the target's location. Hecould cumulate up to four targets in the stack. The vehiclecommander placed targets in the stack in priority order (numberone being highest priority). As the vehicle commander stackedtargets, cuing lights on the gunner's display came on and, foreach target, two LEDs indicated the relative position of thetarget with respect to the direction of the main gun (left, right,or centered). The gunner could use these indicators to anticipatethe direction in which the turret would slew after pushing atarget stack button. After the gunner engaged a target selectedfrom the target stack, it dropped from the stack.

The simulated SINCGARS radio system serviced five radio nets--battalion, company, and three platoons. The manned simulatorsconnected to these nets in a doctrinally realistic arrangement.The Co Cdr, Plt Ldrs, and platoon sergeant accessed two nets each,

A-16

while the two wingmen accessed only one. An RIU linked the CCDwith the SINCGARS system to enable electronic transmission ofmessages via digital burst technique. The voice radio net schemedefined the automated routing ootions for ach 'vehicle commanderexcept the platoon sergeant, who could transmit CCD messages ononly the platoon net.

A-17

APPENDIX B

TASK ANALYSIS DATA

B-I

Task Analysis Index

EAgn

Task 1. Receive and Review Report Using CCD B-5

Task 2. Prepare and Submit Spot Report Using CCD B-9

Task 3. Prepare and Submit Shell Report Using CCD B-15

Task 4. Prepare and Submit Contact Report Using CCD B-19

Task 5. Prepare and Submit Call for Fire Report Using CCD B-23

Task 6. Prepare and Submit SITREP Report Using CCD B-27

Task 7. Prepare and Submit NBC Report Using CCD B-33

Task 8. Designate and Transmit Route Coordinates Using CCD B-39

Task 9. Receive and Review Route Coordinates Using CCD B-43

Task 10. Prepare and Submit Adjust Fire Report Using CCD B-47

Task 11. Prepare and Submit Ammunition Report Using CCD B-51

Task 12. Prepare and Submit Intelligence Report Using CCD B-55

Task 13. Receive, Review and Retransmit FRAGO ReportUsing CCD B-61

Task 14. Search for Targets Using the CITV B-65

Task 15. Identify and Prioritize Targets Using CCD B-69

Task 16. Control Map Display Functions Using CCD B-73

B-3

CVCC TASK-AND TASK ELEMENT DATA FORM

Task Number 1

TASK TITLE: Receive and Review Report Using CCD

DUTY POSITIONCompany CommanderPlatoon LeaderPlatoon SergeantTank Commander

CONDITIONSTactical or nontactical situation under all weather

conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMIA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MIA2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESReport generation timeReport accuracyReport completeness

INITIATING CUESReceive Message light illuminatesVoice communications (report has been transmitted)

TERMINATING CUESMessage reviewedMessage deletedMessage canceled

FEEDBACK CUESNone

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission

B-5

CRITICALITY: 21.00%21.0 percent of the workload respondents ranked this task astheir top priority task.

LEARNING DIFFICULTYSomewhat above average

REASON FOR DIFFICULTYOperator must keep track of Receive Message light whenilluminated, and attempt to address those messages in thereceive queue prior to 5 minutes elapsing or message isautomatically forwarded to the message file. Messages arecoming in from several different sources.

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysis

COMMENTSNone

SKILLSManipulate display cursorAct on message while still in receive queue (5 minutes).

KNOWLEDGEMessage alertsIcon associationFunction keysQueue/file differences

PERFORMANCE TIME: 5 minutes, 0 seconds

Task Element Number 1.01

TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Display message in active queue

DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD control panelCommander's control handleCursor

B-6


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Display message in message storage file

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Review message in active/storage file

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select messages for deletion orcancellation

DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD control panelCommandex's control handleCursor

B-74.

CVCC TASK AND TASK ELEMENT DATA FORM

Task Number 2

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Spot Report Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMIA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MlA2)


INITIATING CUESInitial visual contactReceive direct fireReceive indirect fireReceive air attack

TERMINATING CUESReport Sent message received on display

FEEDBACK CUESNone

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

B-9

CRITICALITY 14.40%14.4 percent of the workload respondents ranked this task astheir top priority task.

LEARNING DIFFICULTYAverage

REASON FOR DIFFICULTYLimited timeSimultaneous tasks


COMMENTSThe spot report is the preferred method of reporting contactbut due to time constraints and the situation, sometimes thetank commander will make this type of abbreviated contactreport.

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle in conjunction with CITV.

