Code Compare

7/26/2019 Code Compare

1/38

IBR

Material Requirements.

COLD DRAWN SEAMLESS STEEL

BOILER AND SUPERHEATER TUBES

OR DESI!N METAL

TEMPERATURES NOT E"CEEDIN!

#$#%C &'$(%).*

Material.- The tubes shall be seamless and

made of steel produced by an Open Hearthor Electric Process or any of the Oxygen

Processes. The Steel shall not contain morethan 0.00 per cent of sulphur or of

phosphorus and the oxygen process steelshall in addition not contain more than

0.00! per cent of nitrogen. The

manufacturer shall supply a certificate ofanalysis "hen re#uired to do so.$

The tube shall be seamless andmanufactured from steel produced by an

open hearth or electric process or any of theoxygen processes. The steel shall be fully

%illed.

The steel shall conform to the follo"inglimits of chemical composition.

ASME

Material Requirements

Open hearth& electric

furnace& or basic oxygen

steel shall be used for boilerpressure parts exposed to the

fire or products ofcombustion. 'hen used for

internal pressure& the

material stress anddimensions shall meet the

appropriate re#uirements ofP(-)* and part P' and be in

accordance "ith thefollo"ings.

Tubes should be of thefollo"ing specifications only.

S+- ,* Electric resistant"elded carbon steel and

carbon manganese steelboiler tubes

SA +,( Seamless me-ium

BS


or ferritic steel& the

phosphorus and sulfer content

shall not exceed 0.0/ each inthe laddle analysis.

Semi %illed steel shall be used

only for plates& and seamless

and "elded tubes in carbonand carbon manganese steels

"ith an upper limit of thespecified tensile strength

ranges of !0 12mm)and "itha thic%ness not exceeding ,00

mm.

3imming steel shall be usedonly for "elded tubes in

carbon and carbon manganese

steel "ith an upper limit of thespecified tensile strength range

of 40 12mm)and underser5ice temperature condition

of 00 6 or less.

6arbon and carbon manganesesteel plates for cold forming

CE M / P


a0ri1ati2n & Heat

Treatment

Requirement)

!.0 Hot and cold forming

!., Hot pressing 7 includeshot s#uee8ing& hot si8ing& hot

s"aging and hot upsetting 9

:aterials shall be hot pressed

at temp as noted and shall bepressed heat treated after hot

pressing as notes in thefollo"ing table. ;nless

specifically permitted by the

"elding procedurespecification& "elds shall not

be in the hot pressed area.

See 6E : < P Table ,.H2t Ben-in3

:aterial shall be heated"ithin the temp ranges hoted

belo" and shall be gi5en afinal heat treatment after

bending as noted in thefollo"ing table.

,


2/38

(rade 6

:n S

i S P

Ta0.0!-0.,

0.)*-0.!=

0.)max

0.0=max

0.0=max

Tb 0.)*max

0.4=max

0.,0min

0.0=max

0.0=max

Tc

0.=max

0.)4-,.0!

0.,0min

0.0=max

0.0=max

or grade Tb and Tc for each reduction of

0.0,/ belo" the specified carbonmaximum an increase of 0.0!/ :angenese

abo5e the specified maximum "ill be

permitted upto a maximum of ,.=/.

Heat Treatment 4 Hot finished tubes neednot be heat treated& cold dra"n tubes shall

be gi5en a sub-critical annealing a fullanneal or a normalising heat treatment after

the final cold finished process.

1ar02n steel 02iler an-

su5er6eater tu0es

Manu7a1ture

The steel shall be fully

%illed.

Tube shall be made by theseamless process and shall be

either hot finished or cold

dra"n& as specified.

Heat treatment

Hot finished tube need not beheat treated. 6old finished

tube shall be gi5en sub

critical anneal& a full anneal&or a normali8ing heat

treatment after the final colddra"ing process.

Sur7a1e C2n-iti2n

>f pic%ling or short blastingor both are re#uired& this

shall be specifically stated inthe order.

C6emi1al 12m52siti2n

shall be supplied in to the

normali8ed condition.

Electric resistance "elded orinduction "elded tubes shall

be used in the as "elded

condition only "here thespecified upper limit of tensile

strength does not exceed 012mm)

#.+., Cuttin3 27 Material

'eld preparation and openingof the re#uired shapes shall be

formed by either of thefollo"ing methods?

,. :achining& chipping orgrinding? 6hipped surface

"hich "ill not be co5ered "ith"eld metal shall be ground

smoothly after chipping.

). Thermal cutting andgouging.

.).,.) +ny metal damaged

metallurgicaly in the processof cutting to si8e or forming

the edges or end preparation

shall be remo5ed by

See 6E : < P Table ).

H2t Dra8 2r H2t

C2rre1ti2nThe follo"ing procedure

may be applied to elements

after final post "eld heattreatment "hen necessary to

ad@ust to dimensionaltolerances.

!.=., The hot dra" operation7 application of heat to

locali8ed lengths and lessthan the full circumference of

tube or pipe 9 may be appliedto materials P, + through

p "ithout re#uiring

subse#uent heat treatment&pro5ided the temp ranges

itemi8ed belo" are notexceed. 1o dra"ing is

permitted on stainless steel.

!.=.) Stainless steel may be

hot ad@usted to shape usingthe follo"ing procedure.

Operation may be performedbefore or after the final heat

treatment. + torch using

natural gas as fuel shall be

)


3/38

W2r9mans6i5 an- T2leran1e4 The tubes

shall be "ell finished cleaned free fromharmful defects. They shall be reasonably

straight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect tothe follo"ing tolerances. inished tubes

shall be reasonably straight and ha5e

smooth ends free of burrs. They shall ha5e a"or%manli%e finish. surface imperfections

li%e any discontinuity or irregularity foundin the tube may be remo5ed by grinding

pro5ided that smooth cur5ed surface is

maintained and the "all thic%ness is notdecreased to less than that permitted. The

outside diameter at the point of grindingmay be reduced by the amount so remo5ed

Permissible 5ariation in outside

diameter 7see table reg =!9

Permissible 5ariation in "all thic%nesspercentage 7see table reg =!9

Test s5e1imensA 7i9 Test specimens

re#uired for the flattening andexpanding2flaring test shall be ta%en from

the ends of finished tubes prior to upsettings"aging& expanding or any other forming

operations or being cut to length. Theyshall be smooth on the ends and free from

burrs and fla"s.

!ra-e A,

6arbon - 0.)*

:n - 0.4= maxP - 0.0=

S - 0.0=

Si - 0.,0

!ra-e C

6arbon - 0.=

:n - 0.)4-,.0!

P - 0.0=S - 0.0=

Si - 0.,0

Pr2-u1t Anal:sis

'hen re#uested on the

purchase order& a productanalysis shall be made by the

supplier from one tube orbillet per heat. The chemical

composition thus determined

shall conform to there#uirements specified.

>f original test fails& retest of

t"o additional billets ortubes shall be made. Both

retest for the elements in the

#uestion shall meet the

machining& grinding& chipping

or thermal cutting bac% tosound metal.

Surfaces that ha5e benn

thermally cut shall be cut bac%

by machining or grinding so asto remo5e all burnt metals&

harmful notches& slag andscale& but slight discoloration

of machine thermally cut edges

on mild steel shall not beregarded as detrimental.

>f alloy steels are prepared by

thermal cutting& the surfaceshall be dressed bac% by

grinding or machining for a

distance of at least ,.mm&unless it has been sho"n that

the material has not beendamaged by the cutting

process.

+fter the edges are prepared

for "elding& they shall be5isually examined for flares&

crac%s& laminations& slaginclusion etc. The edges shall

be examined for thermally cut

material. +ny "eld repair as a

used. The tip of the torch

shall at no times be closerthan !$ from the tube. +

length of tube $ minimumlength& shall be heated for the

full circumference to a temp

of 4) to ,04= 6. The metaltemperature in this 8one must

be 4) 6 minimum at thetime the tube is bent. + temp

measurement must be ta%en

from each location that isbeing heated for ad@ustment

to shape.See table =.

;.# C2l- Pressin3& In1lu-es

12l- s8a3in3< 12l- u5setnterstage and fabricationheat treatment re#uirements

after cold pressing operation

shall be as noted in the table . 'hen local heat treatment

is used& the entire length ofthe s"aged area and

transition 8one shall beheated to the re#uired

temperature. >f a bend is

re#uired in the s"aged area&

=
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>f desirable and practicable& tensile test may

be carried out on full section of the tubes upto the capacity of the testing machine. or

large si8e tubes& the tensile test specimenshall consist of strip cut longitudinally from

the tube and "hich is not straightened

"ithin the gauge length and further heattreated.

>f any test specimen sho"s fla"s or

defecti5e machining it may be discarded

and another specimen substituted.

+ll specimens shall be tested at roomtemperature

Num0er 27 tests? The test shall be made on

minimum ) tubes for first ,00 tubes and ,

per ,00 or part thereof for tubes o5er ,00numbers.

Tensile an- Har-ness tests?-The test

specimen shall comply "ith the follo"ing

re#uirements. The hardness test may becarried out on the "all cross section or on a

flat on the outside surface of the tubesample. . 7see reg = Table9

lattening Test A + ring not less than 0mm

in length cut form one end of each selected

tube shall be flattened bet"een t"o parallel

re#uirements of the

specification& other"ise allremaining material in the

heat or lot shall be re@ected.

