CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES - 3rd year

Classification of Periodontal Diseases

Hayder Alwaeli: BDS, M.Sc. & J. Board

Gingiva

-Fibrous mucosa surrounding the teeth & covering the coronal of the alveolar process Consists of 3 parts

1. Free Gingiva

2. Attached Gingiva

3. Interdental Gingiva

Clinical Features of Normal (Healthy) Gingiva

New Classification System

• 1999 International Workshop for the Classification of Periodontal Diseases

Classification of Classification of Periodontal DiseasesPeriodontal Diseases

• American Academy of Periodontology (AAP)

• The International Workshop 1999

Characteristics common to all gingival diseases

1. Signs & symptoms are confined to gingiva

2. The presence of dental plaque to initiate & / or exacerbte the severity of the lesion

3. Clinically signs of inflammation:

• Enlarged gingival contour : edematous or fibrotic

• Red in color &/ or bluish red

• Bleeding upon stimulating

• ↑ gingival exudates

• Pathological ↑ in sulcular depth

• No radiographic evidence

4. Reversibility of the disease by removing the etiology (ies)

5. Possible role as a precursor to attachment loss around tooth

Periodontitis-An inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or specific group, resulting in progressive destruction of periodontal ligament & alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both

- The primary clinical features of periodontitis

a. Clinical attachment loss

b. alveolar bone loss

c. periodontal pocketing

d. gingival inflammation( enlargement or recession )

e. increased mobility, drifting & / tooth exfoliation may occur

h. progress continuously as chronic inflammation or by burst of activity

-Several bacterial species associated with periodontitis

. P. gingivalis . T. denticola

. Actinobcillus actinomycetumcmitans . E. corrodens

. P. intermedia . E. nodatum

. C. rectus

. B. forsythus

Addition of a Section on “GingivalDiseases”

I. Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only

A. Without local

contributing factors B. With local

contributing factors

II. Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors

• A. Endocrine system 1. Puberty-associated 2. Menstrual cycle-

associated 3. Pregnancy associated a. Gingivitis b. Pyogenic

granuloma 4. Diabetes mellitus-

associated

• B. Blood dyscrasias 1. Leukemia-associated

gingivitis 2. Other

II. Gingival diseases modified by systemic factors

• A. Endocrine system 1. Puberty-associated 2. Menstrual cycle-

associated 3. Pregnancy associated a- Gingivitis b. Pyogenic

granuloma 4. Diabetes mellitus-

associated

• B. Blood dyscrasias 1. Leukemia-associated

gingivitis 2. Other

Ill. Gingival diseases modified by medications

1. Drug-influenced gingival enlargements

a. Anticonvulsant “Phenytoin”

b. Immunosupressent “Cyclosporin A”

c. Calcium Channel Blockers “Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, & Sodium Valporate”

2- Drug-influenced gingivitis a. Oral contraceptive-associated

gingivitis b. Other

IV. Gingival diseases modified by malnutrition

A. Ascorbic acid deficiency gingivitis

B. Other

Non-Plaque-Induced Gingival Lesions I- Gingival diseases of specific

bacterial origin A. Neisseria gonorrhea B. Treponema pallidum C. Streptococcal species D. Other II. Gingival diseases of viral origin A. Herpesvirus infections 1. Primary herpetic

gingivostomatitis 2. Recurrent oral herpes 3. Varicella zoster B. Other

III. Gingival diseases of fungal origin

A. Candida-species infections: Generalized gingival candidosis

B. Linear gingival erythema

C. Histoplasmosis

D. Other

IV- Gingival lesions of genetic origin

A. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis B. Other

V. Gingival manifestations of systemic conditions

A. Mucocutaneous lesions 1. Lichen planus 2. Pemphigoid 3. Pemphigus vulgaris 4. Erythema multiforme 5. Lupus erythematosus 6- Drug induced 7. Other

B. Allergic reactions1. Dental restorative materials

(mercury, acrylic, nickel)2. Reactions attributable to

a- tooth pastes b- mouth washes c- chewing gum d- foods and additives

VI: traumatic lesions:“Factitious, Iatrogenic, & Accidental”A- chemical injuryB- physical injuryC- thermal injury

VII: Foreign body reactions

VIII: not otherwise specified

Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis

Clinical Features:• no sex predilection• apparent when the teeth are erupting,

usually enlargement begins in puberty• gingival overgrowth, gingiva may cover

the teeth possibly completely• more common in posterior mandibular

areas• pink, firm, smooth and uniform• asymptomatic, nonhemorrhagic,

nonexudative• possible apparent delay in dental eruption• malpositioning of teeth, retention of

deciduous teeth, esthetic and functional problems

Classification of Classification of Periodontal DiseasesPeriodontal Diseases

• American Academy of Periodontology (AAP)

