2

Karasani AuliaBambang PoernomoWilliam C. RichmondAri Haryanto WicaksonoP.T

Riau Minas

Paul BéguinDominique BenimeliIsabelle DubourgGilles RouaultPeter VanderWal

Clamart

Austin BoydRidgefield

Sherif Farag

Paolo Ferraris

Anne McDougall

Michael RosaDavid Sharbak

Elk Hills

TOTAL ABK Eric Bonnin David FoulonGregory Joffroy Bakersfield

Bob Davis Clamart Alison Goligher DonMcKeon Idaho Falls Idaho

Russ HertzogSugar Land Pam Rahmatdoost Duri

Lukas Utojo Wihardjo

AIT CBTCET CHFR

CPET ELANHRLA

Platform Express RSTSCALE BLASTER Spectrolith TDT

USITCRT Baker

Hughes

60

20 2050 [1]

60

12

32001

CHFR

Rt I V

K R t=KV/I CHFR

V I

1. Staff Report: Through-Staff casing Logging ToolsApproach Commercialization Gas Research InstituteGRID 1998 19-21

Blaskovich FT Historical Problems with Old FieldRejuvenation SPE 62518 20006 19-23 Long Beach

SPE/AAPG Western Regional Meeting SPE/AAPG

Rc

Rc

Rcem

Rt

RcemRt

4

mA/

m A

0. 5

0. 4

0. 3

0. 2

0. 1

00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

8

6

4

2

00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

m

R t = 1 ohm-mR t = 10 ohm-mR t = 100 ohm-m

R t = 1 ohm-mR t = 10 ohm-mR t = 100 ohm-m

60

20.6m

10m

Vo10 1100mV

10

> 3000m 9840 7 29lbm

1

3000m

52001

∆I∆R c

∆I

Rt

Rc

I

-

V 1

V 2

V 0

Rt

Rc

I

-

∆Rc

CHFR

CHFR

K

CHFRCHFR

K

CHFR

( V 1 - V2 5 -500 nV

( V 1,V 2 ) 20 -100 µV

( V0 ) 10 - 100 mV

0.5 - 3.0 A

20 - 100 µoh m

0.5 - 6.0 A

2 - 20 m A

0 - 3 A

( R c )

( I )

( )

( Id )

∆I

)

> CHFR

> CHFR AC

∆I

Vo V1 V2 Rc

> CHFR∆Rc

6

13 m

CHFR

oh

m-m

10 1

25201510 30 3550

CHFR

10 040 45 50

500 ft200 ft50 ft20 ft10 ft

J = 0. 5

DOI = 16.3 ft

R t = 10 ohm- mR xo = 1 ohm-mR sh = 100 ohm-m

CHFR

1 0.3m

5%

10

10-3 10-5

10-9

CHFR10-9 V

10-9 V

CHFRCHFR

43 13m 3 3/84 1/2

70

120

2CHFR

> CHFR> CHFR DOI

J=0.5Rt=10ohm-m Rxo=1ohm-m Rsh=100ohm-m CHFR 16 5mCHFR

72001

ohm

-m

10 0

10 0

10 0

10 2

10 1

10 2

10 1

10 2

10 1

9050 9100 9150 9200 9250 9300 9350 9400 9450 9500 9550

9050 9100 9150 9200 9250 9300 9350 9400 9450 9500 9550

9050 9100 9150 9200 9250 9300 9350 9400 9450 9500 9550

ft

CHFR

HRLA

HALS

R tR xoR CHFRR CHFR /C

R HRLA1R HRLA2R HRLA3R HRLA4R HRLA5

R HRL SR HRL DR HLL SR HLL D

ohm

-moh

m-m

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR 1006

3

CHFR

SCALE BLASTER[2]

