IFRS Briefing IFMA , 8 October 2014 with Dr. Christopher Nobes
Christopher Kost October 2013
description
Transcript of Christopher Kost October 2013
![Page 1: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Christopher KostOctober 2013
Park it right!Lessons in parking management from European cities
![Page 2: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copenhagen: 1950s
![Page 3: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copenhagen: today
![Page 4: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“Parklet” in Antwerp
![Page 5: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Parking-protected cycle track in Stockholm
![Page 6: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Private vehicle dependence
• Free or cheap parking is a subsidy for private vehicle use
Wider roads, new flyovers, and more
parkingGreater use of private vehicles
![Page 8: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
There is unending demand if parking is provided for
free
![Page 9: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Is multistory parking the solution?• Unless parking user fee
on streets around multi-level parking structure is equal to or more than fee charged for parking in the structure, such structures cannot be financially viable.
![Page 11: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Parking policy: Old school1. Increase in private vehicle use is a given. 2.Parking is a public good. People need it.3.Govt contantly increases supply of subsidized
public parking space—especially through multi-level parking.
4.Govt pushes private buildings to create more private parking space through regulation.
5.Govt creates more road infrastructure to cater to the ever increasing number of vehicles attracted to parking.
![Page 12: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Parking policy: Smart cities1. It is impossible to cater to unending parking
demand.2.Parking is a commodity, not a public right 3.Restrict total supply of parking in every zone:
paid parking (on/off street) and private parking (in buildings)
4.Govt charges high user fee for available parking spaces to dissuade excessive motor vehicle usage
5.Govt spends the substantial revenue generated to improve public transport and walking/cycling facilities for all citizens
![Page 13: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Performance pricing• Increase fees in areas with high demand
Grosvenor Square in London
TRLMeter price: £
Meter price: ££££
No meters
![Page 16: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Performance pricing
Budapest parking zones
![Page 17: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
First hour parking fee
Amste
rdam
Londo
n
Stockh
olm Pa
ris
Copen
hage
n
Barce
lona
Antw
erp
Munich
Buda
pest
Hambu
rg
Chenn
ai
Ahmed
abad Pu
ne0
50100150200250300350
Park
ing
fee
(Rs
/ hr)
![Page 18: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Real-time system monitoring to reduce leakage
![Page 19: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ring fencing of parking revenue• London Freedom passes:
elderly and disabled ride public transport free
• Barcelona: 100% of surplus from on-street parking fees used to fund the Bicing cycle sharing system
• Antwerp, Budapest: Parking fine revenue invested in public transport
![Page 20: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
IT-based enforcement
Budapest
![Page 21: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Paris case study
![Page 22: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Paris
![Page 23: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Paris on-street parking supply trend
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007150,000
155,000
160,000
165,000
170,000
175,000
Number of On-Street Parking Spaces
Year
Supp
ly
Overall on-street parking supply was reduced by 9% (14,300 spaces)
Data Source: Paris Transport and Travel Report (2007)
![Page 24: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
4,000 spaces removed to make space for 1,451 new Velib stations (public cycle sharing system with 20,000 bicycles)
![Page 25: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
100 km of new cycle tracks
![Page 26: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
335,000 bollards installed to prevent parking on footpaths
![Page 27: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Introduction of parking fees
2003 2004 2005 2006 20070
10,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000
Free Parking Spaces in Paris
Year
Supp
ly
95% of free spots were turned into paid parking spacesData Source: Paris Transport and Travel Report (2007)
![Page 28: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2003 2004 2005 2006 20071,5501,6001,6501,7001,7501,8001,8501,9001,950
Vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), Week-
days, 7am - 9pm, (2003-2007)
Year
VKT
VKT: ↓ by 13%
Share of private vehicles in traffic: ↓ 68% to 60%
Car to cycle shift: 5%
Data Source: Paris Transport and Travel Report (2007)
Impact of Paris parking reforms
![Page 29: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Off-street parking
![Page 30: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Swiss Re building, London
• 48,000 sq m of commercial space• 5 parking spaces, all for disabled• Required parking in Chennai:
• 480 car parking spaces• 1,920 2W parking spaces
31% larger building
![Page 31: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Paris• Minimum parking
requirement: none if building is within 500 m of a metro station
• Maximum allowed parking: one car space per 100 m2 of floor area
![Page 32: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zürich
Public transport access Zones for reductions in off-street parking caps/reqs
![Page 33: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Supply caps• Zurich: outside the area where caps apply,
parking only permitted if:– The street network has sufficient capacity– Pollution from the new vehicles will not violate air
quality standards• Hamburg: total parking supply in the central
business district capped at 30,000 spaces in 1976
• Amsterdam: one on-street parking space removed for every off-street space created
![Page 34: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hyderabad parking policy: behind the times?
Old school
Smart cities
“The consultant has suggested construction of standalone parking, including multi-level public parking, at suitable locations.”“… 50% of the parking revenue could be utilized for developing [parking] facilities ….”“It has recommended … discouraging long-stay parking.”“Off street parking facilities at bus terminals, public institutions and entertainment centres should be provided both for employees and visitors”“… [The] department may waive property tax on private parking lots in residential areas and also grant additional built up area to create more parking spaces”“Vehicle parking certificate should be made mandatory for all vehicles in future.”
![Page 36: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Delhi TOD Policy• In TOD zones, no
minimum parking requirements
• Off-street parking counted toward FSI
• All off-street parking must be unbundled and shared
• Cycle parking exempt from FSI
“Intense TOD Zones”: 300 m walking radius around metro stations
![Page 37: Christopher Kost October 2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062302/568164d5550346895dd70f16/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
www.itdp.orgtwitter.com/itdpindia
Questions?