Chapter 7: The Renaissance -...

Each chapter you will study in this unit describes important developments in history.

• Renaissance and Reformation thinkers and artists supported the individual.• Native Americans built a network of trade routes.• Explorers and mercantilism brought the world closer together.• People during the Enlightenment developed ideas about freedom and democracy.

Renaissanceand

Reformation

Renaissanceand

Reformation

Chapte rs 7 & 8

A.D. 500 A.D. 1350 A.D. 1400 A.D. 1450A.D. 500 A.D. 1350 A.D. 1400 A.D. 1450

Chap ter 9

The Age of

Exploration

The Age of

Exploration

Chapt er 10

The Age of

Enlightenment

The Age of

Enlightenment

Chap te r 11

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Early compass

c. A.D. 1350Renaissancebegins inItaly

NicolausCopernicus

Aztec home life

Gutenberg Bible

A Changing World

c. A.D. 1440Johannes Gutenberg usesmovable type inprinting press

TheAmericas

TheAmericas

c. A.D. 500Mayan citiesflourish inMesoamerica

A.D. 1325Aztec buildTenochtitlán

c. A.D. 1400Aztec Empirereaches itsheight

c. A.D. 1438Pachacutibegins tobuild the IncaEmpire

A.D. 1406Ptolemy’sGeography isdiscovered byEuropeans

A.D. 1420Portugal beginsmappingAfrica’s coast

1473 Copernicusis born

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Chapter10

Chapter10

A.D. 1508Michelangelopaints SistineChapel ceiling

A.D. 1517Martin Lutherwrites Ninety-Five Theses

A.D. 1594Shakespearepublishesfirst play

Spanish armor

A.D. 1600Spain reaches heightof colonial power

A.D. 1648Thirty Years’War ends

Chapters 7, 8, 11

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

A.D. 1533Pizarroconquersthe Inca

A.D. 1518First enslavedAfricans broughtto Americas

A.D. 1588England defeatsthe SpanishArmada

A.D. 1609Henry Hudsonexplores north-east shore ofNorth America

A.D. 1543Copernicuspresents a newview of theuniverse

A.D. 1632Galileo publisheshis ideas onastronomy

A.D. 1690John Lockedevelops theoryof government

William Shakespeare

Galileo’s telescope

A.D. 1521Cortés defeatsthe Aztec

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Ruled A.D. 1438–1471Inca ruler

Chapter 9, page 463

A.D. 1452–1519Italian artist and scientist

Chapter 7, page 396

A.D. 1483–1546German Protestant

leaderChapter 8, page 427

A.D. 1485–1547Spanish conqueror

Chapter 9, page 475

2 Wittenberg

See The ReformationChapter 8

Pacific Ocean

AtlanticOcean

1 Sistine Chapel

See The RenaissanceChapter 7

NORTH AMERICANORTH

AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA

3

566–567 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Jeremy Horner/Getty Images, (c)David Hiser/Getty Images, (bl)The Art Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier, (bcl)TimothyMcCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)SuperStock, (br)The Art Archive/National History Museum Mexico City/Dagli Orti

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A.D. 1519–1589French queen

Chapter 8, page 438

Ruled A.D. 1558–1603English queen

Chapter 10, page 496

A.D. 1632–1704English political

thinkerChapter 11, page 527

A.D. 1642–1727English

mathematicianChapter 11, page 521

Machu Picchu3

See The AmericasChapter 9

Versailles5

See The Age of Enlight-enment Chapter 11

IndianOcean

AFRICAAFRICA

EUROPEEUROPEASIAASIA

2

5

41

4 Portuguese lighthouse

See The Age ofExploration Chapter 10

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The Duomo, or Cathedralof Santa Maria del Fiore,in Florence, Italy

The

1300 1400 1500 16001300 1400 1500 1600

1594Shakespearepublishes first play

1512Michelangelofinishes SistineChapel ceiling

c. 1455Gutenberg usesprinting press toprint the Bible

c. 1350Renaissancebegins in Italy

Renaissance

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Chapter Overview Visitca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 7.

The Renaissance BeginsExploration and trade spread ideas and goods. The Italian city-states

grew wealthy through trade. This wealth led to new values andnew art.

New Ideas and LiteratureStudying the past helps to understand the present. Renaissance

thinkers looked to the ancient Greeks and Romans to develop anew way of understanding the world. Renaissance thinkinginfluenced many aspects of society, including art and literature,and is still important today.

Renaissance ArtThe interaction of different societies brings about the development of

new ideas, art, and technology. The Italian artists developedRenaissance ideas of art and architecture and spread their ideas tonorthern Europe.

View the Chapter 7 video in the Glencoe Video Program.

Categorizing Information Make the following foldable to organize informationabout the ideas and creative works of the Renaissance.

Reading and WritingAs you read, use yourfoldable to write downimportant concepts andevents that occurredduring the Renaissance.Write facts on eachappropriate tab.

Step 1 Collect two sheetsof paper and place themabout one inch apart.

Keep theedges

straight.

The Renaissance

The Renaissance Begins

New Ideas and Literature

Renaissance Art

Staple along the

fold.

This makes allthe tabs thesame size.

Step 2 Fold the bottom edgesof the paper to form four tabs.

Step 3 When all the tabs are thesame size, crease the paper to holdthe tabs in place and staple the sheetstogether. Turn the paper and labeleach tab as shown.