CHFR

CHFR 0.25-10Hz 1Hz

5-15mm 0.2-0.6

CHFRCHFR

2

104

120 371500

457m12CHFR

DOI

CHFRDOI 7-37 2-11m

CHFR

HRLAHigh HALS

> CHFR HRLA HALS 9280-9500Rt=40 ohm.m Rxo=4 ohm.m 20

1.5 2.0 ohm.m 9080-9250Rt 1.5-3.0 ohm.m Rxo=10 ohm.m 20 CHFR

KCHFR RCHFR/C 3.5 ohm.m 0.75

2. Brondel D Edwards R Hayman A Hill D MehtaS Semerad T Corrosion in the Oil Industry

6 2 1994 4 4-18

Crabtree M Eslinger D Fletcher P Miller M JohnsonA King G Fighting Scale-Removal and Prevention

11 3 199930-45

8

CHFR

R m R xo R t

R m

R xo

R t

CHFR

CHFR

Rt/Rcem2

Rt/Rcem 1CHFR

Rt/Rcem 1

CHFR

CHFR1ohm-m

1-10ohm-m [3]

35%

4.57 9 5/8

0.75CHFR 1-100ohm-m

1-5 ohm-m10%

95% CHFR

CHFR

CB CET USI

VillejustCHFR 30

309

> CHFR CHFR

3. Klein JD Martin PR Miller AE Cement Resistivityand Implications for Measurement of FormationResistivity Through Casing SPE 26453

68 SPE1993 10 3-6

Klein JD Martin PR The Electrical Resistivity ofCement Final Report Gas Research Institute ReportGRI-94/0273 1994

92001

9450 9460 9470 9480 9490 9500 9510 952010 0

10 1

ft ft

ohm

-m

9450 9460 9470 9480 9490 9500 9510 952010 0

10 1

R t

0.75 in. R cem = 1 ohm-m1.5 in. R cem = 1 ohm-m3 in. R cem = 1 ohm-m0.75 in. R cem = 10 ohm-m1.5 in. R cem = 10 ohm-m3 in. R cem = 10 ohm-m

R t

0.75 in. R cem = 0.1 ohm-m1.5 in. R cem = 0.1 ohm-m3 in. R cem = 0.1 ohm- m

ohm

-m

CHFR

%

120

ohm- m

CHFR

-2 0

0

100

20

40

60

80

10 -1 10 1 10 210 0

R cem , ohm- m0. 11251020

Rt/R

CHFR

1. 6

R CHFR / R cem

( 7

0

1. 4

0. 6

0. 8

1. 0

1. 2

10 -2 10 1 10 210 0

0. 4

0. 2

10 -1

0.5 in .0.75 in .1.5 in .3 in .5 in .

> CHFR5 1/2 10000 3048m

>

7 0.75ohm-m1ohm-m CHFR

1.0ohm-m

> 7 CHFR

RCHFR/RCEM

10

1100

1125

1150

m

10 100µohm

20 100µohm

in . 0. 50

ohm- m

CHFR 1

CHFR 2

ohm- m

ohm- m

1

1

1

1000

1000

1000

USI

1

2

> CHFR USIVillejust CHFR 2

112001

1450

1500

Dept

h, m

CCL-1 9 1

API0 100

0 0 .0001

ohm- m

Platform Express

1 1000

ohm- m

CHFR

1 1000

m 3/m 30.45 -0.1 5

g/cm 31.95 2.95

ohm

CHFR

CHFR

Rohoel-Aufsuchungs AG RAG

7

4.5CHFR

CHFRCHFR

RAG

CHFR 1220-1250m

14

> CHFR 23

12

20 30 ConradMarcel

107 1010

10-200

60

[1]

1939 Alphin 1949Stewart

[2] 1972

Vail [3]

20 90

2 0 8 0ParaMagnetic Logging PML

[4] Alexander Kaufman

Vail [5]

GRI GTI [6]

1992 PML

[7]

7 100ohm.m

1994Rifle DOE MWX-2

[8] 1995GRI

[9]

TCRT [10]

Stewart WH: Electrical Logging Method and Apparatus2 459 196 1949 1 18

Fearon RE: Method and Apparatus for Electric Well Logging2 729 784 1956 1 3

Fearon RE: Method and Apparatus for Electric Well logging2 891 215 1959 6 16

Desbrandes and Mengez P Method and apparatus for Measuringthe Formation Electrical Resistivity in Wells having Metal Casing