Har-ness requirements

*4 H3B or ,= HB for +,

4 H3B or ,*4 HB for 6

Tensi2n Test one tensiontest shall be made on a

specimen for lots of no morethan 0 tubes. Tension test

shall be made on specimenfrom t"o tubes for lot of

more than 0 tubes.

lattenin3 Test 4 One

flattening test shall be madeon specimens from each end

of one finished tube from

each lot& but not the one usedfor the flaring test. Tears or

brea%s occurring at the ,) or! oCcloc% position on grade

6 tubing "ith si8es of !0.=mm in outside diameter and

smaller shall not be

considered a basis for

result of thermal cutting shall

be to an appro5ed "eldingprocedure.

6are shall be ta%en that "eld

preparations are correctly

profiled and "ithin specifiedtolerance.

Tu0e 0en-in3 5r21e-ure Test

Demonstration bend produce

for test shall be bent to anangle of atleast 40 degree. This

shall be deemed to representthe minimum re#uirements and

for all bend angles. Thedeparture from circularity

7D69 shall be measured at the

bend apex and thic%nessmeasurements shall be ta%en at

=0 degree internal from "ithinbend angle. Test specimen

from "ithin the bend angle is

al"ays preferred.

Pr21e-ure Test

Requirements

+ny of the follo"ing processcan be employed for tube

bending

,.3otary dra" bend

the area shall be heat treated

prior to ma%ing bend.

;.$ C2l- Ben-in36old bending is defined as an

operation performed at metal

temp belo" 4= 6

+fter cold bending& heat

treatment shall be applied as

re#uired in the table belo".See Table .

Heat Treatment

., Heat treatment re#uiredafter forming or "elding

shall be performed

subse#uent to the operationthat re#uire heat treatment

except "hen the shopplanning se#uence

established that the

component "ill be post "eldheat treated as part of the

subse#uent assembly.

.) 3e#uirements for carbonand alloy steel 7 P, through

P!6 material 9
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5/38

flat surfaces to a distance bet"een the plates

7H9 as calculated by the formula gi5enbelo" "ithout sho"ing any sign of a crac%

of fla".

"here&

a thic%ness of tube 74 mm9.

D Outside diameter of the tube7mm9.

6 a constant as gi5en belo".6 0.04 for steel ha5ing a

specified minimum tensile strengthfrom =, %gf2mm) upto and

including = %gf2mrn).

6 0.0* for steel ha5ing aspecified minimum tensile strength o5er =

%gf2mm) upto andincluding ) %gf2mm).

6 0.0 for steel ha5ing a

specified minimum tensile strength o5er )%gf2mm) upto and including 40

%gf2mm).6 0.0= for steel ha5ing a

specified minimum tensile strength o5er 0

%gf2mm) upto and including !)%gf2mm).

0. langing and drift expanding tests 7a9

The tube shall "ithstand either the flanging

re@ection.

larin3 Test4 One flaring

test shall be made onspecimen from each end of

the one finished tube from

each lot& but not the one usedfor flattening test.

Har-ness test4Brinell or

3oc%"ell hardness tests shall

be made or specimens fromt"o tubes from each lot.

H:-r2stati1 2r

N2n-estru1ti>e Ele1tri1

Test

Each tube shall be sub@ected

to the hydrostatic& or& insteadof this test& a nondestructi5e

electric test may be used"hen specified by the

purchaser.

2rmin3 O5erati2n

'hen inserted in the boiler&tubes shall stand expanding

and bending "ithoutsho"ing crac%s or fla"s.

'hen properly manipulated&

super heater tubes shall stand

). Boost bending

=. Press or s#uee8e bending. 3ool bending

P2st Ben- Heat

treatment&PBHT)

Demonstration bend shall be

sub@ected to post bend heat

treatment& if re#uired

Tu0e 2rmin3 Rati2>t is calculated for each

material group and process.

T3 D)2 7 e F r9

D Tube OD in mm

7 e 1ominal "all thic%ness9r radius of bend measured to

the center line of tube mm

The T3 for other tube bends

of the same material group andthe same bending process shall

fall "ithin ,,0 / of the first5alue calculated for the first

bend. The demonstrated bend

can be sub@ected to the

.)., 'hen pipe or tube "all

thic%ness exceed 0.*$ forP, +& B& 6 material and

0.!)$ "all thic%ness forP=+ through P+ materials&

and for all thic%ness of PD

to P!6& post "eld heattreatments is re#uired. 'hen

a forming or "eldingprocedures re#uire a post

forming or post "eld heat

treatment& the heat treatmentshall be in accordance "ith

table >G and the follo"ingparagraph of .)

'.+.+ Holding time for P nos

,+ through shall be ,

hr2in of thic%ness "ith hour minimum for material

thinner than 0.)$. +ircooled or furnace cooled to

)* 6.

'.+.? P!B and P!6 materialshall be heated to ** I ,0

6& held for one hour per inch&"ith a hour& minimum

holding times& furnace cooledto 4= 6& then air cooled.

'.+.# 'hen an elements

contain se5eral grade of


6/38

test or the drift expanding test& at the option

of the manufacturer.7b9 langing tests- + test piece cut

from the end of the tube in a planeperpendicular to the axis of the tube shall

sho" no crac% or fla" after flanging to the

specified outside diameter as gi5en in thetable belo"-

7c9 Drifting expanding test- + testpiece cut from the end of a tube in a plane

perpendicular to the axis of the tube shall

sho" no crac% after expanding by a mandrelha5ing an included angle of =0J or !0J at

the option of the manufacturer to increasethe outside diameter as gi5en in the table

belo"7 see table 3eg 0 amendments9.

A--iti2nal test 0e72re re@e1ti2n

7i9 >f any one or more tests specified inthese regulations fail & t"o further tests of

the same %ind may be made on t"o othertubes of the same batch. >f any of these tests

fails & the batch of the tubes represented

may be gi5en a further heat treatment andentire set of test shall be repeated.

7ii9 >f the repeat tests are satisfactory the

tubes shall be accepted .>f any failure in the

all forgings& "elding and

bending operations necessaryfor application "ithout

de5eloping defects.

SA +,? Seamless 7erriti1

an- austeniti1 all2:steel

02iler< su5er 6eater< an-

6eate16an3er tu0es

Materials an- Manu7a1ture

Tubes shall be made by the

seamless process and shall beeither hot finished or cold

finished& as specified. (radeTP=*H( shall be cold

finished.

!rain Si=e

The grain si8e of grades

=0H& =,!H& =),& =*H&

=H and =,0H6b1& asdetermined in accordance

"ith test methods E ,,)&shall be 1O. * or finer.

The grain si8e of cold

"or%ed (rade TP =),H& as

determined in accordance

follo"ing test.

,.Kisual Examination ? Outer

surface shall be free fromdefects such as crac%s&

indentation& laps& and scales.

Surface defects may beremo5ed by grinding &the

minimum design thic%nessshall be ensured.

). Trans5erse Examination ?Trans5erse defects on bens OD

by :P> in accordance "ithBSE1 ,)40 or LP> accordance

"ith BSE1 *, part ,.

=. Hardness Test ? The

hardness at the extrados ofbend of hot formed bends shall

not be higher than 0K,0higher than the hardness of

undeformed material.

. :echanical Test ? +ll hot

formed bends or bendsre#uiring PBHT other than S3

shall be sectioned andsub@ected to the follo"ing

mechanical test.

materials& it shall be heated

to the minimum temperaturere#uired by the highest P

number in the assembly& asre#uired by table >G "ithout

exceeding the maximum

temperature permitted for thelo"er P number. +ll

superheater and reheatertubing combination shall be

heat treated at !** 6

minimum except as noted in.=.= and .=.4

'.+.#., or ferritic materialto be "elded to stainless steel

tubing& see par .).=

'.+.$ 'hen heat treatment is

not re#uired to heat treat any

"eld or formed part "ithinthe limits sho"n in table >G.

'.+.; Heat treatment isre#uired "hen closely placed

attachments are "elded to

pipe or tubing.'.+. +fter hot forming

P+&D or material& cool to)0 6 before post forming

heat treatment is initiated.

'.+.'+ll P=& all P + and P

+ material shall be post "eld

heat treated after machining

!


7/38

tests should occur& the entire batch of thetubes shall be re@ected.

Hydraulic Test- 7i9 Each tube shall be testedat the :a%erMs 'or%s on completion of

manufacture and shall "ithstand a hydraulic

pressure& to one and half times the designpressure sub@ect to a minimum of 0.*0

%gf2mm) but not greater than pressurecalculated by the follo"ing formula

'here&

P test pressure.D Outside diameter of

the tube.

t 1ominal "allthic%ness of the tube.

s Stress "hich shall beta%en as 0/ of the minimum

tensile strength at room

temperature.7ii9 1ot"ithstanding anything

contained in clause 7i9& the hydraulic test fortubes in :a%ersM premises may be dispensed

"ith by the >nspecting +uthority pro5idedthat the tubes are sub@ect to non-destructi5e

testing by an appropriate method li%e

"ith test method E ,,) shall

be 1o * or coarser.