381

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As you read, turn head-

ings into questions.

382

Asking questions helps you to understand what you read. Asyou read, think about the questions you would like answered.Often you can find the answer in the next paragraph or section.Learn to ask good questions by asking who, what, when, where, why,and how about the main ideas, people, places, and events. Read thepassage below and the highlighted questions.

Questioning

In some ways the Renaissance was arebirth of interest in the same subjects theGreeks and Romans had studied. After thehorrible years of the Black Death,Europeans began looking to the past whentimes seemed better. They wanted to learnhow to make their own society better.

— from page 385

How did Europeansthink they couldimprove society?

What subjects hadthe Greeks andRomans studiedthat became ofinterest again?

What wasthe BlackDeath, andhow long didit last? Whatdo youalready knowabout it?

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Read the paragraph below about Renaissance art, and then read the directions that follow.

Write a What Ifparagraph based onwhat you read in thischapter. For example,what if the Renaissancehad not spread outsideof Italy? Yourparagraph shouldanswer your What Ifquestion.

Read to Write

During the Renaissance, wealthyItalian families and church leaderspaid artists to create paintings,sculptures, and buildings for displaythroughout their cities. The popehimself funded many works of art todecorate the Vatican. Renaissanceartists followed the models of theancient Romans and Greeks butexpressed humanist ideas.

— from page 409

Practice using the question words: who, what, where, when,why, and how. Make a chart like the one below. Using eachquestion word in the first column, ask a question about theparagraph above. Then reread the section to find the answers.

383

Question AnswerWho

What

Where

When

Why

How

Read the text in Section 2 aboutRenaissance humanism. Write fourquestions about the passage. Shareyour questions with another studentand discuss possible answers.

Painting by Jan van Eyck

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HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH7.8 Studentsanalyze the origins,accomplishments, andgeographic diffusion ofthe Renaissance.

Looking Back, Looking AheadPreviously, you learned about life

in medieval Europe. In this section,you will learn why Europeansbecame interested in art and learningas they left the Middle Ages behind.

Focusing on the • The wealthy urban society of the

Italian city-states brought a rebirth oflearning and art to Europe. (page 385)

• Italy’s location helped its city-statesgrow wealthy from trade and banking,but many of the cities fell under thecontrol of strong rulers. (page 387)

• Unlike medieval nobles, the nobles ofthe Italian city-states lived in citiesand were active in trade, banking,and public life. (page 390)

Locating PlacesFlorence (FLAWR•uhns)Venice (VEH•nuhs)

Meeting PeopleMarco Polo (MAHR•koh POH• loh)Medici (MEH•duh•chee)Niccolò Machiavelli (NEE•koh•LOH

MA•kee•uh•VEH• lee)

Content VocabularyRenaissance (REH•nuh•SAHNS)secular (SEH•kyuh• luhr)doge (DOHJ)diplomacy (duh•PLOH•muh•see)

Academic Vocabularynetwork (NEHT•WUHRK)publish (PUH•blihsh)expert (EHK•SPUHRT)

Reading StrategySummarizing Information Completea chart like the one below showing thereasons Italian city-states grew wealthy.

c. 1350Renaissancebegins in Italy

1434Medici family beginsrule of Florence

1513Machiavelli writesThe PrinceRome

Florence

Genoa Venice1350 1450 15501350 1450 1550

384 CHAPTER 7 • The Renaissance

The Renaissance Begins

Wealth Grows in City-States

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WH7.8.2 Explain the importance of Florence in the early stages of the Renaissance and the growth of independent trading cities (e.g., Venice), with emphasis on the cities’ importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas.

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The Italian RenaissanceThe wealthy urban society of the

Italian city-states brought a rebirth of learning andart to Europe.

Reading Connection Hollywood makes many of the

world’s movies. Why is it the center of the movie indus-

try? Read to learn why the city-states of Italy became

the center of art during the Renaissance.

Renaissance (REH • nuh • SAHNS) means“rebirth.” The years from about 1350 to1550 in European history are called theRenaissance because there was a rebirth ofinterest in art and learning.

In some ways the Renaissance was arebirth of interest in the same subjects the

Greeks and Romans had studied. After thehorrible years of the Black Death, Europeansbegan looking to the past when timesseemed better. They wanted to learn how tomake their own society better.

During the Renaissance, Europeans alsobegan to stress the significance of the indi-vidual. They began to believe that peoplecould make an impact and change theworld for the better.

People were still very religious duringthe Renaissance, but they also began to cel-ebrate human achievements. Peoplebecame more secular (SEH •kyuh • luhr). Thismeans they were more interested in thisworld than in religion and getting toheaven.

Italy c. 1500

FerraraFlorenceGenoaLuccaMantuaMilanModenaTwo SiciliesPapal StatesSienaVenice

KEY

1. Location In which territory wasRome located?

2. Human/EnvironmentInteraction Why do you thinkthe city-state of Venice spreadout along the coastline?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?First of all, Italy had been the center of theRoman Empire. Ruins and art surroundedthe Italians and reminded them of theirpast. It was only natural that they becameinterested in Greek and Roman art andtried to make their own art as good.

Another reason the Renaissance beganin Italy was because by the 1300s, Italy’scities had become very wealthy. Thisenabled them to pay painters, sculptors,architects, and other artists to producenew works.

