Cold War -...
Transcript of Cold War -...
Cold War
"War of words and threats" between
the USA and Soviet Union from
1945-1991.
It was a political and economic
struggle between these countries.
Communism
Political theory based on the writings of
Karl Marx.
Political ideology of the Soviet Union.
All property, including homes and
businesses, should belong to the
government, to ensure that all members
of society have a fair share.
Capitalism
Economic system.
Economic ideology of the USA.
Everyone should be free to own
property and business and make
money.
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
President of the USA from 1933-
1945.
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union from
1924-1953.
Tehran
Conference
Meeting of the Grand Alliance in
November 1943
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
Agreements:
• USA and Britain would open second front against Germany.
• Stalin would declare war on Japan to support USA.
• Germany would lose land after the war.
• Soviet Union to be allowed to keep land it seized.
• An international body should be established to avoid further
disputes.
Yalta
Conference
Second meeting of the Grand Alliance in
February 1945
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
Agreements:
• After the war Germany to be spilt into four zones.
• Germany to pay $20 billion in reparations.
• United Nations to be set up.
• Future governments in countries in Eastern Europe to be
decided in free elections.
• The Polish borders to be returned to their position in 1921
and there to be free elections.
Harry S.
Truman
President of the USA from 1945-
1953.
Potsdam
Conference
Final meeting of the Grand Alliance in
July-August 1945
Truman, Attlee and Stalin.
Agreements:
• Germany divided into four zones but the economy to be run as a whole
country.
• Berlin to be divided into four zones.
• Each administration to receive reparations for their zone.
Disagreements:
• The government of Eastern Europe – Truman did not like the control the
Soviet Union had over the countries they had liberated from Nazi rule.
• Poland – Truman thought there should be less communist influence.
United
Nations
An organization of independent
states formed in 1945 to promote
international peace and security.
Domino
Theory
The political theory that if one
nation comes under Communist
control then neighboring nations
will also come under Communist
control.
Containment
US policy established by the
Truman administration in 1947 to
stop the spread of Soviet
influence and to contain it to what
it was at the end of the Second
World War.
Satellite State
A nation politically and economically
dominated or controlled by another
more powerful country.
In this case, countries like Poland,
Hungary and Czechoslovakia who
were under the influence of the
Soviet Union.
Division of
Germany
In 1947 Germany (and its capital Berlin)
was divided into 4 zones controlled by the
USA, Great Britain, France and the Soviet
Union.
In 1948 the British, American and French
zones were combined to create Trizonia.
Germany was now split into East Germany
(controlled by the Soviets) and West
Germany (Trizonia).
Truman
Doctrine
Policy statement by President
Truman in 1947 that promised
military and economic aid to nations
threatened by armed minorities or
outside groups.
Specifically targeted at Greece and
Turkey who were threatened by
communist aggression.
Marshall Plan
A United States program of
economic aid for the
reconstruction of Europe.
(1948-1952)
Cominform
Communist Information Bureau
A political organisation established by
Stalin in 1947.
Ensured that all satellite states
worked together and took orders
from Moscow.
Comecon
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Established in 1949.
Purpose was to support Soviet Satellite
states who were prevented from accessing
aid from the Marshall Plan.
Berlin
Blockade
June 1948
Stalin shut off the land routes across
Soviet-controlled Germany into Berlin
to stop supplies reaching West
Berlin.
Blockade led to the Berlin Airlift.
Berlin Airlift
Planes flew in food, fuel and other
supplies to 2 million Berliners
during the Berlin Blockade which
cut off West Berlin from the rest of
the world.
Arms Race
Cold war competition between the
USA and Soviet Union to increase
their armed forces and develop
new weapons.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
An alliance made to defend one
another if they were attacked by any
other country.
Members included USA, Britain,
France, Canada and other Western
European countries.
Warsaw Pact
Treaty signed in 1955 that formed an
alliance of the Eastern European
countries behind the Iron Curtain.
The Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Iron Curtain
A term used by British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill to
describe the Soviet Union's policy
of isolation during the Cold War.