Heat Treatment

!., +ll tubes of grades

sho"n in table& except Tcand T,< and in accordance

"ith !.,., shall be reheatedand furnished in the full-

annealed& isothermal

annealed& or normali8ed andtempered condition. >f

furnished in the normali8edand tempered condition& the

minimum temperingtemperature for grade T& T4&

T), and T)) shall be !* 6&

and the minimum temperingtemperature for grades T,,&

and T,* shall be !0 6.

!.,., Tubing of (rades T)

and T,) either hot-finishedor cold-dra"n& may be gi5en

a final heat treatment at !06 to *=0 6 instead of heat

treatments specified in !., atthe option of the

manufacture.

Tensile test in accordance "ith

BSE1 ,000) part ,.6harpy K notch test in

accordance "ith BSE1 ,00part,.

. Thic%ness? >t shall confirmto the thinning re#uirements.

(ang bending of tube panels?-

Demonstration bends produced

by the gang bending methodshall confirm to the

re#uirements for single tube.The gang bending method

shall be #ualified by aprocedure test 5alid for the

specific machine used. The

panel shall consist of at least =tubes "hich ha5e been "elded

together before bending.

Tu0e 0en-in3 requirements

Thinning of bend extrodus andD6 limits shall be

demonstrated by the follo"ingdimensional testing.

,. :easure nondestructi5ely)/ of production run&

including the first bend for

thinning and D6.

peg finning.

'.+. +fter spiral finningheat treat as follo"s

P, +&B&6 tubing -- 1one P ( tubing A 4=-*, 6

'.+.,( +ll bifurcates re#uire

a post "eld heat treatment'.+.,, 'hen hot dra"

operations are performed&they "ill be "ithin the temp

limit pro5ided in !.=.,

'.+.,,., The hot dra"temperature shall be limited

to * 6 for all P material.>f P material are heated to

temp in excess of * 6during hot dra"& a

subse#uent heat treatment is

re#uired to the re#uirementsof Table >G.

S5e1ial requirements

., Superheaters and

reheaters "ith alloy tubes&tubes that ha5e been hot or

cold "or%ed or "ith "eldsthe re#uire post "eld heat

treatment shall be heat

treated. Hori8ontal

*


8/38

ultrasonic or 2 and Eddy current testing.$

HOT INISHED SEAMLESS

CARBON STEEL BOILER ANDSUPERHEATER TUBES OR DESI!N

METAL TEMPERATURES NOT

E"CEEDIN! #$#%C &'$(%).*

Material.- The tubes shall be seamless and

made of steel produced by an Open Hearth

or Electric Process or any of the OxygenProcesses. The chemical composition of the

material of the tubes shall conform to thefollo"ing analysis and the steel produced by

the Oxygen process shall in addition notcontain more than 0.00! percent of

nitrogen?-

6hemical 6omposition 7ladle analysis9.

6arbon 0.)/ max

Silicon 0.=/ max

:anganese 0.=/ min

Phosphorus 0.00/ maxSulphur 0.00/ max

These pro5isions co5er t"o #uality groups

of steels& namely grade , and grade )&depending on their tensile properties.

F+ carbon content not exceeding 0.= per

cent may be permitted sub@ect to the

!.,.= (rades T4, shall be

normali8ed at ,00 6minimum and tempered at

*=0 6 minimum as a finalheat treatments.

!.= +ll austenitic tubes shallbe furnished in the heat

treated condition. The heattreatment procedure& except

for the H grade and S =0,&

shall consist of heating thematerial to a minimum

temperature of ,00 6 and#uenching in "ater or rapidly

cooling by other means.

!. +ll H& S =0,& S==))

and S=,)*) grades shall befurnished in the solution

treated condition. or thesegrades& separate solution heat

treatments are re#uired for

solution annealingN in-process heat treatments are

not permitted as a substitutefor the separate solution

annealing treatments. >f cold"or%ing in in5ol5ed in

processing& the minimum

solution treating temperature

). +dditionally "here 32D

,.= a sample test bend isre#uired before

commencement of production.

Tu0e t6innin3 at t6e 0en-

etra-2s ? The thic%ness atany

point after bending shall not beless than eext"here

eext eactG 7) F 32D9 I 0. 7 ) F 32D9 I ,.

eext 3e#uired min. "all

thic%ness at extrados in mmeact 1ominal thic%ness of

supplied tube A suppliers max

7IKe9 tolerance in mm3 3adius of tube bend

measured to center line.D 1ominal OD of the tube

7mm9

The thinning on the extrados of

bends formed in ) stages& i.e.hot formed after initial hot or

cold bending shall not exceed=0/ of the thic%ness of the

straight tube local to the bend

as measured during a test

superheater& reheater and

economi8erelements thatmeet the follo"ing

re#uirements may beexempted from post "eld

heat treatment if& 7,9 +ll

tubes are carbon steel7)9+ttachments

"elds are exempt from HT7=9 +ll forming operations

used to fabricate the

assembly are exempt frompost "eld HT.


9/38

appro5al of the >nspecting +uthority.

1OTE 'here the material is used for

designed temperature abo5e =44

6 7*0

9&the steel shall be of non-segregated or fully

%illed type.

Heat Treatment?- Hot finished pipes need

not be heat treated. 6old dra"n pipes shallbe gi5en a sub-critical anneal& a full anneal&

or a normalising heat treatment after thefinal cold finishing process

W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e? The pipesshall be "ell finished& cleaned free from

harmful defects. They shall be reasonablystraight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect to

the follo"ing tolerance. Pipes manufacturershall explore a sufficient number of 5isual

inspections to pro5ide reasonable assurance

that they ha5e been properly e5aluated.

7i9 Permissible 5ariations in outside

diameter?Hot finished and cold

finished seamless pipes 7 see amend table

=9

Permissible 5ariation in "all thic%ness?

for grades TP=),H& TP=*H

and TP=H shall be ,,00 6&and for grade TP=0H& and

TP=,!H& ,00 6. >f thegrade H is hot rolled& the

minimum solution treatment

for grades TP=),H& andTP=*H& and TP=H shall

be ,00 6& and for gradeTP=0H& and TP=,!H ,00

6.

C6emi1al C2m52siti2n

See Atta16 Ta0le ,. ASME

Pr2-u1t Anal:sis4

+n analysis of either onebillet or one tube shall be

made from each heat. Thechemical composition thus

determined shall confirm tothe re#uirements specified.

or (rade T4, the carbon

procedure.

D6 of Tube bends?- )7DmaxA Dmin9F ,00

D6 7Dmax I Dmin9

'here D6 Departure from

circularityDmax :aximum OD

measured at the tube bend apex7 mm 9

Dmin :inimum OD

measured at the same cross

section as Dmax 7mm9

Heat Treatment 27 Tu0e

0en-s

The heat treatment of hot orcold formed shall be as

follo"s?7a9. +ll hot formed tube bends

or cold formed tube bendsre#uiring heat treatment after

bending including bends hot

formed after cold bending shall

4


10/38

The minimum "all thic%ness at any point

shall not be more than ,)./ under thenominal "all thic%ness specified.

Permissible 5ariation in exact length?

Seamless Hot finished and cold finished

pipes can be ordered in specified length orin random length. >f ordered in specified

length& the tolerances for all si8es shall beI!.0mm2-0.0mm.

SEAMLESS ERRITIC AND AUSTENITIC

ALLO STEEL BOILER< SUPERHEATER ANDHEAT E"CHAN!ER TUBES

The design metal temperature shall notexceed the follo"ing limits? 7clic% here to5ie" the Table 3eg * 9

Diameter.- The external diameter of thetubes measured at any point shall be "ithinthe follo"ing tolerances of the diameterspecified see table reg amendments9

The steel shall conform to the limits ofchemical compositions gi5en in Table ,

and ).

7clic% here to 5ie" the 3eg Table 7,99

content may 5ery for the

product analysis by A0.0,/and I0.0)/ from the

specified range as per table,.

Har-ness Requirements

or T4, hardness should not

exceed )0 HB or ) H36

Tensi2n Test

One tension test shall bemade on a specimen for lots

of not more than 0 tubes.Tension tests shall be made

on specimen from t"o tubesfor lots of more than 0

tubes.

lattenin3 Test FOneflattening test shall be made

on specimen from each endof one finished tube& not the

one used for the flaring test&

from each lot.

larin3 Test4 One flaringtest shall be made on

specimen from each end ofthe one finished tube from

each lot& but not the one used

for flattening test.

be heat treated as follo"s.

'hen bends in steel *!) arenormali8ed and tempered& the

complete manipulated tubeshall be heat treated. The heat

treatment is not necessary in

the follo"ing cases.

,.Hot formed tube bends insteel =)0& =!0& 0& )= and

!)0 need not recei5e a PBHT

if the bending operation "ascompleted "ithin the

normali8ing range.). PBHT may be "ai5ed by the

appro5al of inspectingauthority.

PBHT applicable to coldformed tubes as follo"

Steels Bend

3atio

Heattrea

tment

!)4-40&4,

32D =.0

S3

*!)

only

32D

Q=.0

1o

PBHT

+ll

othersteels

32D

,.=

1o

PBHT

32D

Q,.=

,0
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11/38

7clic% here to 5ie" the 3eg Table 7)99

FThe grain si8e of cold "or%ed grade TP=),H shall be 1o.* or coarser.

