NOVEL POINT-OF-CARE BIOMEDICAL SENSORS

FUTURE TRENDS INTECHNOLOGY AT THE INTERFACE OF ICT, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

BIOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGYDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY

CHRISTOPHER R LOWE

GLOBAL MEGATRENDS AND INFLUENCES : 2010-2050

CLEAN WATER/NUTRITIOUS FOOD

DWINDLING RESOURCES

HEALTH AND WELFARE ISSUES

RICH-POOR GAPGLOBAL ICT CONNECTIVITY

DEMOCRATIZATION

CHANGING RISK PROFILE

URBANISATION

MULTI-DISCIPLINARY S&T INTEGRATION

GLOBAL ETHICS 12

3

6

5

4

8

710

9

12

11

13

14

15

CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS

ENERGY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC

GLOBALISATION

PEACE/CONFLICT

THE DEVELOPMENTAL RISK TRANSITION

CHEMICAL INTELLIGENCE

TRADITIONAL RISKS

MODERN RISKS

LIFESTYLEWELLBEINGOBESITYCANCERPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS/NEURODEGENERATIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASEDIABETESFOOD/WATER QUALITYURBAN AIR QUALITYOCCUPATIONAL RISKS

RISKSIZE

TIME

HUMAN ENVIRONMENTLIFESTYLEHEALTH & WELFARECLINICAL DISORDERS

UNDERNUTRITIONINFECTIOUS DISEASESWATERSANITATIONHYGEINE

FOOD/WATER/AIR QUALITYLIFESTYLESTRESSSLEEP DISORDERSMIGRAINEGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONSPREGNANCYFERTILITY

DIABETESCANCERISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASECOPDNEURODEGENERATIVE/NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERSCEREBROVASCULAR DISEASEHIV/AIDS

BLOOD ANALYTESLIVER/KIDNEY DYSFUNCTIONFAECAL OCCULT BLOODGLUCOSEHAEMOGLOBIN A1C

ASTHMAMENOPAUSECOAGULATION/PLATELET FUNCTIONINFECTIOUS DISEASESSTI

HEALTHY WORRIED WELL SICK

EARLYSYMPTOMS DISEASE

HOMEPHYSICIAN’S OFFICECLINICAL CENTRE

HOMEWORKPLACE

A&EBEDSIDEITU

CENTRAL LABORATORY

DISEASE PROGRESSION

PATIENT SENSOR MONITORING FORMATS

NON-INVASIVE

INVASIVE

MINIMALLY INVASIVE

CONTACT LENS

WATCH

FINGERSTICK

INTELLIGENT CLOTHES/

ACCESSORIES/JEWELLRY

NON-INVASIVE (SPECTROSCOPIC)

INDWELLINGCATHETERS

SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTS

BREATH ANALYSIS

SMART TATTOO

SKIN E-PATCH

DIGITAL PLASTER

COSMETICS

TEAR FLUIDSALIVA

SWEATSEMENURINEFAECES

EXHALED/CONDENSEDBREATH

CSFBLOODISFBIOPSY

BIOSENSOR PRINCIPLES AND TRANSDUCERS

ANALYTE

(BIO)RECOGNITION SYSTEM

TRANSDUCER

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

ACOUSTIC

MAGNETIC

THERMAL

MICROENGINEERED

INSTRUMENTATION

MICROFABRICATED BIOSENSORS

MICROAMPEROMETRIC GLUCOSE SENSOR

ENCODED MICRO-SPR

LOVE WAVE DEVICE MICRO-PCR

MAGNETIC ACOUSTIC RESONATOR SENSOR (MARS)

RF COIL

NdFeB MAGNET

LIQUID SAMPLE

N

SAIR GAP

ACOUSTIC WAVE

RF COIL

PIEZOELECTRIC QUARTZ DISC

(AT-cut, 0.25mm thick, 12mm dia)

ALUMINISED GLASS DISC

KEY FEATURES OF THE MAGNETIC ACOUSTIC RESONATOR SENSOR (MARS)

1 IgG 1000 µg/ml 2 Protein A 250 µg/ml 3 IgG 250 µg/ml 4 Protein A 250 µg/ml 5 IgG 250 µg/ml

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Frequency (MHz)

Fre

qu

ency

sh

ift

(KH

z)

HIGH SENSITIVITY

FREQUENCY TAGGING (MULTIPLEXING/ARRAYS)