KNOWLEDGEEnemy unitsDifferences in enemy unit activitiesPriority in routing report

PERFORMANCE TIME: 1 minute, 30 seconds


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CCD Function Keys

DISPLAYSCCD displayCCD map display

CONTROLSCCD function keys

B-10


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Enemy Unit Situation

DISPLAYSCITV displayCommander's cupola vision blocksIFF display

CONTROLSCITV function switchesCCD function keysCommander's control handle


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinder to DetermineEnemy Location

DISPLAYSCITV displayIFF display

CONTROLSCommander's control handleCITV function switches


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Use Map Display to Determine EnemyLocation

DISPLAYSCCD map display

CONTROLSCCD function keysCursor controlCCD touch panel

B-l1


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Own Unit Situation

DISPLAYSCITV displayCommander's cupola vision blocks



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Correct Report Data

DISPLAYSCCD displayCCD map displayCITV displayCommander's cupola vision blocksIFF display

CONTROLSCCD function keysCITV function switchesCommander's control handleCursor controlLaser rangefinder


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Correct Routing

DISPLAYSCCD display


B-12


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Enter Report Data to Map Display

DISPLAYSCCD map displayCITV displayCommander's cupola vision blocksIFF display

CONTROLSCCD function keysCITV function switchesCommander's control handleLaser rangfinderCursor control


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Transmit Report

DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD function keysCursor control

B-13


Task Number 3

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Shell Report Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC envirc-rnmentMIA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MIA2)


INITIATING CUESReceive shelling6ight shelling

TERMINATING CUESReport Sent message appears on CCD display

FEEDBACK CUESUnits respond to shelling by taking coverUnits avoid shelling area

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - several times per mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - several times per mission


B-15

LEARNING DIFFICULTYSomewhat below average

REASON FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous tasks


COMMENTSNone

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle and cursor

KNOWLEDGEIndicators of a shellingFriendly or enemy shelling




DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Identify Shelling

DISPLAYSCITV displayCommander's cupola vision blocks

CONTROLSCITV function switches

B-16


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinder




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Correct Report Routing





DISPLAYSCCD display


B-17


Task Number 4

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Contact Report Using CCD





INITIATING CUESInitial visual contactReceive direct fireReceive indirect fireReceive air attack

TERMINATING CUESReport Sent message appears on display

FEEDBACK CUESAdditional information requestedAnother tank assists sender in

engagement or some function related toreport sent



B-19



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYLimited timeSimultaneous tasks

DATA SOURCETank platoon SOPFKSM 17-15-3, dtd Feb 1989CVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysis

COMMENTSIn the CVCC experiment, it was noted that the methodselected in performing the task was dependent on thesituation. The shorter method of making a contact report wasmore evident in an offensive scenario (e.g., movement tocontact) whereas a more time consuming method was utilizedduring a defensive scenario (e.g., delay).

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle in conjunction with CITV

KNOWLEDGEIdentify enemy unitsDifferences in enemy unit activitiesPriority in routing report




DISPLAYS

CCD display


B-20


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Enemy Unit Type








TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Designate Enemy Location with Map Display



B-21


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Routing Priority

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Enter Report Data on Map Display


CONTROLSCCD function keysCITV function switchesCommander's control handleLaser rangefinderCursor control



DISPLAYCCD display


B-22


Task Number 5

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Call for Fire Report Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMlA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MlA2)


INITIATING CUESSuspected enemy positionsEnemy force attackingEnemy force large

TERMINATING CUESFire support receivedEnemy destroyed

FEEDBACK CUESAccuracy of fire support



B-23



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous tasks


COMMENTSNone

SKILLSManipulate use of display cursorUse laser rangefinder

KNOWLEDGECall for fire proceduresMethods for estimating adjustmentsSystem automated capabilities

PERFORMANCE TIME: I minute, 30 seconds


TASK ELEMENT TM'w" r'erate CCD l1inction Keys



B-24




CONTROLSCITV function switchesCommander's control handle


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Map Display to Determine EnemyLocation




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Add/Drop Shifts for Adjust Fire

DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD display keyboard


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Correct Report Routing

DISPLAYSCCD display


B-25


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Enter Data to Map Display





DISPLAYCCD display


B-26


Task Number 6

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit SITREP Report Using CCD





INITIATING CUESAfter a significant eventBattle position changesConsolidation on objectiveRequested by higher headquarters

TERMINATING CUESReport Sent message appears on CCD display

FEEDBACK CUESAdditional information requestedCCD display indicates message sent

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYContinuously - all during the mission


B-27



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous tasks

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysisTank platoon SOPFKSM 17-15-3, dtd Feb 1989

COMMENTSThe SITREP report is not difficult to complete but due tocircumstances at the time a request for a SITREP may bedelayed. The first thing of importance to the TC is toconduct combat operations.