72 41218 2 207 278 1972 11 20

Gard MF Kingman JEE and Klein JD:Method and Apparatus forMeasuring the electrical Resistivity of Geologic Formations ThroughMetal Drill Pipe or Casing 4 837 518 1989 66

Kaufman AA: Conductivity Determination in a Formation Having aCased Well 4 796 186 1989 1 3

Vail WB III:Methods and Apparatus For Measurement of The Resistivityof Geological Formations from Within Cased Boreholes

4 820 989 1989 4 11

Vail WB III: Methods and Apparatus for Measurement of ElectronicProperties of Geological Formations Through Borehole Casing

4 882 542 1989 11 21

Vail WB III:Methods and Apparatus for Measurement of Electronicproperties of Geological Formations through Borehole Casing

5 043 668 1991 8 27

Vail WB III: Measurement of In-Phase and Out-of-Phase Componentsof Low Frequency A.C. Magnetic Fields Within Cased Boreholes toMeasure Geological Properties of Geological Formations

5 065 100 1991 11 12

Vail WB II: Electronic Measurement Apparatus Movable in a CasedBorehole and Compensating for Casing Resistance Differences

5 075 626 1991 12 24

Vail WB III: Methods and Apparatus For Induction Logging in CasedBoreholes 5 075 626 1991 12 24

Gianzero SC Chemali RE Sinclair P and Su SM:Method andApparatus for Making Induction Measurements Through Casing

5 038 107 1991 8 6

2. Alpin LM: The method of the electric logging in the borehole with casing56 026 1939 11 30

Stewart 1

3. Desbrandes and Mengez 1

Mamedov NB: Performance Of Electrical Logging of The Cased Wellswith a Six-Electrode Sonde lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh ZavedeniyNeft I Gaz News of Higher Academic Institutions Oil and Gas

No.7 1987 11-15

4. Vail 1

5. Kaufman AA The Electrical Field in a Borehole with a Casing KaufmanAA Wightman WE: A Transmission-Line Model for Electrical LoggingThrough Casing

6. Schenkel CJ Morrison HF: Effects of Well Casing on Potential FieldMeasurements Using Downhole Current Sources Schenekel CJ: The

132001

CPET

20 80Ridgefield

SDR1992 Clamart

SRPC1995 SRPC

PML CHFR

19961998

[11] 100CHFR

CHFR2m 6.6

25cm 10CHFR

> CHFR

Electrical Resistivity Method in Cased Boreholes1991 LBL-31139

1991

Schenkel C and Morrison HF: Electrical Resistivity MeasurementThrough Metal Casing 59 no.10 1994 1072-1082

Klein 3

Klein Martin 3

Vail WB and Momii ST Proof of Feasibility of the Through CasingResistivity Technologym Final Report Gas Research Institute Report

GRI-96/033 1996

Zhang X Singer B and Shen LC: Quick Look Inversion of Through-Casing Resistivity Measurement Final Report Gas Research InstituteReport GRI-96/0001 1996

7. Vail WB Momii ST Woodhouse R Alberty Peveraro RCA and KleinJD Formation Resistivity Measurements Through Metal Casing1993 6 13-16 SPWLA34th Annual Logging Symposium 34

F

8. Vail WB Momii ST and Dewan JT Through Casing ResistivityMeasurements and Their Interpretation for Hydrocarbon Saturations

1995 10 22-25 SPESPE 30582

Vail WB Momii ST Haines H Gould JF Jr and Kennedy WD:Formation Resistivity Measurements Through Metal Casing at theMWX-2 well in Rifle Colorado 1995 6 26-29

SPWLA 36th Annual Logging Symposium 36OO

9. Tabarovsky LA Cram ME Tamarchenko TV Strack K-M and SingerBS: Through-Casing Resistivity (TCR)-Physics Resolution and 3-deffects 1994 6 19-22