Heat treatment?- 7i9 +ll tubes of grades in

Table-,&7clic% here to 5ie" the Table 7,99except T 4,& ,)G,:0 and G)06r:oK,),

shall be reheated and furnished in fullannealed& isothermal annealed or

normali8ed and tempered condition. >f

furnished in the normali8ed and tempered

condition& the minimum temperingtemperature for (rades T, and T,, shall be!0 degree 6 and the minimum tempering

temperature for (rades T& T4 and T))shall !* Degree 6.

Tubing of (rades T,&T) and T,) eitherhot finished or cold dra"n& may be

gi5en a final heat treatment at !0

degree 6 to *=0 degree 6& instead of

heat treatments specified in sub-clause7i9 abo5e at the option of themanufacture.

(rade T4, shall be normalised at ,00degree 6 minimum and tempered at *=0

degree 6 minimum as a final heat

Har-ness test4Brinell or

3oc%"ell hardness tests shallbe made or specimens from

t"o tubes from each lot.H:-r2stati1 2r

N2n-estru1ti>e Ele1tri1

Test

Each tube shall be sub@ected

to the hydrostatic& or& insteadof this test& a nondestructi5e

electric test may be used

"hen specified by thepurchaser

2rmin3 O5erati2n

'hen inserted in the boiler&tubes shall stand expanding

and bending "ithout

sho"ing crac%s or fla"s.'hen properly manipulated&

super heater tubes shall standall forgings& "elding and

bending operations necessary

for application "ithoutde5eloping defects.

Sur7a1e C2n-iti2n

The ferritic cold dra"n steel

tubes shall be free from scale

and suitable for inspection.

Re5air 27 Tu0e 0en-s 4

+reas of the tube bend "hichha5e been ground to remo5e

defects shall be examined by

surface fla" detection methodto ensure complete remo5al of

defects. 3epair to the tubesurface by "elding is not

permitted.

Site 8el-in3 27 Panel Tu0e

The site "eld "hich @oins thefin edges of ad@acent panel

sections of tube "alls shouldbe a continuous longitudinal

"eld bet"een t"o fin edges.

+ny site "elding directly tothe tube surface should be

limited to the small area ofma%e up fin local to the tube

butt "elds bet"een panel ends.

a0ri1ati2n T2leran1e

Linear ali3nment 27 0utt

8el-e- tu0es. The "elding oftube @oints shall include

matching& if necessary of the

tube ends at each @oint.

,,
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12/38

treatment.

(rade ,)x,:o shall be normali8ed at40 A 40 degree 6 and tempered at*)0-*0 degree 6 for a period of , to =

hours.

(rade G)06r:oK,), shall be normali8ed

at ,0)0- ,0*0 degree 6 and tempered at *=0A*0 degree 6 for a period of , hour

minimum.

+ll austenitic tubes 7Table ) 9 shall befurnished in the heat treat condition. Theheat treatment procedure& except for the H

grades shall consists of heating the material

to a minimum temperature of ,00 degree 6and #uenching in "ater or rapidly cooling

by other means.

+ll H grades shall be furnished in the

solution treated condition. >f cold "or%ing

is in5ol5ed in processing& the minimumsolution treating temperatures for gradesTP=),H and TP=*H shall be ,,00 degree

6 and for grades TP=0H and TP=,!H shall

be ,00 degree 6. >f the P grade is hotrolled& the minimum solution treatment for

grades TP =), H and TP =* H shall be,00 degree 6 for grades TP =0H and TP

+ slight amount of oxidation

is not considered scale.

erritic hot rolled steel tubesshall be free of loose scale

and suitable for inspection.

+ustenitic steel tubes shall

be pic%led free from scale.'hen bright annealing is

used& pic%ling is not

necessary.

SA ++; Ele1tri1 Resistan1e8el-e- 1ar02n steel 02iler

an- su5er6eater tu0es 72r

Hi36 Pressure ser>i1e.

SA +$( Ele1tri1 Resistan1e

8el-e- 1ar02n

M2l:0-enum All2: steel

02iler an- su5er6eater

tu0es.

SA +;' Seamless an-

8el-e- 7erriti1 stainless

steel tu0in3s 72r 3eneral

ser>i1es.

:atching of the bores shall be

effected by selection& drifting7 hot or cold 9& machining&

s"aging or by use of a suitableexpander. +ny machine

counter boring re#uired shall

not reduce the thic%ness of thetube "all to belo" the design

thic%ness. +ll hot drifts endsshall be heat treated. The bores

of the ends of the ad@acent

tubes should preferably matchexactly. Permissible le5el for

bore difference and boremisalignment are gi5en belo".

Dia. Of

Tubebore

:ax.

diff inbore

:ax out

ofalignme

nt of

ad@acenttube

;p to

0 mm

,.0 ,.0

0-=00 ,. ,.

O5er

=00

).0 ).0

An3ular ali3nment 27 0utt

8el- tu0es? +ny centerline

angular misalignment should

,)


13/38

=,!H shall be ,00 degree 6.

W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e?- The tubesshall be "ell finished& cleaned free fromharmful defects. They shall be reasonably

straight& smooth& cylindrical and sub@ect to

the follo"ing tolerances. inished tubesshall be reasonably straight and ha5e

smooth ends free of burrs. They shall ha5ea "or%manli%e finish. Surface imperfections

li%e any discontinuity or irregularity foundin the tube may be remo5ed by grinding&

pro5ided that a smooth cur5ed surface ismaintained& and the tube may be remo5edby grinding& pro5ided that a smooth cur5ed

surface is maintained& and the "allthic%ness is not decreased to less than that

permitted. The outside diameter at the point

of grinding may be reduced by the amountso remo5ed.

Permissible 5ariation in outside diameter.

7clic% here to 5ie" the igure reg i9

Permissible 5ariation in 'all thic%ness.

7clic% here to 5ie" the igure reg ii 9

7iii9 Permissible 5ariation in length for

extact length tubes. 7clic% here to 5ie" the

2rmulas 72r 1al1ulati2n 27

tu0e t6i19ness.

t R7PD927)S I P 9 I 0.00D I E

"here t min. re#uiredthic%ness& in.

P max. allo"able "or%ing

pressure& psi

D Outside diameter of

cylinder& in.

S :ax allo"able stress5alue at the design

temperature of the metal.

E Thic%ness factor for

expanded tube ends.

Re5air 27 -e7e1ts in

materialDefects in material may be

repaired by the boilermanufacture pro5ided

acceptance by the inspectoris first obtained for the

method and extent of repairs.

:aterial that cannot be

not exceed = degree. i.e. mm

>n ,00 mm.

Pre6eatin3 1o "elding ortac% "elding shall be carried

out& "hen the temperature of

parent metal "ithin ,0 mm of@oint is less than 6. 'hen the

ris% of hydrogen crac%ing ishigh& the preheating temp

should either be maintained or

boosted for a min of ) hoursafter "elding to facilitate

hydrogen remo5al. 'henpreheat is specified& it should

be continued "ithout anyinterruption.

Assem0l: 27 12m52nent 72r

Wel-in3

The parts to be "elded aresecurely held in position by

mechanical means 7 "elded

bridge piece or tac% "elding 9to ensure proper alignment and

root gap. 6orrection ofirregularities in fit up shall not

be carried out by hammering.The preheat re#uirements shall

be maintained during tac%

"elding. iller material used

,=
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14/38

igure reg iii9

Seamless C6r2miumM2l:0-enum Steel

B2iler an- Su5er 6eater Tu0es 72r -esi3n

metal tem5eratures n2t e1ee-in3 $%C

&,((%

Material- The tubes shall be manufacturedfrom steel produced by the Open Hearth or

Electric Process or any of the Oxygen

Process and shall conform to the follo"inglimits of chemical composition

The steel ma%er shall pro5e to the

satisfaction of the >nspecting +uthority that

the

satisfactorily repaired shall

be re@ected.

H:-r2stati1 Test+fter a boiler has been

completed& it shall be

sub@ected to pressure testsusing "ater at no less than

ambient temperature& but inno case less than )) 6. The

tests shall be made in t"o

stages in this se#uence?

Hydrostatic pressure testsshall be applied by raising

the pressure gradually to ,.times the max. allo"able

"or%ing pressure as sho"n

on the data report to bestamped on the boiler. The

pressure shall be underproper control at all times so

that the re#uired test pressure

is ne5er exceeded by morethan !/. 6lose 5isual

inspection is not re#uiredduring his stage.

The hydrostatic test pressure

may then be reduced to the

maximum allo"able "or%ing

should be of a type and class

appropriate to particular "eld.The extremities of this tac%

"eld shall be ground orchipped to facilitate proper

fusion& "hen they are

incorporated in the root run.+ll crac%ed tac% "elds shall be

remo5ed. +ll "elded bridgepieces shall be remo5ed. The

"eld area ground flush and

examined by a surface fla"detection method appropriate

to the material before S3.

P2st Wel- Heat Treatment

>t shall be carried out

according to the follo"ing

re#uirements or heat treatmentcondition be agreement

bet"een manufacturer and theinspecting authority or can be

"ai5ed by agreement bet"een

purchaser& manufacturer andinspecting authority by

pro5iding satisfactory pastexperience& "here absence of

P'HT did not ad5ersely affectthe beha5ior. The controlling

thic%ness to be "eld in

determining the re#uirements

,

6arbon 0.,/ max

Silicon 0.,0/ to 0.0/

:anganes

e

0.=0/ to 0.*0/

Phosphoru

s

0.0/ max

Sulphur 0.0/ max

6hromium

,.40 to ).!/

:oly 0.* to ,.)/
http://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_48(iii).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_48(iii).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_48(iii).pdf


15/38

#uality of the steel is of the re#uired hightemperature creep strength

Heattreatment- The tubes shall be fullyannealed or normali8ed and tempered& at a

temperature appro5ed by the >nspecting

+uthority.