A third reason was because the regionwas still divided into many small city-states.Florence (FLAWR • uhns), Venice (VEH • nuhs),Genoa, Milan, and Rome were some of themost important cities of the Renaissance.

The Italian city-states competed witheach other. This helped bring about the

Renaissance. Wealthy nobles and mer-chants wanted artists to produce works thatincreased the fame of their cities.

In most of Europe, the vast majority ofpeople lived in the country, including theknights and nobles who owned estates. InItaly’s city-states, the population wasbecoming more urban. That means morepeople were living in the city, rather than inthe country. So many people living togetherin a city meant more customers for artistsand more money for art.

The large number of people living incities also led to more discussion and shar-ing of ideas about art. Just as the city-statesof ancient Greece had produced many greatworks of art and literature, so too did urbansociety in Italy.

Explain Why did theRenaissance start in Italy?

The cathedral’s dome measures

140 feet (42.7 m) across. New techniques

allowed the tall, massive dome to be built without

the supports used in earlier Gothic

cathedrals.

The large, round windows in the

base of the dome, called the drum, allow in plenty of light.

Florence, Italy, was one of the centers of the Renaissance. TheFlorence Cathedral, better known as the Duomo, became asymbol of the city, as well as one of the finest examples ofRenaissance architecture and engineering. What were otherimportant Italian Renaissance cities?

Florence CathedralFlorence CathedralThe FlorenceCathedral today

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WH7.8.2 Explain the importance of Florence in the early stages of the Renaissance and the growth of independent trading cities (e.g., Venice), with emphasis on the cities’ importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas.

WH7.8.3 Understand the effects of the reopening of the ancient “Silk Road” between Europe and China, including Marco Polo’s travels and the location of his routes.

CHAPTER 7 • The Renaissance 387

The Rise of Italy’s City-StatesItaly’s location helped its city-states

grow wealthy from trade and banking, but many ofthe cities fell under the control of strong rulers.

Reading Connection Do you have a bank account?

What are banks for? Read to learn how banking helped

to make the Italian city-states wealthy and powerful.

During the Middle Ages, no ruler wasable to unite Italy into a single kingdom.There were several reasons for this. First ofall, the Roman Catholic Church did every-thing it could to stop the rise of a powerfulkingdom in Italy. Church leaders wereafraid that if a strong ruler united Italy, thatsame ruler would be able to control thepope and the Church.

At the same time, the city-states thatdeveloped in Italy were about equal instrength. They fought many wars and oftencaptured territory from each other, but nostate was able to defeat all the others.

Probably the most important reason thecity-states stayed independent was becausethey became very wealthy. With their greatwealth, they could build large fleetsand hire people to fight in theirarmies. A person who fights in anarmy for money is called a mercenary.The city-states also loaned money tothe kings of Europe. The kings left thecity-states alone so they could borrowmore money in the future.

Italy’s City-States Grow WealthyThe Italian city-states obtained theirwealth through trade. The geographyof the long Italian peninsula meantthat most of the city-states had acoastline and ports where merchantships could dock. They also had aprime location on the MediterraneanSea. Spain and France lay to the west,

and the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires layto the east. North Africa was only a short tripto the south.

From the Byzantines, Turks, and Arabs,the Italians bought Chinese silk and Indianspices and sold them to people in WesternEurope for very high prices. At the sametime, from the Spanish, French, Dutch, andEnglish, they bought goods such as wool,wine, and glass that they could sell in theMiddle East. The Italian cities also hadmany skilled artisans, who could take rawmaterials the merchants bought and makegoods that could be sold for high prices.

Geography was not the only reason forthe success of the Italians. Several eventsled to trade becoming even more importantin the city-states. First, the Crusades broughtItalian merchants into contact with Arabmerchants. Second, the rise of the MongolEmpire united almost all of Asia into onevast trade network.

The Mongols encouraged trade and pro-tected the Silk Road from China to theMiddle East. This made it cheaper and easierfor caravans to transport goods from China

This painting shows a wealthy Italian family during theRenaissance. How did competition between the city-states lead to great works of art?

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and India to Muslim and Byzantine cities. Asmore and more silk and spices were trans-ferred from Asia, the price of these goodsfell. More Europeans could afford the luxu-ries, and demand for the items greatlyincreased. In turn, business for Italian mer-chants continued to grow.

Who Was Marco Polo? Europeans were fas-cinated with Asia and its goods after readinga book written by Marco Polo (MAHR • kohPOH• loh), a merchant from the city of Venice.In the 1270s, Marco Polo accompanied hisfather and uncle on an amazing journey toChina. They set off to meet Kublai Khan, theruler of the Mongol Empire.

When the Polo family finally made it tothe khan’s court, the great emperor wasimpressed with Marco Polo. He sent MarcoPolo on business all over China. MarcoPolo asked many questions and learnedmore about Asia than any other European.

When he returned to Europe, he publisheda book about his travels. His stories helpedincrease interest in China and made manypeople want to buy China’s goods.

The Wealth of Florence No city wasmore famous in the Renaissance thanFlorence. It was the first to grow wealthy,and it produced many famous artists. It sat on the banks of the Arno River sur-rounded by beautiful hills. It was walledand had many tall towers for defense. Itspeople were known for their love of elegantclothing.

At first, Florence’s wealth came fromtrading cloth, especially wool. The city’smerchants sailed to England to get sheep’swool. Artisans in Florence then wove it intofine fabrics. Florentines also found anotherway to make money—banking.