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor control

KNOWLEDGEKnow when report is requiredKnow what FLOT end points areHow to calculate FLOT end pointsKnow commander's intentKnow what various reporting status terms mean (red, green,amber, etc.)






B-28


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinder to DetermineFLOT End Points

DISPLAYSCITV display

CONTROLSCommander's control handleCCD map touch panelLaser rangefinder


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Map Display

DISPLAYSCCD map displayCCD display

CONTRO.SCCD function keysCursor control


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Enemy Activity and Type



B-29


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Critical Shortages

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Commander's Intent

DISPLAYSCCD display







TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Report Routing

DISPLAYCCD display

B-30




DISPLAYCCD display


B-31

CVCC TASK'AND TASK ELEMENT DATA FORM

Task Number 7

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit NBC Report Using CCD





INITIATING CUESChemical agent detectedMist appears after artillery attackColor changes M8/M9 paperChemical agent alarmIndividual agent symptomDose rate 1 CGY per hrObserved mushroom cloud

TERMINATING CUESReport Sent message appears on CCD displayAll clear signal is received

FEEDBACK CUESUnits avoid contaminated areaMessage sent indicated on CCD displayAll clear signal is received

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission

B-33

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous tasksAnxietyWeak in knowledge of NBC operations

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysisTank platoon SOPFKSM 17-15-3, dtd Feb 1989

COMMENTSNot sure of reasons for low ranking of task among testrespondents. It may be due to the infrequent performance ofthis task during a mission. The report menus used tocomplete this automated report are not as friendly as otherautomatcd reports in the system.

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor controlUse of laser rangefinders

KNOWLEDGEKnow basic NBC reporting methodsKnow tactical procedures involving an NBC environment


Th-34



DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinder to Obtain AttackLocation


CONTROLSC7TV function keysCommander's control handle





B-35


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Type of Burst and Attack

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Nuclear Burst Data

DISPLAYSCCD display






B-36



DISPLAYCCD display




DISPLAYCCD map displayCITV displayCommander's cupola vision Blocks

CONTROLSCCD function keysCursor controlCITV function switchesCommander's control handleLaser rangefinder



DISPLAYCCD display


B-37


Task Number 8

TASK TITLE: Designate and Transmit Route Coordinates Using CCD




PERFORMANCE MEASURESReport generation timeReport accuracyReport completenessWaypoint coordinate accuracySector controlDistance traveledMisorientationBoundary violationRoute deviationVehicle speed over timeMission planning procedures

INITIATING CUESMission planning meetingReceive OPORD to moveReceive FRAGO

TERMINATING CUESObjective accomplishedChange in mission

B-39

FEEDBACK CUESObjective accomplishedUnits respond in maintaining course

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission

CRITICALITY 37.40%37.4 percent of the workload respondents ranked this task astheir top priority task. Actual task ranked was entitledDirect Actions of Driver. This task refers to an automatedcapability that enables the tank commander to direct actionsof the driver. This capability minimizes voicecommunications.


REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYLack of basic map reading and proceduresWeak in tactical movement requirementsSimultaneous tasks


COMMENTSThis task normally involves considerable communicationbetween the tank commander and the driver. Having thecapability to designate a route for the driver withoccasional reports from the driver on reaching a waypointfrees the TC to do other tasks. The burden of assisting thedriver is reduced considerably through this automatedcapability. The test respondents listed the task ofdirecting the driver as a high priority task.

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor controlRead a mapBasic map skills

B-40

KNOWLEDGEKnow movement tactical proceduresKnow terrain features




DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Designate Waypoint Coordinates on MapDisplay




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Delete or Change Waypoints



B-41


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Transmit Waypoints to Driver

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Retain Waypoint Coordinates in Memory

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Transmit Waypoints to Other Units

DISPLAYSCCD display


B-42


Task Number 9

TASK TITLE: Receive and Review Route Coordinates Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMIA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (M1A2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESCompleteness

INITIATING CUESRadio communication that route has been sentReceive Light illuminatedReceipt of an overlay

TERMINATING CUESUse route as active routeDelete route from memorySave route in memory

FEEDBACK CUESRoute is displayed on CCD map display

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission

B-43

CRITICALITY 0.00%Not available for this task.


REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYNone

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysisTask analysis

COMMENTSThis is a short, easy task to perform and could be embeddedin the main task with which it is associated, Designate a, dTransmit Route Coordinates Using the CCD. Could change taskto read "Designate, Transmit and Receive Route CoordinatesUsing the CCD."

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor control

KNOWLEDGEFunction keysQueue/file differencesMessage alertsDisplay map and route designation association




DISPLAYSCCD display


B-44


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Route from Route File




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Designate Route as Active Route for System




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Delete Route File

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Exit Route File Menu

DISPLAYSCCD display


B-45


Task Number 10

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Adjust Fire Report Using CCD

DUTY POSITIONp c ip, y Commander

Platoon LeaderPla.oon SergeantTank Commander


conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMlA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MIA2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESReport generation timeReport completenessReport accuracy

INITIATING CUESSuspected enemy positionsEnemy force attackingEnemy force large

TERMINATION CUESFire support receivedEnemy destroyed

FEEDBACK CUESEnemy destroyed

DEFENSE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

OFFENSE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

B-47

CRITICALITY 7.50%7.5 percent of the workload respondents ranked Prepare andSubmit CFF Report as their top priority task. A component ofthis task is Prepare and Submit Adjust Fire Report using theCCD.



DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsWorkload data analysisTask analysis

COMMENTSThis task, although a separate function of the CCD device,basically functions the same as the "Call for Fire" report.In fact, it is an extraction from the basic report.

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor controlLaser rangefinder

KNOWLEDGECall for fire proceduresCalculate differences in shell impact to target locationUnderstand system automated capabilities






B-48


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV Function Switches




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinder to DetermineTarget Location








TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Enter Add/Drop Shifts for Target Location

DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD display keyboard

B-49



DISPLAYSCCD display








DISPLAYSCCD display


B-50


Task Number 11

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Ammunition Report Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMlA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9•-2350-264-10-1 (MlA2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESReport generation tirpReport completenessReport accuracy

INITIATION CUESCompleted a missionCompleted fire fightRequested by higher headquarters

TERMINATION CUESReport Sent message displayed on CCD Jisplay

FEEDBACK CUESAdditional information requestedSent message on CCD display

DEFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several time-, per mission

OFFENSIVE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

B-51

CRITICALITY 0.00%Not available for this task

LEARNING DIFFICULTYLow


DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsTank platoon SOPFKSM 17-15-3, dtd Feb 1989

LOMMENTSThe ammo report is a fairly easy report to complete

SKILLSOperate display cursorOperate Commander's control handle cursor

KNOWLEDGEKnow different types of ammo usedKnow when report is required by SOP






B-52


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Determine Ammo Status

DISPLAYSCCD display




DISPLAYSCCD display

CONTROLSCCD function keysCursor contrDl



DISPLAYSCCD display


B-53


Task Number 12

TASK TITLE: Prepare and Submit Intelligence Report Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMlA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MIA2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESReport generation timeReport completenessReport accuracy

INITIATION CUESEnemy units observedObstacles observed

TERMINATION CUESReport Sent message displayed on CCD display

FEEDBACK CUESMessage sent on CCD displayFriendly units attackArtillery destroys enemy target


OFFENSE FREQUENCYFrequently - Several times per mission

B-55



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous task

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationsTank platoon SOPFKSM 17-15-3, dtd Feb 1989

COMMENTSNone

SKILLSTouch screen cursor controlCommander's control handle cursor

KNOWLEDGEKnow different enemy vehiclesKnow how to spot obstacles




DISPLAYSCCD display


B-56


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Unit and Obstacle Type

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV Function Switches




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Laser Rangefinders to DetermineLocation




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate Map Display to Determine Location

DISPLAYCCD map display


B-57


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select Unit Activity and Heading

DISPLAYSCITV displayCCD map displayCCD displayCommander's cupola vision blocksIFF display





CONTROLSCCD function keysCITV function switchesCommander's control handleCursor controlLaser rangefinder



DISPLAYCCD display


B-58



DISPLAYCCD display


B-59


Task Number 13

TASK TITLE: Receive, Review and Retransmit FRAGO Report Using CCD




PERFORMANCE MEASURESReceive reportRetransmit report

INITIATION CUESReceive key is highlightedCommunication that FRAGO was sent

TERMINATION CUESFRAGO displayed on map displayFRAGO Sent message appears on CCD display