W2r9mans6i5 an- t2leran1e- The tubesshall be "ell finished& clean and free from

harmful defects.They shall be reasonable

straight& smooth cylindrical and sub@ect to

the follo"ing tolerances before bending?-

Diameter - The external diameter of the

tubes measured at any point shall be "ithin

the follo"ing tolerances if the diameterspecified?-76lic% here to 5ie" the Table reg

!a9

T6i19ness- The thic%ness of the tubes shall

be "ithin the follo"ing tolerances?-76lic%

here to 5ie" the Table reg !a9

T6i19ness- The thic%ness of the tubes shallbe "ithin the follo"ing tolerances?-76lic%

here to 5ie" the Table !a9

Len3t6- The tubes shall be not less than the

nominal length& but may exceed it by the

pressure& as sho"n on the

data report& to be stamped onthe boiler and maintained at

this pressure "hile the boileris carefully examined. The

metal temperature shall not

exceed 6 during the closeexamination.

+t no time during the

hydrostatic test shall any part

of the boiler be sub@ected to astress grater than 40/ of its

yield strength 7 0.)/ offset9at test temperature

Test !a3es+n indicating gage& 5isible to

the operator controlling thepressure applied& shall be

connected to the pressureparts. Hydrostatic head on

the gage shall be considered

depending on the location ofthe gage.

Dial pressure gages used in

testing shall preferably ha5edials graduated o5er their

entire range of about double

the intended maximum test

for P'HT time shall be as

follo"s.,. Butt 'elds ?- The thic%ness

of thinner pare at the "elded@oint.

). illet "eld ?- Specified

throat thic%ness of branch at@oint.

'hen the component to bepost "eld heat treatment

contains "elds "ith different

indi5idual controllingthic%ness& the go5erning

thic%ness is selected as greaterof the indi5idual controlling

thic%ness.

urna1e PWHT 27

12m52nents,.The temperature of the

furnace at the time thecomponent is placed should

not exceed

7a9for ferritic steel 00 6 forcomponent of less than !0mm

thic%ness and not of complexshape& or =00 6 for component

of !0 mm thic%ness or o5ercomplex shape.

7b9 or austenitic steels =00 6

7c9 The rate of heating for

,
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16/38

amount gi5en belo"?76lic% here to 5ie"the Table !a9

E ELECTRICRESISTANCEWELDED

STEEL BOILER AND SUPERHEATER

TUBES OR

DESI!N METAL TEMPERATURES

NOT E"CEEDIN! #$#%&'$(%

Re3ulati2n $' Material.- 7a9 Tubes shall

be manufactured from steel produced by anOpen hearth& or electric process or any of

the oxygen processes.

6hemical composition. 7,9 The ladle

analysis shall conform to the follo"ingre#uirements?-

6arbon 0.)/ maxSilicon 0.0/ max :anganese

,.0/ max Phosphorous 0.0/max

Sulphur 0.0/ max 'hen the ladleanalysis is not a5ailable& the analysis of

sample tubes selected at random may be

used.'here the temperature is belo"

006 either rimmingC or %illedC steel may

be used. >f rimming steel is used in the

manufacture of electric resistance "elded

pressure& but in no case shall

the range be less than ,.times that pressure. The

spacing bet"een graduationsshall be such that the

inspector and the operator

controlling the test shall beable to determine "hen the

re#uired test pressure hasbeen applied. Digital

pressure gages ha5ing a

"ider range of pressurereadings may be used

pro5ided the readings gi5ethe same or greater degree of

accuracy as obtained "ithdial pressure gages.

Part PW

6arbon or ally steel ha5ing a

carbon content of more than0.=/ shall not be used in

"elded construction or beshaped by oxygen cutting or

other thermal cutting

processes.

'elding electrodes and fillermetal shall be selected to

ferritic steel shall not exceed

the follo"ing

7i9))02hr for thic%ness )mm

7ii900 62hr di5ided by the

thic%ness 7mm9 for thic%nessexceeding )mm up to and

including ,00 mm.

7iii9 62hr for t Q ,00 mm

79The rate of heating from

=00 6 for austenitic steel shallnot exceed

7i9 ))0 62Hr for t )mm&7ii9 )00 62Hr for tQ )mm

7d9 During heating and holding

period& the furnace atmosphere

shall be so controlled as toa5oid excessi5e oxidation of

the surface of the component.

There shall be no directimpingement of flame on thecomponent.

7e9 6omponent in ferritic steels

shall be cooled in the furnacetemp& not exceeding 00 6.

Belo" 00 6 it may be cooledin air.

,!
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17/38

tubes& the strip shall be rolled in single

"idths and shall not be slit longitudinallyexcept to trim the edges. The steel used for

design temperature abo5e 006 but not

exceeding 6 shall be of the fully %illed

type. The #uestion of high temperature

creep strength of the material shall be thesub@ect of agreement bet"een the

manufacturer and >nspecting +uthority.$

Manu7a1ture- The tube shall be made by

electric resistance "elding and heat treated

as per the table gi5en belo". >n case of coldfinished tubes the heat treatment shall be

done after the final cold finishing process.76lic% here to 5ie" the table reg 9

The tube shall be "ell finished and free

from harmful defects. The external "eld

7flash9 shall be remo5ed completely i.e.flushed "ith outside surface. The internal

"eld upset shall be trimmed throughout thelength of the tube so that the maximum

height shall not exceed 0.) mm.

T6i19ness- The thic%ness of each tube

pro5ide deposited "eld metal

of chemical composition andmechanical properties

compatible "ith the materialto be @oined and the ser5ice

condition anticipated.

3immed and semi %illed

steel shall not be @oined bythe inertia and continuous

dri5e friction "elding

processes.

or pressure retaining "eldsin ).)6r-,:o materials&

other than circumferentialbutt "elds less than or e#ual

to =. in. in outside diameter&

"hen design metaltemperature exceed 0 &

the "eld metal shall ha5e acarbon content greater than

0.0/.

Wel-in3 3r22>es

The dimension and shape ofthe edges to be @oined by butt

"elds shall be such that topermit complete fusion and

complete @oint penetration

7f9 component in austenitic

steels shall be rapidly cooledfrom the solution treated temp.

A--iti2nal Requirements 72r

PWHT 27 @2ints 0et8een

-issimilar 7erriti1 steels

P'HT is possible pro5idedT,C-T)C QU =0 for carbon and

carbon manganese steels and

)0 6 for all other steels.

'here T,C lo"est soa%ingtemp acceptable for the steel

re#uiring the higher P'HTtemp gi5en in table

T)C Highest soa%ing tempacceptable for steel re#uiring

lo"er P'HT temp range.

The P'HT temp for butt

"elds shall be "ith in higherrange gi5en in Table

appropriate to t"o steels being"elded. 'here a ma@or

component of steels for "hichP'HT is gi5en in table is

"elded to minor component of

a steel for "hich P'HT is

,*
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18/38

excluding the "eld shall conform to the

permissible 5ariation gi5en belo"?76lic%here to 5ie" the table reg 9

The minimum thic%ness in the "eld area

shall not be less than that permitted in thebody of the tubes.

7e9 Diameter The outside diameter of

each tube measured at any position shall

conform to the specified diameter "ithin thelimits of plus 0.*/ and minus 0.*/ "ith

a minimum of 0.=0 mm o5er and under.

7f9 Len3t6- ;nless other"ise specifiedtube shall be supplied as random length.

'here the length is specified as exact

length or cut length& the permissible5ariation shall be I !mm -0 mm for length

up to and including ! meters. or e5ery =meter increase in length abo5e ! meters& the

positi5e tolerance shall be increased by ,.

mm "ith a maximum of ,) mm.

COLD DRAWNRESISTANCE

WELDED STEEL BOILER AND

SUPERHEATER TUBES OR DESI!N

METAL TEMPERATURE NOT

G2ints Bet8een Materials

O7 Unequal t6i19ness.

+ tapered transition sectionha5ing a length not less than

three times the offset

bet"een the ad@oiningsurfaces shall be pro5ided at

the @oints bet"een materialthat differ in thic%ness by

more than one forth of the

thic%ness of the thinnermaterial or by more than ,2

in. The transition sectionmay be formed by any

process that "ill pro5ide auniform taper. The "eld may

be partly or entirely into the

tapered section or ad@acent toit.

Cir1um7erential Wel-s in

Tu0e an- Pi5e

'hen components of

different diameter orthic%ness are "elded

together& the transition shallnot exceed a slope of =0 deg.

rom the smaller to the

larger diameter. The

gi5en& the "eld shall be heat

treated "ithin a temp rangegi5en for the minor component

for a time appropriate to thethic%ness of the ma@or

component.

Re5airs 27 8el-

+n appro5al "eldingprocedure shall be employed.

The nature and extent of such

repair should be reported toinspecting authority.

Details of "eld repair shall be

made a5ailable to 1DEpersonel responsible for

examination.