With goods pouring into Italy fromaround the world, merchants needed to

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The Journeys of Marco Polo 1271–1295

Voyage of Nicolo and Maffeo PoloMarco Polo’s journey to ChinaMarco Polo in ChinaMarco Polo’s journey home

KEY

1. Location What cities in China didMarco Polo travel to?

2. Movement What types oftransportation might Marco Polohave used on his journeys to andfrom China?

Scala/Art Resource, NY

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know the value of coins from differentcountries. Florentine bankers became theexperts. They used the florin, the gold coinof Florence, to measure the value of othermoney. Bankers also began lending moneyand charging interest. Florence’s richestfamily, the Medici (MEH • duh • chee), werebankers. They had branch banks as faraway as London.

The Rise of Venice The wealthiest city-state of all was Venice, where Marco Polowas born. Venice is at the northern end ofthe Adriatic Sea. The Venetians were greatsailors and shipbuilders. They built theircity on many small, swampy islands just offthe coast. Early Venetians learned how todrive long wooden poles into mud to sup-port their buildings.

Instead of paving roads, the Venetianscut canals through their swampy islandsand used boats to move about. Even today,many of the streets in the older parts of Venice are canals and waterways.Gondolas—a type of long, narrow boat—still carry people along these canals.

Some of Venice’s wealth came frombuilding ships. Artisans worked on ships ata shipyard known as the Arsenal. Teams of workers cut the wood, shaped it intohulls, caulked (or sealed) the wood, andmade sails and oars. Sometimes Venetiansneeded ships quickly. When the Turks triedto take a Venetian colony in theMediterranean, the Arsenal built 100 shipsin only two months to prepare for battle.

Describe How did Florenceand the Medici family become so wealthy?

The Ducal Palace today

This painting from Renaissance Italy shows the busy pier and the DucalPalace in Venice. What industry provided some of Venice’s wealth?

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WH7.8.2 Explain the importance of Florence in the early stages of the Renaissance and the growth of independent trading cities (e.g.,Venice), with emphasis on the cities’ importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas.


The PrinceIn Machiavelli’s masterpiece, he explains histheories about human nature.“You should consider then, that there are two ways of fighting, one with laws and the other with force. The firstis properly a humanmethod, the secondbelongs to beasts.But as the firstmethod does notalways suffice [meetyour needs], yousometimes have toturn to the second.Thus a prince mustknow how to makegood use of boththe beast and theman.”

—Niccolò Machiavelli,The Prince

Why must a good leader know more thanone way to fight?

NiccolòMachiavelli

The Urban NobleUnlike medieval nobles, the nobles of

the Italian city-states lived in cities and were activein trade, banking, and public life.

Reading Connection How does our society measure

wealth? Before the Renaissance, wealth was based on

the amount of land a person owned. Read to learn how

that changed during the Renaissance.

The wealthy men of the Italian city-states were a new type of leader—the urbannoble. Before this time, European nobles gottheir wealth from land, not trade. In fact,

they looked down on trade and believedthemselves to be above the town merchants.

In the Italian city-states, old noble fami-lies moved to the cities. They mixed withwealthy merchants and decided that moneyfrom trade was just as good as money fromland.

Meanwhile, wealthy merchants copiedthe manners and lifestyle of noble families.Soon, the sons and daughters of nobles andrich merchants were marrying each other.Eventually, the old nobles and wealthymerchant families blended together tobecome the upper class of the city-states.

How Were Italian City-States Run? Atfirst, many of the city-states were republics.A republic is a government controlled by itscitizens. Not everyone was a citizen, how-ever, only the artisans and merchants whohad membership in the city’s guilds.

From your study of the ancient Romans,you might recall that when their cities facedwar or rebellion, they gave power to a dic-tator. The Italian city-states did somethingsimilar. In many cases, the cities were ruledby one powerful man who ran the govern-ment.

In Venice, the head of state was theduke, or doge (DOHJ). At first, the dogehad great power over his council of nobles.Later, he lost power to a small group ofnobles.

In Florence, the powerful Medici familygained control of the government in 1434.The Medici ran Florence for many decades.Lorenzo de’ Medici ruled the city from 1469to 1492. Known as “the Magnificent,”Lorenzo used his wealth to support artists,architects, and writers. Many of Italy’sRenaissance artists owed their success tohis support.

Politics in Italy was complicated. Withineach city, the rulers had to keep the poor from

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Reading SummaryReview the • A rebirth of learning called the

Renaissance began in wealthyItalian city-states in the 1300s.

• Italian city-states, includingFlorence and Venice, grewwealthy through trade,manufacturing, and banking.

• In the Italian city-states, a noble’swealth was based on trade, ratherthan the amount of land owned.

1. Why is the era from 1350 to1550 in Europe called theRenaissance?

2. Why did the Renaissance beginin Italy?

Critical Thinking3. Organizing Information Draw

a diagram like the one below.Add details about the character-istics of the Italian Renaissance.

4. How did Italiancity-states gain their wealth?How did it affect society in thecity-states?

5. Summarize Describe the gov-ernments of the RenaissanceItalian city-states.

6. Persuasive Writing Write a letter to a Renaissance news-paper telling why you agree ordisagree with Machiavelli’sideas.

7. QuestioningWrite three questions abouttopics in the section. Reread thesection, answering the questionsas you go. CA HR1.