REMOTE MEASUREMENTS WITH A TOROIDAL ELECTRIC FLUX

IMPLANTABLE

MULTI-FREQUENCY OPERATION (MHz-GHz)CELLSPROTEINSSMALL MOLECULESMETABOLITES

Frequency (MHz)

10 30 50 100 200 5001000

0

50

100

150

200

IgG

REMOTE ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A TOROIDAL ELECTRIC FLUX

TOROIDAL ANTENNA(TRANSCEIVER)

SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTEDe-PATCHCONTACT LENS MRAS QUARTZ DISC

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

20.1 20.12 20.14 20.16 20.18 20.2

f (MHz)

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

6.57 6.59 6.61 6.63 6.65 6.67 6.69 6.71 6.73

Frequency MHzAm

plitude m

V

pH 2pH 3.5pH 4pH 5 pH 5.1pH 5.2pH 5.25pH 5.5 pH 6 pH 7 pH 8

100

50

0

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

Am

pli

tud

e (m

V)

6.57 6.59 6.61 6.63 6.65 6.67 6.69 6.71 6.73

Frequency (MHz)

GASESpH/IONSMETABOLITESPROTEINS

HOLOGRAPHIC (BIO)SENSORS

PHYSICAL PARAMETERS (°C, hʋ, P)

GASES (O2, CO2, CO, NO, NH3, H2S, alka(e,y)nes)

VOCs (Alcohols, ketones, aldehydes)

IONS (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+)

METABOLITES (Glucose, urea)

DRUGS (Penicillin)

ANTIGENS/ANTIBODIES

OLIGONUCLEOTIDES

WHOLE CELLS

PLANAR

OPTICAL ELEMENTS

BEADS

PARTICLES

FLAKES

OTHER GEOMETRIES

FIBRE OPTICS

DIABETIC MONITORING WITH GLUCOSE HOLOGRAMS

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2 4 6 8 10

[GLUCOSE] (mM)

25

15

12

1085

mol% 3-APB

m

ax(n

m)

O

HO

HOH 2C

O

HO

O

B

HO

-

WHOLE BLOOD

INDWELLING CATHETER

SUBCUTANEOUS NEAR-IR

CONTACT LENS

SKIN PATCH/TATTOO

CONTACT LENS HOLOGRAPHIC GLUCOSE SENSOR

TOXICITY

TEAR [GLUCOSE]<BLOOD [GLUCOSE]

pH VARIABILITY (5.8-7.8)

TIME LAG (~MIN)

SELECTIVITY (LACTATE/FRUCTOSE)

OPTICAL PHYSICS

COMFORT/COSMETIC APPEARANCE

INSTRUMENTATION

80

100

120

140

160

0 12 16 19 23 26Time [minutes]

Blo

od

-Glu

cos

e [m

g%

]

680

700

720

740

Wav

elen

gth

[n

m]

HUMAN BREATH ANALYSIS

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

RENAL FAILURE

LIVER DYSFUNCTION

ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

CANCER

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

ASTHMA

GIT DISORDERS (H pylori)

HALITOSIS

STRESS

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

700

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Time (s)

Wav

elen

gth

(n

m)

H2

ETHANEn-PENTANEBUTANENOCONH3

ETHANOLACETONETHIOLS

Time (h)

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

OD

600

nm

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

7

7.1

7.2

7.3

pH

500

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 140004.7

4.9

5.1

5.3

5.5

5.7

5.9

6.1

6.3

6.5

Time (s)

pH ma

x (

nm

)

400

500

600

700

4 5 6 7pH

ma

x (n

m)

WHOLE CELLS

BIOENGINEERING

BIOCHEMISTRY

CHEMICALINFORMATICS

BIOINFORMATICS

CHEMICALENGINEERING

INFORMATIONENGINEERING

CHEMISTRY/MATERIALSSCIENCE

BIOLOGY

INFORMATION/COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGYENGINEERING

BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOSENSORS

CONVERGENCE OF S&T

CELL PHONE

PDA

LAPTOP

BEDSIDEMONITOR

PHYSICIAN’SOFFICE

EMERGENCY ROOMBEDSIDE

OPERATINGTHEATRE

ITU

FIRSTRESPONDER

PATIENT

DATA STORE/SERVER

SERVICES/INTERNET

WEARABLE AND MOBILE SENSOR SYSTEMS

WATCH

USB

ePATCHTATTOOLENSBREATHCLOTHESCATHETERCOSMETICSTRANSCUTANEOUSSUBCUTANEOUSSPECTROSCOPIC