Defects should be cut out by an

appropriate method. 'here"elds are partially remo5ed&

the portion cut out shall be

sufficiently deep and long toremo5e the defect. +t the end

of the ca5ity& there shall be agradual taper from the base of

the cut to the surface of the"eld metal. The "idth and

profile of the cut shall be such

as to gi5e ade#uate access for

,
http://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_58d.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_58d.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_58d.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_58d.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_58d.pdf


19/38

E"CEEDIN! #$#%C &'$(%)

Material. :aterial& tube grade andchemical composition for these tubes shallbe in accordance "ith the appropriate clause

of 3egulation .

Manu7a1ture. Tube shallbe manufactured

as prescribed in3egulation 7b9andsubse#uently cold dra"n.

T2leran1es.Tolerance on thic%ness and

outside diameter shall be as follo"s

Thic%ness?- I *./ - *./OD ?- I 0./ -0./

7'ith a minimum of 0.,0mm o5er andunder9.

Tolerance on length shall be in accordance

"ith3egulation 7f9.

Heat Treatment. +fter final cold finishing

thetubes shall be heat treated as follo"s?7clic% here to 5ie" the Table !=a9

The ends "hich are sub@ected to cold

transition may be formed by

any process that "ill pro5idea uniform taper.

Ra-i23ra56i1 Eaminati2n

+ll longitudinal and

circumferential butt "elded@oints shall be

radiographically examinedthroughout their entire length

in accordance "ith article )

of section K.

'hen it is impractical to usea combination of

radiography parameters suchthat a geometric unsharpness

of 0.0* in. "ill not be

exceeded& ultrasonicexamination of the "eld and

the heat affected 8one shallbe used lieu of radiography.

Wel-in3 Pr21essesThe follo"ing "elding

process may be used for anysection > construction ?

shielded metal arc&submerged arc& gas metal

arc& flux core arc& gas

tungsten arc& plasma arc&

re"elding.

H:-r2stati1 Pressure Tests 4

The ha8ard in5ol5ed inpressure testing shall be

considered by the manufacture

and ade#uate precaution shallbe ta%en.

'ater shall be used as the

pressuring agent. The #uality

of "ater used shall be such thatit pre5ents both corrosion and

any residue of in@urious solids.The temp of the "ater used for

the pressure tests shall beselected by the manufacture

ta%ing in to account the ris% of

brittle fracture of the pressureparts and shall not exceed 0

6. The component being testedand its connections shall be

5ented or e5acuated. +ll temp

tubes& connections andblan%ing de5ices should be

designed to "ithstand the testpressure. The full test pressure

shall be maintained for =0 minfor completed boiler and large

component and for a sufficient

length of time for smaller

,4
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20/38

"or%ing operation shall be suitably

normali8ed or sub-critically annealed asabo5e.

FTemperature range 0 Deg.6 to 40

Deg.6

VTemperature range !!0 Deg.6 to *)0Deg.6.

CONSTRUCTION AND

WORMENSHIP

BOILER AND SUPERHEATER TUBES

SUBGECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

Steel Tu0es- 7a9 +ll tubes "hich are sub@ectto internal pressure of "ater or steam shall

be cold dra"n or hot finished seamless or

electric resistance "elded in accordance"ith3egulations =!to !=. Except as

pro5ided for in clause 7b9 belo" they shallbe "ithout @oint

Tubes ha5ing an external diameter notexceeding inches may be @ointed and such

@oints may be flash "elded& machine forge"elded arc or gas "elded. Tubes abo5e W

diameter may also be "elded pro5ided theyare located outside the furnace. Such "elds

must conform to the re#uirements of

6hapter K>>>.

atomic hydrogen arc&

oxyhydrogen& oxyacetylene&laser beam& electron beam&

flash& induction& resistance&pressure thermit& pressure

gas& and inertia and

continuous dri5e friction"elding.

+rc stud "elding and

resistant stud "elding may

be used for non pressure-bearing attachments ha5ing a

load or non-load-carryingfunction. Stud si8e shall be

limited to, in. diameter maximum.

Wel-in3 uali7i1ati2n an-

Wel- Re12r-s

The "elding procedureSpecifications& the "elders

and the "elding operators

used in "elding pressureparts and in @oining load-

carrying nonpressure parts&such as all permanent or

temporary clips and lugs& topressure parts shall be

#ualified in accordance "ith

section 4.

component.

)0
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21/38

lash "elding shall be underta%en on a"elding machine of a type appro5ed by the

>nspecting Officer. The external fin causedby "elding shall be remo5ed sub@ect to a

maximum height of / percent of the tube

outside diameter . The internal fin shall alsobe remo5ed sub@ect to a maximum height of

)0 per cent of the "all thic%ness of the tube.

+rc "elded but @oints shall be made by the

metallic shielded arc process and post "eldheat treated effecti5ely except in the

follo"ing cases?for alloy steel-

7i9 in case of 0. :olybdenum Steels ifthic%ness does not exceed ,= mm and

outside diameter does not exceed ,)*mm

in case of , chromium X :olybdenum steelif thic%ness does not exceed ,= mm and

outside diameter does not exceed ,)* mm

and preheated to ,)J6.

in case of ) 6hromium , :olybdenumsteel& post "eld heat treatment is not

necessary under the follo"ing conditions?

7,9 a maximum specified 6hromium

content of =.0/

a0ri1ati2n

Base metal Pre5arati2n

The preparation of the @oints

prior to "elding may in5ol5eany of the con5entional

methods in use such asmachining& thermal cutting&

chipping& grinding& or

combination of these.

'here the thermal cutting isused& the effect on the

mechanical and metallurgicslproperties of the base metal

shall be ta%en into

consideration.

The method of base metalpreparation used shall lea5e

the "elding groo5e "ith

reasonably smooth surfacesand free from deep notches&

striations& or irregularities.The surface for "elding shall

be free of all scale& rust& oil&greese& or other foreign

materials.

),


22/38

7)9 a maximum nominal outside

diameter of ,0) mm&7=9 a maximum thic%ness of mm&

79 a maximum specified carbon contentof 0.,/&

79 a maximum preheat temperature of

,0J6.

or carbon steel?-7i9 a maximum carbon percentage of 0.=0.

7ii9 a maximum thic%ness of 4 mm.

'hen gas "elding is implied the techni#ue

follo"ed shall be appro5ed by an >nspectingOfficer.

The techni#ue employed in all field "elding

of tubes shall be sub@ect to the appro5al of

the chief >nspector ofBoilers.

+ll butt "elds of tubes shall be tested as

re#uired hereunder?-

7i9C2m52nents 3reater t6an ,' mm &

in16) 02re- +ll "elds shall be non-destructi5ely tested by radiographic or other

appro5ed methods.

7ii9 Tu0es 3reater t6an ,(+ mm in16)

02re an- u5t2 an- in1lu-in3 ,' mm

Assem0l:

Bars& @ac%s& clamps& tac%

"elds& or other appropriatemeans may be used to hold

the edges of the parts to be

"elded in alignment.

Tac% "elds used to securealignment shall either be

remo5ed completely "hen

they ha5e ser5ed theirpurpose or their stopping and

starting ends shall beproperly prepared by

grinding or other suitablemeans so that they may be

satisfactorily incorporated

into the final "eld. Tac%"elds shall be made by buut

"eld or fillet "eld.

'hen @oining t"o parts by

the inertia and continuousdri5e friction "elding

proceses& one of the t"oparts must be held ina fixed

position and the other partrotated. The t"o faces to be

@oined must be essentially

symmetrical "ith respect to

))


23/38

&.in16) 02re ,0 per cent of the "elds by

each "elder& selected at random "ith aminimum of ) "elds per "elder& shall be

sub@ected to non-destructi5e examination byradiographic or other appro5ed method.

7iii9 Tu0es ,(+mm in16) 02re an-un-er- Sample "elds simulating the

production "elds shall be pro5ided formechanical testing either at a rate of ) per

cent or after each ,0 "elding hours "ith a

minimum of one sample "eld per "elder.

+lternati5ely& per cent of the"elds made by each "elder selected at

random& "ith a minimum of one "eld per"elder& shall be sub@ected to non-destructi5e

examination by radiographic or other

appro5ed method. This rate may be reducedto ) per cent by arrangement "ith the

>nspecting +uthority after initial satisfactoryresults ha5e been produced.

>n the e5ent of any non-destructi5etest not meeting the re#uirements& defects in

the "elds represented by that test shall berectified and the >nspecting +uthority may

call for an increase in the number of non-destructi5e tests until such time as a

satisfactory standard is achie5ed.$

the axis of rotation.

Ali3nment T2leran1es

'hen tubes or pipes are"elded together& the

alignment shall be such that

the inside surfaces pro5idefor complete "eld

penetration.

+lignment of sections at

edges to be butt "elded shallbe such that the maximum

offset is not greater than theapplicable amount as listed

in the table

Section

Thic%s

Direction of @oints

>n

>nches

Longitu

dinal

6ircumf

erential

;p to X t t

X to =2 ,2 int t

Y to ,. ,2 in =2,! in.

,. to).0

,2 in ,2 t

O5er ) Lesserof ,2,!

t or =2in.

Lesserof ,2 t

or Y in.

)=


24/38

Atta16ment 27 Steel Tu0es- 7a9 Tubes shall

be connected to the tube plates by one of thefollo"ing methods.