CA HR4.CA 7WA2.4

CA 7WA2.5

CA HI6.

CA 7RC2.0

What Did You Learn?


rebelling and prevent other wealthy peoplefrom seizing power. They had to make dealswith merchants, bankers, landlords, churchleaders, and mercenaries. At the same time,they had to deal with the leaders of the othercity-states.

To deal with the other states aroundthem, the Italians developed diplomacy(duh •PLOH •muh • see). Diplomacy is the artof negotiating, or making deals, with othercountries. Each city-state sent ambassadorsto live in the other city-states and act as rep-resentatives for their city. Many of the ideasof modern diplomacy first began in Italy.

How could a ruler guarantee that hewould stay in power? Niccolò Machiavelli(NEE•koh•LOH MA•kee•uh•VEH• lee), a diplo-mat in Florence, tried to answer this ques-tion when he wrote The Prince in 1513.Machiavelli claimed that people weregreedy and self-centered. Rulers should not

try to be good, he argued. Rather, theyshould do whatever is necessary to keeppower and protect their city, including killingand lying. Today when we say someone isbeing Machiavellian, we mean they are beingtricky and not thinking about being good.

Compare How weremedieval and Renaissance nobles different?

Italian Renaissance

This palace served as a government building in Rome for hundreds of years. What form ofgovernment did many of the city-states have atfirst?

Study Central Need help with the rise ofItalian city-states? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com andclick on Study Central.

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392

The Value of City-States

During the Renaissance, Italy was

divided into more than 20 city-states.

Some people think that the city-state form

of government was a good idea. The lead-

ers and wealthy nobles of the city-states

encouraged the arts and sciences. This pro-

duced masterpieces by Michelangelo,

Raphael, Leonardo, and others. Would

this rebirth of arts and sciences have

happened if Italy’s independent city-

states had not existed?

Other people, such as Girolamo

Savonarola, were against the city-state

form of government. After the fall of

the Medici family in Florence,

Savonarola spoke out in favor of a new

type of leadership:

“I tell you that you must select a good

form for your new government, and above

all no one must think of making himself

head if you wish to live in liberty.”

—Girolamo Savonarola,

“This Will Be Your Final Destruction”

Examine the advantages and disad-

vantages of the city-state form of gov-

ernment. Then decide whether you

think this type of government is gen-

erally good or bad.

Advantages:

• Because of their independent

governments, each territory on

the Italian peninsula was able to

have its own culture.

• Some city-states were led by

wealthy families, but most were

led by a single leader. Almost

all supported cultural and sci-

entific advancement. The com-

petition among city-states also

encouraged the development

of art and science.

• City-state rulers helped pre-

serve the values and teach-

ings of the ancient Greeks

and Romans. They gave

their own artists, architects,

scholars, and writers oppor-

tunities to study classical

works and interpret them

in their own ways.392

A detail from the ceiling of the SistineChapel painted by Michelangelo

WH7.8.2 Explain theimportance of Florence inthe early stages of theRenaissance and the growthof independent trading cities(e.g., Venice), with emphasison the cities’ importance inthe spread of Renaissanceideas.

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393

Checking for Understanding1. Do you think that the art of the

Renaissance would have been cre-ated if Italy had not been dividedinto individual city-states? Why orwhy not?

2. Do you think Italian artists hadmore artistic freedom under thisform of government? Why orwhy not?

3. Would you have enjoyed livingduring the Renaissance? Wouldyou have wanted to be a ruler,noble, artist, or commoner? Writea story from the viewpoint ofsomeone living during theRenaissance. CA 7WA2.1

CA HI2.

CA HI3.

393

Renaissance nobles

Disadvantages:

• Many city-states were led by one

man. The common people were

often mistreated until they revolted

and threw out their leaders. This

happened to Florence’s Medici

family in 1527.

• The divided city-states were weaker

than a united Italy would have been,

so they were often invaded by

foreign groups.

• Smaller territories did not always

have enough soldiers to defend their

cities and land. They hired mercenar-

ies—generals and armies from outside

their city—to help them fight. Some-

times mercenaries took over the city-

states that had hired them.

• Because many Italians were poor,

there were noticeable class differ-

ences in the city-states. These

differences often led to bloody con-

flicts between the social classes.

• Wealthy families often battled each

other for control of the city-states.

• Some city-state rulers became even

wealthier by overseeing banking and

trade. These leaders lived in luxury,

while many citizens were very poor.

• Many citizens liked their city-state

and wanted to help it. This encouraged

patriotism.

• Some rulers were generous to the citi-

zens of their city-states. For example,

Duke Federigo da Montefeltro

(1422–1482), a popular ruler in Urbino,

built schools, hospitals, churches, and a

library with his own money. He was

known for talking to the commoners

and helping the poor.

• The city-states helped bring an end

to feudalism by making merchants,

as well as landowners, wealthy and by

ending the relationship between lords

and vassals.

Arc

hivo

Ico

nogr

afic

o, S

.A./C

OR

BIS

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c. 1307Dante beginswriting DivineComedy

1455Johannes Gutenberguses printing pressto print the Bible

1594Shakespearepublishesfirst play

1300 1450 16001300 1450 1600



Looking Back, Looking AheadIn Section 1, you learned about

the growth of Italian city-states. Inthis section, you will learn how thewealth of the city-states led to anew way of understanding the world,called humanism.