The ‘Iron Curtain’ separated
Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe
from the rest of Europe.
Korean War
1950-1953
Conflict between South Korea and
Communist North Korea.
The Soviet Union supported North Korea.
The USA supported South Korea.
The United Nations sent troops, led by the
USA, to help defend South Korea after it
was invaded by North Korea.
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
President of the USA from 1953-
1961.
Nikita
Khrushchev
First Secretary of the Communist
Party and leader of the Soviet
Union from 1953 to 1964.
ICBM
Inter-continental ballistic
missiles.
Developed by the USA in 1957.
Soviet Union had them by 1958.
Hungarian
Uprising
1956
Protest in Hungary over lack of
political freedoms and poor living
standards.
1000 Soviet tanks rolled into
Budapest to suppress the uprising
and remove the leader Nagy.
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who
overthrew the dictator (Batista) in
1959 and established a Marxist
Socialist state in Cuba.
SLBM
Submarine-launched ballistic
missiles.
Developed by the USA in 1960.
Soviets had them by 1968.
John F.
Kennedy
President of the USA from 1961-
1963.
Assassinated in Dallas, Texas in
November 1963.
Berlin Wall
In 1961, the Soviet Union built a
high barrier to seal off their sector
of Berlin in order to stop the flow
of refugees out of the Soviet zone
of Germany.
The wall was torn down in 1989.
Bay of Pigs
Incident
Failed invasion of Cuba in 1961
when a force of 1,400 Cuban
exiles, backed by the United
States, landed at the Bay of Pigs
in Cuba.
Cuban
Missile Crisis
In October 1962, the USA and the Soviet Union came close to
nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita
Khrushchev remove the missiles he had placed in Cuba.
The USA set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
The Soviets did not try to break the blockade and the crisis ended
when the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba.
The USA agreed secretly to remove their missiles from Turkey.
A hotline was set up between Washington and Moscow to improve
communication.
The USA and Soviet Union signed new treaties to limit nuclear
weapons.
Lyndon B.
Johnson
President of the USA from 1963-
1969.
Leonid
Brezhnev
Leader of the Soviet Union from
1964 to 1982.
Prague
Spring
1968
Reforms introduced by
Czechoslovakia leader Alexander
Dubcek.
He believed a communist
government should offer ‘socialism
with a human face’.
Brezhnev
Doctrine
Brezhnev declared that the actions of any
individual communist country affected all
communist countries.
He said it was each countries duty to take
steps against other countries if their
actins threatened the communist states.
ABM
Anti-ballistic missiles.
Developed by the Soviet Union in
1968 to intercept ICBMs.
The USA developed theirs in 1972.
Détente
1969-1979
Relaxation of tensions between
the United States and its two
major Communist rivals, the
Soviet Union and China.
Richard
Nixon
President of the USA from 1969-
1974.
SALT 1
Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty
A treaty signed in 1972 by the USA
and the Soviet Union limiting the
number and use of antiballistic
missiles.
Gerald Ford
President of the USA from 1974-
1977.
Helsinki
Accords
1975
1. European borders.
2. International cooperation.
3. Human rights.
Apollo-Soyuz
mission
1975
Joint Soviet-US space mission.
James
(Jimmy)
Carter
President of the USA from 1977-
1981.
SALT 2
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 2
A treaty agreed by the USA and the
Soviet Union involving further limitations
on the number and use of ICBMs.
Treaty abandoned after the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
Ronald
Reagan
President of the USA from 1981-
1989.
SDI
Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star
Wars’)
Policy introduced by Reagan which
launched new satellite weapons.
Designed to force the Soviet Union to
surrender or spend money they did
not have trying to compete.
Mikhail
Gorbachev
Leader of the Soviet Union from
1985 to 1991 whose policies
caused the end of the Soviet
Union.
Glasnost
“Openness and honesty”
A Soviet policy allowing more open
discussion of political and social
issues, as well as more widespread
news and information.
Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in
1985.
Perestroika
“Reconstruction”
A Soviet programme to reconstruct
and reorganise the Soviet
government and economy.
Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in
1985.