7,9 Expanding.

7)9 Strength "elding.

7=9 :echanical bolted bail @oint.

Drift or roller expanded tubes shallpro@ect through the nec% or bearing part in

the holes by at least a #uarter of an inch and

shall be secured from dra"ing out by beingbell mouthed to the extent of , 2=)MM for each

inch in diameter plus )2=)MM.

Tubes may be seal "elded into fittings orheaders for both boilers and super heaters

after they ha5e been expanded and flared

pro5ided the material in the fittings orheaders does not contain carbon in excess of

0.= per cent.

>n the case of drifted or roller expanded

tubes& the tube holes in the tube plates ofdrums& poc%ets& or headers shall be formed

in such a "ay that the tubes can beeffecti5ely tightened in them. 'here the

tube ends are not normal to the tube plate&there shall be a nec% or belt of parallel

seating of at least X in. depth measured in a

plane normal to the axis of the tube at the

illet Wel-s

>n ma%ing fillet "elds& the

"eld metal shall be depositedin such a "ay as to secure

ade#uate penetration into the

base metal at the root of the"eld. illet "eld contours

shall confirm to there#uirements in section 4 and

the surface of such "elds

shall be free from coarseripples or groo5es& and shall

merge smoothly "ith thesurfaces @oined.

PREHEATIN!

Preheat for "elding orthermal cutting may be

applied by any method "hichdoes not harm the base

material or any "eld metal

already applied& or "hichdoes not introduce into the

"elding area foreign material"hich is harmful to the "eld.

'hen materials of t"o

different P numbers groups

are @oined by "elding& the

)


25/38

holes.

'here tubes are strength "elded direct to

the tube plates& the techni#ue follo"ed shallbe appro5ed by the >nspecting +uthority and

all "elds shall be suitably heat treated. >n

the case of plates belo" )) mm thic%ness&the re#uirement of stress relie5ing by heat

treatment after "elding of the tubes may be"ai5ed pro5ided the "eld satisfies the

re#uirements of the maximum hardness and

also the re#uirements concerning the impact5alues of the "eld metal. The "elding

procedure adopted and the "eld se#uenceselected shall also be sub@ect to the appro5al

of the >nspecting +uthority. This pro5isionis applicable to only shop "elding of tubes

at the :anufacturersM 'or%s.$

Tubes spacers& supporting clips and lugs

may be "elded to the tubes. lash "eldingof studs for supporting refractories& etc.& is

also permissible.

The tubes shall be so arranged that they areaccessible for cleaning internally and

externally

T6e W2r9in3 Pressure 27 t6e tu0es

s6all 0e -etermine- 0: t6e 72ll28in3

72rmula 4

preheat used "ill be that of

the material "ith the higherpreheat specified on the

"elding procedurespecification.

Minimum tem5erature 72r

5re6eatin3

P N2. ,< !r2u5 N2. ,


26/38

"here&

T minimum thic%ness of tubes& that is&nominal thic%ness less the permissiblenegati5e tolerance in mm 7inch9&

6 0.* mm for "or%ing pressure up toand including *0 %g2cm)7,000 lbs2s#. inch9or 60 for "or%ing pressure exceeding *0%g2cm) 7,000 lbs2s#. >nch.9&

'.P. 'or%ing pressure of boiler in %g2cm)

7lbs 2 s#. inch9

D External diameter of tube in mm 7inch9

f Permissible stress for the material at the"or%ing metal temperature in %g2cm) 7lbs2s#. inch.9 to be determined on the basisgi5en belo"?

The "or%ing metal temperature shall beta%en as-

or integral economiser tubes& themaximum "ater temperature for "hich thepart of the element is designed plus ,,J67)0J9.

,), 6 7 )0 9 for material

"hich has both a specifiedminimum tensile strength in

excess of !0000 psi or athic%ness at the @oint in

excess of ,2) in.N ,0 6 for all

other materials in thisgrouping.

P N2. $A< B< C

)0 6 7 00 9 for material

"hich has both a specifiedminimum tensile strength in

excess of !0000 psi or hasboth a specified minimum

chromium content abo5e !.0/ and a thic%ness at the @oint

in excess of X in.N ,4 6

7 =00 9 for all othermaterials in this groupings.

P N2. ;< !r2u5 N2. ,


27/38

or furnace and boiler tubes& the saturation&temperature corresponding to the "or%ing

pressure plus )

J

6 70

J

9.

or con5iction superheater tubes& theexamination steam temperature for "hichthe part of the element is designed plus=4J6 7*0J9.

or radiant superheater tubes& the designmaximum steam temperature plus 0J6740J9.

Permissible "or%ing stress for tubes? -ortemperature at or belo" J6

T.S 2 ).* or Et2,..

'hiche5er is lo"er

or temperature abo5e J6

S3 2 ,. or S6 . "hiche5er is lo"er

"here&

T.S :inimum tensile strength of thematerial at room temperature&

,), 6 or )0

P N2. B< !r2u5 N2. ,.

,4 6 or =00

P N2. ,(A< !r2u5 N2. ,

*4 6 or ,*

P N2. ,(E< !r2u5 N2. $

=00 "ith interpass

maintained bet"een =0 and 0 .

Requirements 72r P2st

8el-e- Heat Treatments

See +ttach Table ).

Re5air O7 Wel- De7e1ts

>mperfections such as crac%&

pinholes& and incompletefusion detected 5isually or by

lea%age tests or by theexaminations described in

P'-,, and found to be

re@ectable& shall be remo5ed

)*


28/38

Et Zield point 70.)/ proof stress9 at"or%ing metal temperature MtM&

Sr the a5erage stress to produce rupturein ,00&000 hours and in no case more than,.== times the lo"est stress to producerupture at the "or%ing metal temperature&

Sc the a5erage stress& to produce anelongation of ,/ 7creep9 in ,00&000 hours&at the "or%ing metal temperature.

1ote? >n case Sc 5alues are not a5ailable in

:aterial Standard and such materials are%no"n to ha5e been used in boilers in >ndiaor abroad& then for such materials theallo"able stress may be ta%en as the lo"erof

Et2,. or Sr2,.

(eneral ? Tubes that are hot or cold bent forparts of boilers& includingeconomi8ers&furnace "alls& superheaters and reheaters&shall comply "ith thisclause and suitablyheat treated.

Butt"elds shall not be permitted "ithinbends.

Thinning anddeparture from circularity

by mechanical means or by

thermal groo5ing processes&after "hich the @oint shall be

re"elded and reexamined.

Surface of the "eld shall be

sufficiently free from coarseripples& groo5es& o5erlaps&

abrupt ridges and 5alley toa5oid stress raisers.

;ndercut shall not exceed0.mm or ,0/ of the "all

thic%ness& "hiche5er is lessand shall not encroach on the

re#uired section thic%ness.The surface of the finished

"eld shall be suitable to

permit proper interpretationof radiographic and other 1D

techni#ues.

The total repair depth shall

not exceed ,0/ of the basematerial thic%ness. The total

depth of a "eld repair shallbe ta%en as the sum of the

depths of repair made fromboth side of a "eld at a gi5en

location. The total area of

such repairs shall not exceed

)


29/38

limits shall be demonstrated by one of thefollo"ingmethods ?

a9 rele5ant and satifactory ser5iceexperienceN

b9 a procedure testN

c9 By measurement of )/ of the bends&including the first bend of each shift.

Themethod selected shall be at the option ofthe manufacturer.

Thinning on Tube bends? Thinning on tubebends shall comply "ith the follo"ing?

a9 +t any location around the bend extrados&the reduction in thic%ness 7inpercent9 belo"the calculated minimum permissible designthic%nessof thestraight tube& except "herepermitted by 7b9& shall not exceed ?

,00 2 7732D9 I )9

"here

3 is the mean radius of the bend to thecentre-line of the tube 7in mm9.D is the ordered outside diameter of the tube

,00 in).

Wel- Test

2r Stu- Wel-in3

'here stud "elding is used

to attach load carrying studs&a production stud "eld test

of the procedure and "eldingoperator shall be performed

on a separate test plate or

tube prior to the start ofproduction "elding on the

first "or% piece. This "eldtest shall consist of fi5e

studs& "elded and sub@ectedto either the band or tor#ue

stud "elding testing.

2r las6 0utt 8el-in3

The tube butt "elds are made

using the flash "elding

process. Production testingshall be performed in

accordance "ith section >Gas follo"s.

,. One sample test at the start

of Production

). One sample shall be tested

)4


30/38

7in mm9.

Bend thic%ness belo" the minimum 5aluere#uired under 7a9 shall be permitted incases "here the manufacturer candemonstrate by bursting tests carried out onat least three bends that the strength of thebend is not less than that of the straighttube.

'here the amount of thinning at anylocation around the bend extrados on coldformed bends exceeds ) / of the actual

thic%ness of the tube on the straight& thebends shall be suitably heat treated. Theactual thic%ness of the same plans as theline of the extrados at each end of the bend.

Departure from circularity in tube bends?The departure from circularity at the bendapex shall not exceed ,0 / for bendsperformed in single bending operation and, / for bends "hich are hot pressed afterthe primary& bending operation.