Focusing on the • Humanists studied the Greeks and

Romans, which greatly affected howthey thought. (page 395)

• During the Renaissance, people beganto write poetry, plays, and novels intheir own language, and thedevelopment of the printing presshelped spread their works. (page 397)

Meeting PeopleLeonardo da Vinci (LEE•uh•NAHR•

doh duh VIHN•chee)Dante Alighieri (DAHN•tay A•luh•

GYEHR•ee)Johannes Gutenberg (yoh•HAHN•

uhs GOO•tuhn•BUHRG)William Shakespeare (SHAYK•SPIHR)

Locating PlacesCanterbury (KAN•tuhr•BEHR•ee)

Content Vocabularyhumanism (HYOO•muh•NIH•

zuhm)vernacular (vuhr•NA•kyuh•luhr)

Academic Vocabularydebate (dih•BAYT)credit (KREH•diht)

Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create achart listing people who contributed toRenaissance literature.

Contributor Role in RenaissanceLiterature

New Ideasand Literature

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WH7.8.1 Describe the way in which the revival of classical learning and the arts fostered a new interest in humanism (i.e., a balancebetween intellect and religious faith). WH7.8.5 Detail advances made in literature, the arts, science, mathematics, cartography,engineering, and the understanding of human anatomy and astronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo diBuonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg, William Shakespeare).

Renaissance HumanismHumanists studied the Greeks and

Romans, which greatly affected how they thought.

Reading Connection Have you ever tried to draw a

copy of a painting you like? Is it harder to copy what

other people have done or to come up with new ideas

for your own pictures? Read to learn how Renaissance

artists borrowed ideas from the past but also tried to be

original.

In the 1300s, a new way of understand-ing the world developed in medievalEurope. This new approach was calledhumanism (HYOO • muh • NIH • zuhm). It wasbased on the values of the ancient Greeksand Romans. Humanists believed that theindividual and human society were impor-tant. Humanists did not abandon religiousfaith, but they emphasized a balancebetween faith and reason. Their new ideasencouraged men to be active in their citiesand achieve great things.

Ancient Works Become Popular In the1300s, Italians began to study early Romanand Greek works. For most of theMiddle Ages, Western Europeansknew little about ancient Greek andRoman writings. When they went onthe Crusades, however, they openedtrade with the Middle East and beganto get information from the Arabs.Arab scholars knew classic Greek and

Roman works very well. In addition, whenthe Turks conquered Constantinople in1453, many Byzantine scholars left andmoved to Venice or Florence.

One famous scholar of the ancientworks was Francesco Petrarch (PEH •TRAHRK). Petrarch was a poet and scholarwho lived in the 1300s. He studied Romanwriters like Cicero and wrote biographiesof famous Romans.

Petrarch encouraged Europeans tosearch for Latin manuscripts in monaster-ies all over Europe. In time, his efforts paidoff and new libraries were built to keep thedocuments. The largest was the VaticanLibrary in Rome.

Italians studied more than ancientbooks. They studied the old buildings andstatues all around them. All over Rome,one could see workers in the process ofcleaning broken columns and statues.Italian artists eagerly studied the propor-tions of the ancient works. If they knewhow long a statue’s arms were comparedto its height, they would be able to under-stand why it looked so perfect.

Ancient Greek manuscripton Archimedes

395

Francesco Petrarch hasbeen called the fatherof Italian Renaissancehumanism. How didPetrarch contribute to the preservation ofRoman knowledge?

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LEONARDO DA VINCI1452–1519Leonardo was born in Vinci, Italy, to a peasant woman

named Caterina. Shortly after Leonardo’s birth, she left the boy in the care of his father. By the time Leonardo was 15 years old, his father knew his son had artistic talent.He arranged for Leonardo to become an apprentice to the famous painter Andrea del Verrocchio.

By 1472, Leonardo had become a master in the painters’guild of Florence. He worked in Florence until 1481, and then he went to the city of Milan. There he kept a large workshop and employed many apprentices. During this time,Leonardo began keeping small pads of paper tucked in his belt for sketching. Later he organized the drawings by theme and assembled the pages into notebooks.

Seventeen years later, Leonardo returned to Florence,where he was welcomed with great honor. During this time,Leonardo painted some of his masterpieces. He also madescientific studies, including dissections, observations of theflight of birds, and research on the movement of watercurrents.

In 1516 Leonardo acceptedan invitation to live in France.The king admired Leonardo andgave him freedom to pursue hisinterests. During the last threeyears of his life, Leonardo livedin a small house near the king’s summer palace. He spent most of his time sketching and working on his scientific studies.

Leonardo’s curiosity fueled his creativity andinterest in science. What invention created inthe last 100 years do you think would impressLeonardo the most? Why?

WH7.8.5 Detail advances made inliterature, the arts, science, mathematics,cartography, engineering, and theunderstanding of human anatomy andastronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri,Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo diBuonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg,William Shakespeare).

The Mona Lisa byLeonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci

“Nothing can be loved orhated unless it is firstknown.”

—Leonardo da Vinci

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WH7.8.4 Describe the growth and effects of new ways of disseminating information (e.g., the ability to manufacture paper,translation of the Bible into the vernacular, printing). WH7.8.5 Detail advances made in literature, the arts, science, mathematics,cartography, engineering, and the understanding of human anatomy and astronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg, William Shakespeare).


