1. CRITICAL MAKINGResearch & DevelopmentMatt Ratto (with thanks to Dan Southwick, Isaac Record, and critical making lab)

2. Critical making signals theways in which productionswhether of video, web-basedcommunications, gardens,radio transmitters, or robotsare understood aspolitically transformativeactivities by the individualsand groups described in eachchapter. (Ratto & Boler,introduction to DIYCitizenship, MIT Press) 3. 3D printed handgun, CC non-commerical license7 4. MAKER SPACES INLIBRARIES? 5. it is of the paramount importance that the means ofgeneral information should be so diffused that thelargest possible number of persons be induced toread and understand questions going down to thevery foundations of social order City of Boston Report on Libraries July 1852 6. in an age when the public has become accustomed toscientific investigation and experimentation, to rapidtechnological development, and to social and culturechanges incident to them, the library cannot perform itseducational function with distinction unless it utilizes allpossible aids in broadening and enriching its owneducational services and in promoting other adulteducation organizations.Louis Wilson (1937) 7. These changes in technology, media, and society requirethe development of critical media literacy to empowerstudents and citizens to adequately read media messagesand produce media themselves in order to be activeparticipants in a democratic society (Kellner, 1995; Kellner& Share, 2005). In Kellner & Share, 2007 8. it is sometimes a bit of a shock to bereminded that, in operational andpractical fact, the medium is themessage. (Mcluhan, UnderstandingMedia, 7) 9. HOW TO TEACH 3DPRINTING?Tropes, History, and Implications 10. TROPES OF 3D PRINTING 11. What is 3D printing? 12. What is 3D printing? 13. What is 3D printing? 14. The Strange Reality of 3D Printing 15. The Strange Reality of 3D Printing 16. HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING 17. History and Development of theTechnologyFirst 3D printers Developed in 1980s Design by Chuck Hull of 3D Systems, this early printer used theStereolithography techniqueRepRap Project Begins in 2005 The first object is successfully printed by RepRap 0.2 prototype inSeptember 2006MakerBot Industries Founded in 2009 3,500 units were sold as of March 2011 On June 19, 2013 Stratasys Incorporated announced it acquiredMakerBot in a stock deal worth $403 Million (USD) 18. History and Development of theTechnology3D Printing is Not Just One Technology Stereolithography Fused Deposition Laser Sintering 19. History and Development of theTechnology- Industrial -Objet 1000- Consumer -RepRap 20. cc Matt Ratto, matt.ratto@utoronto.ca 30Culture of tinkering, hacking & DIY:RepRapRepRap is a seminal UK-basedproject that seeks the ongoingdevelopment of an extremelyaffordable, open source 3d printerthat is designed to be self-replicating(capable of printing all of its own keystructural components). 21. cc Matt Ratto, matt.ratto@utoronto.ca 31Towards desktop fabrication:MakerBotBuilding on the intellectual and physicalresources borne of the RepRap project,a team of NYC hackers start MakerBotIndustries, a company that manufacturesand markets affordable 3d printer kits.(Some assembly required - a kind ofDIY-lite.)Their mission: to hasten the forthcoming3D Printing Revolution. 22. Towards desktop fabrication:MakerBot322014 2009 23. History and Development of theTechnologyModel Objet 30 Pro Replicator 2Resolution 0.028 mm600 x 600 x 900 dpi0.100 mmapprox. 150 dpiBuildEnvelope300 x 200 x 150mm285 x 153 x 155mmMaterial Cost $0.33/gram* $0.05/gram*Price CA$45,000 CA$2,199 24. IMPLICATIONS OF 3DPRINTING 25. Ethical and Legal Objects 26. Ethical and Legal Objects 27. Complex Mechanical Objects 28. Complex Mechanical Objects 29. Heritage Objects 30. Heritage Objects 31. Medical Objects 32. Medical Objects 33. Daily Objects 34. Hidden Objects 35. Hidden Objects 36. Future Objects 37. Future Objects 38. Critical Issues Novel Spaces for Fabrication Citizen Empowerment The evolving consumer New conceptions of labour Unlocking latent entrepreneurship(Ratto, M., & Ree, R. (2012). Materializing information: 3D printing and socialchange. First Monday, 17(7). doi:10.5210/fm.v17i7.3968) 39. CRITICAL LITERACY 40. The World Health Organizationestimates that in Latin America,Africa, and Asia combined, almost 30million people require prostheticlimbs, braces, or other devices, upfrom 24 million in 2006 (Aleccia2010). 