SPWLA 35th Annual Logging Symposium 35TT

Singer BS Fanini O Strack K-M Tabarovsky LA and zhang X:Through-Casing Resistivity: 2-D and 3-D Distortions and CorrectionTechniques 1995 6 26-29 SPWLA 36th

Annual Logging Symposium 36PP

Singer BS Fanini O Strack K-M Tabarovsky LA and Zhang X:

Measurements of Formation Resistivity Through Steel Casing 199510 22-25 SPE

SPE 30628

Maurer H-M Fanini O and Strack K-M: GRI Pursues Goal ofCommercial Through-Casing Resistivity Measurements, Gas ResearchInstitute Gas Tips 2 no.2 1996 10-13

Singer BS and Strack K-M: New Aspects of Through-Casing ResistivityTheory 63 no. 1 1998 52-63

10. Maurer HM and Hunziker J: Early Results of Through-Casing ResistivityField Tests 41 no. 4 2000 309-314

11. Wu X and Habashy TM: Influence of the Steel Casings onElectromagnetic Signals 59 no.2 1994 378-390

Beguin P Benimeli D Boyd A Dubourg I Ferreira A McDougallA Rouault G and VanderWal P: Recent Progress on FormationResistivity Measurement Through Casing 2000 6 4-7

SPWLA 41th AnnualLogging Symposium 41

CC

14

1 1000ohm- m

CHFR

0 0.0001ohm

0 0.0001ohm

1200

1250

m

API0 100

1 1000ohm- m

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR 1100 10%

1 100

100

CHFR

> CHFR 2

152001

X400

X450

X500

X550

X600

Platform Express

ohm- m0.2 2000

in .6 16 ohm- m0.2 2000

Platform Express

API0 150

ohm- m0.2 2000

R xo

ohm- m0.2 2000

CHFR

140 40µsec/ft

ft3/ft3 00. 6

> CHFR 6001 16 41cm 2 CHFR

3

16

XX30

XX70

7

4 1/2 .

m

XX50

CHFR

0.1 ohm-m 100

ohm-m

ohm-m

ohm-m

0.1 100

0.1 100

0.1 100

CHFR

CHFRAPI

1500

µA/cm2

µohm/ m

µA/cm2

0

0.015

7

100

0.005

8

TOTAL ABK

CHFR

CHFR

41/2 7

CHFR

CHFR

XX45 XX700.2-0.3

CHFR

CHFR5

0.75

CHFR CHFR

CHFR

CHFR

4 1.2m

1 7-37

2-11m

20 30

CHFRTDT

RST

> CHFR1.5 3.0

2 4 1/2

172001

0 API 200

X750

X800

X850

X900

1.65 g/cm3 2.65

CHFR 0.2 ohm-m 200

ohm-m

ohm-m

ohm-m

0.2 200

0.2 200

0.2 200

X640

X630

X660

X670

X650

3 0

S w2 /S w1

mV-80 20

API0 200

ohm-m2 200

ohm-m2 200

CHFR ohm-m2 200

CHFR

CHFR

LWD

CHFR

CHFR

X725-X950

100%

CHFR

CHFR200 32 3

CHFR

12 3.5m

> X725-X950

CHFR

> CHFR X6562 X644 12

3.5m 2150BOPD 342m3/d

18

CHFR

(30 p.u.)

RtRt

CHFR Rt /Rcem

CHFR

Rt

CHFR 4 - 6 RST C/O SpectroLith

RST

CHFR 40 lbm/

RST C/O

C/O

C/O

CHFR

2150 BOPD342 m3/d

CHFR

> CHFR RST C/O

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR

192001

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft30.5 0

X0950

X1000

X1050

X1100

ft3/ft3

CHFR (1 )

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

CHFR (2 )

CHFR (1)

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

CHFR (3 )

CHFR (2 )

ft3/ft3

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR CHFR

CHFR

0.5 0

0.5 0 0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0 0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

CHFRRST

RST

[4]

CHFRRST

15

CHFRX0995-X1085

100m

CHFR

4. Adolph B Stoller C Brady J Flaum C Melcher CRoscoe B Vittachi A and Schnorr D SaturationMonitoring with the RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