How Did Humanism Affect Society?Humanist scholars studied the Greeks andRomans to increase their knowledge ofmany different topics. They were curiousabout everything, including plants andanimals, human anatomy and medicine,and the stars and planets.

Their study of mathematics helpedthem in many subjects. For instance,advances in engineering and better use ofmathematics allowed the artist FilippoBrunelleschi to build the dome of theFlorence cathedral in the 1430s. Later, afterArab traders brought gunpowder toEurope from China, European engineersused it to develop new kinds of weapons.

One of the best Renaissance scientistswas also a great artist, Leonardo da Vinci(LEE•uh•NAHR•doh duh VIHN•chee). Leonardodissected corpses to learn anatomy andstudied fossils to understand the world’shistory. He was also an inventor and anengineer.

Most of what we know about Leonardocomes from his notebooks. Leonardo filledtheir pages with sketches of his scientificand artistic ideas. Centuries before the air-plane was invented, Leonardo drewsketches of a glider, a helicopter, and a para-chute. Other sketches show a version of amilitary tank and a scuba diving suit.

Humanist ideas also led to advances incartography, or the art of making maps, andin science. By studying the ideas of theancient Greek geographers, such asPtolemy, and the Arab geographer, al-Idrisi,Europeans began producing better mapsand charts. This allowed them to trade bet-ter and to explore new areas of the world.

Explain How didRenaissance thinkers view ancient writings?

Changes in LiteratureDuring the Renaissance, people began

to write poetry, plays, and novels in their own lan-guage, and the development of the printing presshelped spread their works.

Reading Connection Have you ever seen a book in a

foreign language? Could you understand it? Read to

find out how Renaissance writers began to write in their

own language to help spread their works.

During the Renaissance, educated peo-ple wrote in “pure” Latin, the Latin used inancient Rome. Petrarch thought classicalLatin was the best way to write, but when

A helicopter-likeflying machine

A multibarreledartillery piece

Cross sectionof a palace withsubways forcarriages

Leonardo’s InventionsLeonardo’s Inventions

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he wanted to write poems to the woman heloved, he wrote in the vernacular (vuhr•NA•kyuh • luhr). The vernacular is the everydaylanguage people speak in a region—Italian,French, or German, for example. Whenauthors began writing in the vernacular,many more people could read their work.

In the early 1300s, Dante Alighieri(DAHN • tay A • luh •GYEHR •ee), a poet ofFlorence, wrote one of the world’s greatestpoems in the vernacular. It is called TheDivine Comedy. As a young man, Dante wasinvolved in politics, but when noble familiesbegan fighting over power, he had to leaveFlorence. That was when he wrote his longpoem—more than 14,000 lines. The DivineComedy tells the gripping tale of the maincharacter’s journey from hell to heaven.

Another important writer who used thevernacular was Chaucer. Chaucer wrote in English. In his famous book, TheCanterbury Tales, he describes 29 pilgrimstraveling to the city of Canterbury (KAN •tuhr•BEHR•ee). The book describes the levelsof English society, from the nobles at the topto the poor at the bottom. The EnglishChaucer used in his writing is the ancestorof the English we speak today.

The Printing Press Spreads Ideas Theprinting press was a key to the spread ofhumanist ideas throughout Europe. In theearly 1450s, Johannes Gutenberg (yoh •HAHN •uhs GOO • tuhn • BUHRG) developed aprinting press that used movable metaltype. This type of printing press made itpossible to print many books much morequickly. With more books available, morepeople learned to read. Scholars could readone another’s works and debate their ideasin letters. Ideas grew and spread morequickly than ever before in Europe.

The Chinese had already invented mov-able type, but it did not work well with theirlarge alphabet of characters. For Europeans,the printing press was a big improvement. Itwas easy to use with linen paper, anotherChinese invention.

Gutenberg’s Bible, printed in the 1450s,was the first European book produced on thenew press. Soon books flooded Europe.


Movable Type c. 1450

Johannes Gutenberg, a Germangoldsmith, built a printing pressmodeled after a winepress. Once thepress was completed, Gutenberg spenttwo years printing his first book. Foreach page, he set metal letters in aframe, rolled ink over the frame, andpressed the frame against paper.Around 1455, he completed printingwhat is now known as the GutenbergBible, or the 42 Line Bible. This wasthe first book printed using movablemetal type, sparking a revolution inpublishing and reading.

Gutenberg Bible

The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY

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Approximately 40,000 books were publishedby 1500. Half of these were religious workslike the Bible or prayer books.

The printing press helped spread manyideas throughout Europe, not just religiousideas. Literature was printed, and with theinvention of the printing press, books likePtolemy’s Geography were widely sold.

Who Was William Shakespeare? InEngland, the Renaissance occurred in writ-ing and theater more than in art. TheRenaissance began in England in the later1500s, during the rule of Elizabeth I. It isoften referred to as the Elizabethan era.

The greatest writer of the era wasWilliam Shakespeare (SHAYK • spihr).Shakespeare was born in 1564. He was anactor and a poet but is best known for hisplays. He wrote all kinds of plays duringhis lifetime. Some of his greatest tragediesinclude Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo andJuliet. In each tragedy, the main characters’

flaws cause their downfall. AmongShakespeare’s most famous comedies are AMidsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night,and Much Ado About Nothing. His best-known historical plays include Henry V andRichard III. These plays, along with manyothers, made Shakespeare one of the mostwell-known playwrights in England.