41. Amputation Causes Vascular Disease (rising incidents) Land Mines (26,000 amputations/year) 300,000 worldwide Industrial or Environmental Accidents Terrorist Attacks Lack of Basic Public Health Diabetes Gangrene Infection Bone diseases like poliomyelitis and osteomyelitis. 42. Amputation TypesHip DisarticulationKnee DisarticulationFoot DisarticulationTransfemoral(above knee)Transtibial(below knee) 43. How Many Prosthetics? Children every 6 to 12 months. Adults every 3 to 5 years. Limb deficient child at 10 years of age will needapproximately 25 limbs in his/her lifetime. Limb deficient adult will need approximately 15to 20 limbs during their lifetime. 44. The First Problem World Health Organization studies (2003). Current confirmation by International Society ofProsthetics and Orthotics and Michiel Steenbeek, CBMAdvisor Physical Impairment and Rehabilitation. Current supply of Prosthetic Technicians fallsshort by approximately 40,000. It will take approximately 50 years to trainjust 18,000 more skilled professionals. 45. Solution1. Scan (infrared laser surface scan).2. Software (Manipulate/edit digital data scan).3. 3D Print (Output of plastic socket). 3-year Project to prove concept viability. 35 children aged 2-18 as direct beneficiaries. 68 appliances (comparing conventional made to3D-printed). Supply-chain & plastic recycling business model. CoRSU Training Centre for Prosthetists. 46. 1.Fewer manual steps2.Less chance for error3.~ five days vs. two days 47. 1. Reliability of technology2. Strength of sockets3. Reduces training needs, does noteliminate. 48. Team at CoRSU 49. Scanning 50. Impact test: 5kN in .25sec 51. http://enablingthefuture.org/ 52. Question: Is this appropriate technology?Answer: technically, yes. 53. Why 3D print? Custom /Short Run Just-in-time/on demand Complex Topologies 54. Question: Is this appropriate technology?Answer: socially, yes, if implementedcorrectly. 55. TECHNOLOGIESWITHOUT CONTEXT 56. Readers Advisory Doctorow, C. (2006). Printcrime. Retrieved fromhttp://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19000 Sterling, B. (2008). The Kiosk. Retrieved fromhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080402023736/http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/fiction/bs01.htm Mayo, M., & Ross, T. (1999). Why the Sea is Salt andOther Stories. London: Orchard Books. 57. ...the older you get, as a student, the work becomes much less playful and much more about a straightforwardand logical approach to facts. Thats not especiallysurprising because the latter approach is normally seenas the more grown-up, mature approach to things. Idsay thats not helpful at all. In fact as the ideas we arelearning become more complex, and we need to be moresophisticated in dealing with them, then a playful andimaginative approach is exactly what you need.(Gauntlett, 2006 58. "Many people are trying torecover a field of vision thatis basically human in scale,and extricate themselvesfrom dependence on theobscure forces of a globaleconomy (MatthewCrawford) 59. While we agree that the creation of library maker spacesis a good first step and that the development of technicalskills is important, our goal in this essay is to describehow these spaces and the content associated with themcan be developed inline with the notion of critical literacyalready embraced within the library tradition.(Ratto, M & Southwick, D. (forthcoming) Critical Maker Spaces. 60. Thank you!matt.ratto@utoronto.cahttp://semaphore.utoronto.cahttp://www.criticalmaking.com