6 1 1994 1 29-39

Albertin I Darling H Mahdavi M Plasek R CedenoI Hemingway J Richter P Markley M Olesen J-R Roscoe B and Zeng W The Many Facets of PulsedNeutron Cased-Hole Logging 8

2 1996 28-41

> CHFR 12 2 3

3 4 CHFR 100m 330

CHFRRST

20

X0950

X1000

X1050

X1100

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

RST (1)

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

RST (1)

RST (2)

RST (2)

RST (3)ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

RST 1

RST 1

RST 2

RST 2

RST 3

RST 1

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0 0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

RST CHFR RST

Sw=1/f (Rw/Rt)1/2

CHFR

(RCHFR/ ROH ) 1/2 =

SwOH/ SWCHFR RCHFR CHFR

ROHSwOH ROH Archie

SWCHFR RCHFR

CHFR

1K

NorthSlope 27

CHFR

X720-X740 X820-X955

HFRCHFR

RST

>

212001

X700

X750

X800

X850

X900

X950

API30

ohm

180

0 5x10 -5 ohm-m0. 2

CHF 200

ohm-m0.2 200

Archie S w 0 2

C/O

CHFR

0 5 10 15

C/O

C/O

C/O

C/O

C/O

C/OCHFR

C/O

CHFRCHFR

C/O CHFR

> North Slope CHFRX820-X955 X720-X740

>

C/OCHFR CHFR

14

22

#2

#3

API0 200

CHFR

ohm-m0.2 200

ohm-m0.2 200ft3/ft3

RST CHFR

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft30.5 0 ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ft3/ft3

ELAN

vol/vol1 0

r0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

0.5 0

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR C/O

CHFR

5. Akbra M Vissapragada B Alghamdi AH Allen DHerron M Carnegie A Dutta D Olesen J-RChourasiya RD Logan D Stief D Netherwood RRussell SD Sazena K A Snapshot of CarbonateReservoir Evaluation 124 2000/2001 20-41

C/O CHFR

[5]

C/O

12 30cm

CHFR

CHFR

CHFR

LWDCHFR

X850-X890 CHFR

50-100 15-30m LWD

> CHFR RST C/OCHFR

232001

X800

X900

-9 1

0 API 150

CHFR (9 28 )

CHFR (5 30 )

0.2 ohm-m 100

0.2 ohm-m 100

LWD0.2 ohm-m 100

X1000

X1050

X1100

0.2 ohm-m 100

0.2 ohm-m 100

0.2 ohm-m 100

CHFR (12 16 )

CHFR (10 20 )

CHFR (1 26 )

0.2 ohm-m 100

0 API 150

4 i n. 14

CHFR

6 8X0970-X1020

CHFR

X0970-X1020 CHFRCHFR

CHFR

BakerfieldElk Hills

121900 m3 1998 Elk

HillsOXY

OXY

25 CHFRBaker Atlas TCRT

> 2 4CHFR

LWD CHFRX850-890 CHFR

LWD

> 2 CHFRCHFR

CHFRCHFR X0970-X1020

CHFR CHFR

24

60005500

4000

4500

miles

km

3

5

0

0

Elk Hills,

ll

MBB MBB

1911 90020

40

C/O

CHFR0.3m

CHFR1000 300m

CHFR 1CHFR

12

> 31S B MBB Stevens

20

AIT ohm- m

10

1 10 201

70 135 200

CHFR

oh

m-m

, API

> Elk Hills CHFR

CHFR

252001

6800

6900

7000

7100

7200

7300

API

0.7 API 70 ohm-m

ohm-m2 20

2 20

CHFR

0.7 70

1978 31SB MBB Stevens

31S Elk Hi l lsStevens

26B MBB20

315A-34S1982 MBB

3 0 0 B W P D48m3/d CHFR

CHFR

CHFRCHFR

CHFR

C/O

1

CHFR 10

CHFR

60

CHFR

SP LS

> Elk Hills 315A-34S 1CHFR