The departure from circularity 7in percent9shall be calculated from?

at the beginning& mid point

and end of each "or% shift.=. 'hen production shift are

consecuti5e& a test at the endof the shift may ser5e as the

test for the beginning of next

shift.[. 'hen a "elding operator

is replaced duringproduction.

. >f any machine setting are

changed.

A11e5tan1e stan-ar- 72rRa-i23ra56i1 Eaminati2n

>ndications sho"n on the

radiographs of "elds and

characteri8ed asimperfections are

unacceptable under thefollo"ing conditions& and

shall be repaired as pro5ided

in P'-0 and the repairradiographed to P'-,

+ny indication characteri8ed

as a crac%& or 8one ofincomplete fusion or

penetration.

=0


31/38

7Dmax-Dmin 2 D 9 G ,00

"here

Dmax is the maximum outside diametermeasured in the tube bend apex 7mm9&

Dmin is the minimum outside diametermeasured at the same cross-section as Dmax7mm9&

D is the ordered outside diameter of the tube7in mm9.

7d9or radiant superheater tubes& the designmaximum steam temperature plus 0J6740J9

Permissible 'or%ing Stress for tubes?-

or temperature at or belo" J6 70J9

T.S 2 =. or Et 2 ,.!

'hiche5er is lo"er

or temperature abo5e J6 70J---------

+ny other elongated

indication on the radiograph"hich has a length greater

than

in. for t up to Y in.

,2= t for t from Y in. to ).)in.

Y in. for t o5er ).) in."here t is the thic%ness of

the "eld.

+ny group of aligned

indications that ha5e anaggregate length greater than

t in a length of ,)t& except"hen the distance bet"een

the successi5e imperfection

exceeds !L "here L is thelength of the longest

imperfections in the group.

A11e5tan1e stan-ar- 72r

Ultras2ni1 Eaminati2n

>mperfaction that cause an

indication greater than )0/of the reference le5el shall be

in5estigated to the extent thatthe ultrasonic examination

personnel can determine

their shape& identity& location&

=,


32/38

S.3 2 ,.! or S6

'hiche5er is lo"erW

"here&

T.S :inimum tensile strength of thematerial at room temperature&

Et Zield point 70.)/ proof stress9 at"or%ing metal temperature MtM&

Sr the a5erage stress to produce rupture

in ,00&000 hours and in no case more than,.== times the lo"est stress to producerupture at the "or%ing metal temperature&

Sc the a5erage stress& to produce anelongation of ,/ 7creep9 in ,00&000 hours&at the "or%ing metal temperature.

1ote? >n case Sc 5alues are not a5ailable in:aterial Standard and such materials are

%no"n to ha5e been used in boilers in >ndiaor abroad& then for such materials theallo"able stress may be ta%en as the lo"erof

Et 2 ,. or S3 2 ,..

>n no case& ho"e5er& shall the thic%ness of

and e5aluate.

6rac%s& lac% of fusion& or

incomplete penetration areunacceptable regardless of

length.

Other imperfection are

unacceptable if the indicationexceeds the reference le5el

and their length exceeds the

follo"ing?

in. for t up to Y in.,2= t for t from Y in. to ).)

in.Y in. for t o5er ).) in.

"here t is the thic%ness of

the "eld.Ben- Test

P'-=.4., The bend test

specimen shall be trans5erse

to the "elded @oint of the fullthic%ness of the plate and

shall be of rectangular crosssection "ith a "idth ,.

times the thic%ness of thespecimen. 'hen the capacity

of the a5ailable testing

amachine does not permit

=)


33/38

tubes as supplied be less than those gi5en inthe table belo" 7sub@ect to tolerancesspecified in 3egulations =!7d9& =7d9& 7c9&=7c9&!+7>K9and 7d9. 76lic% here to 5ie"the Table ==9

>n the case of coiled tubes for boilers of theforced flo" of forced circulation type& theminimum thic%ness of tubes as suppliedmay& ho"e5er& be as follo"s?76lic% here to5ie" the Table ==9

7c9 'here tubes are bent& care shall be ta%ento ensure that the total strain at the bend isnot more than that at the straight part of the

tube.

The de5iation from circularity in percentageat any cross-section of a bend shall becalculated by the follo"ing formula?

6 7DmaxA Dmin 2 D9 G ,00

This de5iation shall not exceed)0 F D 2 3

"here&

6 The percentage de5iation of

testing a specimen of the full

thic%ness of the "eldedplate& the specimen may be

cut "ith a thin sa" into asmany portion of the

thic%ness as necessary& each

of "hich shall be tested andshall meet the re#uirements.

The inside and the outsidesurface of the "eld shall be

machined to a plane surface

flush "ith the surface of thespecimen. The edges of this

surfaces shall be rounded toa radius not o5er ,0/ of the

thic%ness of the testspecimen. The specimen

shall be bent cold under free

bending conditions until theleast elongation measured

"ithin or acrossapproximately the entire

"eld on the outside fibres of

the bend test specimen is=0/& or *000002; I )0/&

"hiche5er is less.

P' =.4.) 'hen a crac% isobser5ed in the con5ex

surfaces of the specimen

bet"een the edges before the

==
http://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2036.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2043.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2056A.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2058.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2036.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2043.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2048.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2053.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2056A.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/ibrdoc/Regulation%20Web/Regulation%2058.htmhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338.pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdfhttp://qchome/ibr/ibrbook/IBR/PDF/Reg_338(b).pdf


34/38

circularity&

D max. maximumexternal diameter of the tube asgauged at the bend&

D min. minimum

external diameter of the tube asgauged at the bend&

D nominal external diameter of thetube&

3 3adius of the bend on the6entral line of the bend.

Tests 72r Initial uali7i1ati2n 27 a 8el-er-

7+9 Theoretical Examination - + "eldershall be re#uired to ans"er #uestions on thefollo"ing sub@ects& orally or other"ise

,. Electric 'elder-

7i9 'eld preparation

7ii9 Elementary %no"ledge of the "or%ingof "elding e#uipment.

7iii9 Properties of material to be "elded-

cold and hot "or%ing& thermal conducti5ity&fusion point& oxidation 7for "elders engaged

elongation re#uired in P'

=.., is attained& thespecimen shall be considered

to ha5e failed and thespecimen shall be stopped.

6rac%s at the corner of the

specimen shall not beconsidered as a failure. The

appearance of smallimperfection in the con5ex

surface shall not be

considered as a failure if thegreatest dimension does not

exceed ,2,! in.las6 Wel-in3

'hen @oining t"o parts bythe inertia and continuous

dri5e friction "elding

precesses& one of the t"oparts must be held in a fixed

position and the other partsrotated. The t"o faces to be

@oined must be essentially

symmetrical "ith respect tothe axis of rotation.

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in alloy steel "elding9.

7i59 Elementary %no"ledge of electro-

technical principles&-%inds of current&

stri%ing arc 5oltage& "elding-arc 5oltage.

759 'elding defects and their pre5ention-influence of length of electric arc& effects of

excessi5e or too lo" amperage& slag

inclusions& porosity finishing the surface of"elding bead.

Electrodes for different types of "elds and

steels and @oints in different positions.

). (as 'elder-

'eld preparation.

'or%ing of

"elding e#uipment.

Elementary %no"ledge of properties of

materials to be "elded -cold and hot"or%ing& thermal conducti5ity& fusion

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point& oxidation 7for "elders engaged in

alloy steel "elding9.

Elementary %no"ledge of fuel gas andflame ad@ustments for fa5orable "elding

condition.

\inds of "elds& "elding defects and theirpre5ention& "elding techni#ue 7right-"ard

and left-"ard9& "elding "ith t"o torches on

5ertical surface& excess of gas or oxidation&preheating of base material and subse#uent

heat treatment.

iller metals.

).Test Wel-s 72r Initial uali7i1ati2n

&Ele1tri1 2r !as)?-

7b9 or Pipe 'elding-

One test on groo5e "eld @oint for each of

the follo"ing "elding positions

7i9 Hori8ontal 3olled - Pipe "ith its axishori8ontal and rolled during "elding so thatthe "eld metal is deposited from abo5e "iththe axis of the "eld hori8ontal.

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7ii9 Hori8ontal Turned- Pipe "ith its axishori8ontal the upper half "elded first& thepipe then being turned through ,0 degreeand the other half then "elded.

7iii9 Kertical ixed- One test of groo5e"elded @oint "ith the axis of the pipe in a5ertical position and the seam "eldedcircumferentially in a hori8ontal position.

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7i59 Hori8ontal ixed- One test of groo5e"elded @oint "ith the axis of the pipe in ahori8ontal position and the seam "elded"ithout rotating the pipe.

]ualification in positions 7ii9 or 7iii9 shall

#ualify also for position 7i9 #ualificationMin position 7i59 shall #ualify for position

7i9 or 7ii9.

7)9 One 'eld of a branch to a pipe.

The si8e of pipe to be "elded shall be

not less than ,)* mm. 7 inches9 inexternal diameter and ,0 mm. 7=2 inch9

thic%& and a branch pipe shall not be lessthan 4 mm. 7=-,2) inches9 outside

diameter and ! mm. 7,2 inch9 thic%.

7c9 Tu0e Wel-in3- + butt "elded ^oint oft"o pieces boiler tubes "ith the axis in

a 5ertical position& and tubes of samesi8e fixed in ad@oining positions. This

test shall be in addition to the test for

pipe "elding under clause 7b9.$

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