• The International Workshop 1999

PeriodontitisThe Old Classifications

World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics (1989)

Form of Priodontitis Basic Characteristics

Adult Periodontitis >35 years Slow rate of progression No defects in host defenses

Early onset Periodontitis

- Prepubertal

- Juvenile

- Rapidly progressive

< 35 years Rapid rate of progression Defects in host defensesAssociated with specific microflora

Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases

Systemic diseases that predispose to rapid rates of destruction (e.g. Diabetes)

Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis

Similar to NUG but with clinical attachment loss

European Classification (1993)


Adult Periodontitis 4th decade Slow rate of progression No defects in host defenses


- Prepubertal

- Juvenile


Prior to 4th decade Rapid rate of progression Defects in host defenses




Tissue necrosis with clinical attachment loss & bone loss

Drawbacks of the old classifications




- Prepubertal

- Juvenile






Tissue necrosis with attachment clinical attachment & bone loss

Considerable overlap in disease categories





- Prepubertal

- Juvenile







Absence of a gingival disease component





- Prepubertal

- Juvenile







Inappropriate emphasis on age of onset of disease and rates of progression





- Prepubertal

- Juvenile







Inadequate or inappropriate classification criteria

Periodontitis

• Chronic

• Aggressive

• Periodontitis as a manifestations of systemic diseases

• The most prevalent form in adults • Amount of destruction consistent with local factors• Associated with a variable microbial pattern• Subgingival calculus frequently found• Slow to moderate rate of progression• Possibly modified by or associated with the

following: Systemic diseases Local factors predisposing factors Environmental factors

Chronic periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis

Localized form: <30% of sites involved Generalized form: >30% of sites involved Slight: 1-2 mm of clinical attachment loss Moderate: 3-4 mm of clinical attachment loss Severe: ≥5 mm of clinical attachment loss

Generalized Severe Chronic Periodontitis

Aggressive Periodontitis

Primary Features• Except for the presence of periodontitis,

patients are otherwise clinically healthy

• Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction

• Familial aggregation

Aggressive PeriodontitisSecondary Features• Amounts of microbial deposits are inconsistent with the

severity of periodontal tissue destruction

• Elevated proportions of Aa and, in some populations, P. gingivalis may be elevated

• Phagocyte abnormalities

• Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated levels of PGE2 and IL-1β

• Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting

Localized Aggressive Periodontitis

• Circumpubertal onset of disease

• Localized presentation with interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors

• Robust serum antibody

response to infecting agents

Localized Aggressive Periodontitis

Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis

• Usually affects persons under 30 years of age

• Generalized proximal attachment

loss affecting at least three teeth other than first molars and incisors

• Pronounced episodic nature of

periodontal destruction

• Poor serum antibody response to infecting agents

Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis

Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases

1. Hematologic disorders

a. Acquired neutropenia b. Leukemias c. Other

2. Genetic disorders

a. Familial and cyclic neutropenia b. Down syndrome c. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

syndromes d. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome e. Chediak-Higashi syndrome f. Histiocytosis syndromes g- Glycogen storage disease h. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis i. Cohen syndrome j. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome k. Hypophosphatasia l. Other

3. Not otherwise specified

Hematologic disorders

• Agranulocytosis• Neutropenia

Genetic disorders

Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases

• Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

• Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis

Abscesses of the periodontium

• Gingival

• Periodontal

• Pericoronal

Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions

• Combined perio-endo lesions

Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions

A. Localized tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis

1. Tooth anatomic factors

a. Enamel Pearls; Associated with attachment loss specially in furcation areas

b. Cervical Enamel Projections;

found 15 % to 24 % of mandibular molars

found 9 % to 25 % of maxillary molars

2. Dental restorations/appliances

3. Root fractures

4. Cervical root resorption and cemental tears


B. Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth 1. Gingival/soft tissue recession A. facial or lingual surfaces B. interproximal (papillary) 2. Lack of keratinized gingiva 3. Decreased vestibular depth 4. Aberrant frenum/muscle position 5. Gingival excess

A. pseudopocketB. inconsistent gingival marginC. excessive gingival displayD. gingival enlargementE. Abnormal color


C. Mucogingival deformities and conditions on edentulous ridges

1. Vertical and/or horizontal ridge deficiency 2. Lack of gingiva/keratinized tissue 3. Gingival/soft tissue enlargement 4. Aberrant frenum/muscle position 5. Decreased vestibular depth 6. Abnormal color

D. Occlusal trauma 1. Primary occlusal trauma 2. Secondary occlusal trauma

Please read;

• Chapter 4pages; 64 – 72

Classification of Diseases and Condition Affecting the Periodontium

FINALLY ,,

CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES - 3rd year

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