FEEDBACK CUESFRAGO is displayed on CCD map displayFRAGO Sent message on CCD display

DEFENSE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission

OFFENSE FREQUENCYSeldom - Every few missions


B-61


REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous task

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationTask analysis

COMMENTSNone

SKILLSOperate touch screen cursor on CCD displayOperate control handle cursor control

KNOWLEDGEKnow map size functionKnow automated capabilities of system




DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Select FRAGO Message

DISPLAYSCCD display


B-62


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Post FRAGO to Map Display




TASK ELEWNT TITLE: Retransmit FRAGO to Other Units



B-63


Task Number 14

TASK TITLE: Search for Targets Using the CITV



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentMIA2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (M1A2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESPercent targets detected and reported

INITIATION CUESBegin tactical movementIn defensive position

TERMINATION CUESTarget detected

FEEDBACK CUESTarget detected & identified as enemy on CITV display


OFFENSE FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission



B-65

REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous taskDecision on which mode (manual or auto) to search dependenton situation (i.e., offensive or defensive mission)

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observation

COMMENTSNone

SKILLSOperate Commander's control handle in conjunction with CITV

KNOWLEDGEKnow what azimuth and elevation areHow to compute azimuth and elevationFunction of CITV



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV Function Switches and Controls




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV in Auto Scan Mode

DISPLAYS

CITV display

CONTROLSCITV function keysCommander's control handle

B-66


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV in Manual Search Mode


CONTROLSCITV function keysCommander's control handle


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV in Gun Line of Sight (GLOS)Search Mode


CONTROLSCITV function keys

B-67


Task Number 15

TASK TITLE: Identify and Prioritize Targets Using CITV




PERFORMANCE MEASURESTargets identified and prioritizedJudgmentDecisivnessCognitive ability

INITIATION CUESTarget detectedEnemy sighted

TERMINATION CUESTarget identification

FEEDBACK CUESConfirmation by other tanks in area


OFFENSE. FREQUENCYContinuously - All during the mission


B-69


REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSimultaneous tasksIFF detection is built on a table of probability rather thanactual IFF transponder capabilities. Target stack capabilitymay not receive enough emphasis during training. The tankcommander is more inclined to use this capability during adefensive mission than an offensive mission due to timeconstraints.

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationWorkload data analysis

COMMENTSThis task consists of twc parts: (a) the identification ofthe targets, and (b) the prioritization of the targets.

SKILLSOperate control handle in conjuction with CITVOperate laser rangefinder

KNOWLEDGEIFF detectionEngagement proceduresThreat conditions



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Target Detection


CONTROLSCITY function switchesCommander's control handle

B-70


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV Function Switches and Controls




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CITV Laser Rangefinder




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: IFF Designation


CONTROLSCITV displayCommander's control handle


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Prioritization of Targets



B-71


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Engagement of Targets in Target Queue

DISPLAYSCITV displayIFF displayCommander's cupola vision blocks

CONTROLSCITV function switchesGunner's function switchesCommander's control handle

B-72


Task Number 16

TASK TITLE: Control Map Display Functions Using CCD



conditionsAll types of terrainMay be performed in an NBC environmentM1A2 tank, simulator or stand alone situationUse PDEP 9-2350-264-10-1 (MlA2)

PERFORMANCE MEASURESTerrain identificationDetermining coordinates

INITIATION CUESTarget detectedEnemy sighted

TERMINATION CUESMap overlay not visible on displayOverlay partially visibleTerrain features missing

FEEDBACK CUESOverlay is visible on CCD displayTerrain features are present on display


OFFENSE FREQUENCYRegularly - Once per mission

B-73



REASONS FOR DIFFICULTYSelection of appropriate map sizePositioning of overlay on CCD map display

DATA SOURCECVCC exercise observationTask analysis

COMMENTSNone

SKILLSOperate CCD cursor control

KNOWLEDGEKnow different map sizesUnderstand scrolling function


Task Element Number 16.01TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Operate CCD Function Keys

DISPLAYSCCD display



TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Store Overlays in Memory



B-74


TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Delete Overlays from Map Display and Memory




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Set Up Map Display Features




TASK ELEMENT TITLE: Exit Map Menu

DISPLAYSCCD Display

CCNTROL LSCCd function keys

B-75

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Command and Control (CVCC)research efforts on the Comiibat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC)...

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Transcript of Command and Control (CVCC)research efforts on the Comiibat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC)...