The works of playwrights such asShakespeare were popular enough to beprinted during the Renaissance. This was achange in how the printing press was used.Until then, most printed works had beenreligious books.

In 1594 the first William Shakespeareplay, Titus Andronicus, was published.Shakespeare had five more plays publishedin the next five years, but it was not until1598 that he was given credit for his earlypublished works.

Shakespeare wrote continuously untilhis death in 1616. Seven years after hisdeath, the first complete collection of his

Wealthy and important people sat

beneath the covered section.

Flags announced the type of play. White flags meant comedies, black flags meant tragedies, and red flags

stood for history plays.

Poor commoners, called groundlings,

stood on the ground for the

show. They often brought fruit and

vegetables to throw at actors

they did not like.

William Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the GlobeTheater in London. It could hold about 3,000 people. Plays wereperformed every day of the week except Sunday.Performances occurred during the day, since the theater had no lights. When did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe and England?

Globe TheaterGlobe Theater

(l)The Art Archive/Manoir du Clos Luce/Dagli Orti, (c)Baldwin H. Ward & Kathryn C. Ward/CORBIS, (r)Alinari Archives/CORBIS

394-400 Ch7 S2-868876 7/11/05 11:15 PM Page 399


Reading SummaryReview the • Humanists changed medieval

ideas by studying the Greeks andRomans.

• New poetry, plays, and novelswritten in the vernacularappeared during the Renaissanceand were widely read afterGutenberg invented the printingpress.

1. Explain the beliefs of human-ists during the Renaissance.

2. How did writers make theirwork more available to thegeneral public?

Critical Thinking3. Create a diagram

like the one below. Fill in infor-mation about ancient texts andideas that people used in theRenaissance.

4. Evaluate Why was the print-ing press important?

5. Science ConnectionDescribe Leonardo da Vinci’sscientific contributions.

6. Explain How were the idealsof the Renaissance expressed inEngland? Provide examples inyour answer.

7. Writing Research ReportsUse your local library toresearch William Shakespeare.Write an essay that describeswhat his life was like.

CA 7WA2.3

CA 7RC2.0

CA 7RC2.2

CA HI2.

CA 7WA2.3

What Did You Learn?

Greek and RomanInfluences

work appeared. This enormous book con-tained 35 plays and was so large and expen-sive that only the wealthiest people inEngland could afford to buy it. Shakespeareremains one of the best-known and mostpopular writers today.

What Did Cervantes Write? Anotherinfluential writer during the Renaissancewas the Spanish author Miguel deCervantes (mee •GEHL day suhr •VAN •TEEZ).Cervantes was born in 1547. He wrotenumerous plays and works of fiction,including Novelas ejemplares (The ExemplaryNovels) in 1613.

Cervantes was not widely known, how-ever, until the publication of his most influ-ential piece, Don Quixote de la Mancha. Thenovel, published in 1604, made Cervantesextremely popular in Spain. The book tells

the story of a country gentleman whosearches for adventure in life. It looks at thedifference between what people hope lifecan be and what life actually is like.

In the story, the hero Don Quixote andhis companion Sancho Panza have manyadventures. Don Quixote dreams of himselfas a medieval knight and tries to liveaccording to the medieval code of chivalry.Many people think that he is a fool. Hemakes many mistakes, yet he continues tolive according to his dreams.

After it was published, the novelbecame famous throughout Europe. Peopleeagerly read the book for its humor andinsight. Cervantes died in 1616. His works,like Shakespeare’s, are read throughout theworld to this day.

Explain What was the ben-efit of writing in the vernacular?

Study Central Need help understandingRenaissance humanism and literature? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

(t)Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (b)Musee du Louvre, Paris/Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock

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Have you ever tried to help someonebut made the situation worse? Inthis story, fairies attempt to helpfour young people travelingthrough the woods, buttheir efforts do not go as planned.

betrayed: gave to an enemy

mortal: human

quarrel: argument

glade: grassy, open space in a forest

suitor: one who wants to marry another

bade: asked

scheme: plan

By William Shakespeare,Adapted by E. Nesbit

Before You ReadThe Scene: This story takes place in Athens, Greece, during a legendarytime when magical creatures lived among humans.

The Characters: Hermia and Lysander are in love. Demetrius loves Hermia,and Helena loves Demetrius. Oberon and Titania are the king and queen ofthe fairies.

The Plot: Hermia and Lysander run away to be married. Demetrius followsthem because he loves Hermia. Helena follows Demetrius because she loveshim. The fairies they encounter try to use magic to help the four humans.

Vocabulary Preview

401-407 CH7 WL-868876 1/17/05 9:13 AM Page 401

1fairies: imaginary beings, usually having smallhuman form and magic powers

As You ReadKeep in mind that William Shakespeare wrote this story as a play. E. Nesbitrewrote the story in paragraph form to make it shorter and easier to read.While you are reading, think about what the story would be like if it wereperformed as a play.

402

Hermia and Lysander were [in love]; butHermia’s father wished her to marryanother man, named Demetrius.

Now in Athens, where they lived, therewas a wicked law, by which any girl whorefused to marry according to her father’swishes, might be put to death. . . .

Lysander of course was nearly madwith grief, and the best thing to doseemed to him for Hermia to run away to his aunt’s house at a place beyond thereach of that cruel law; and there hewould come to her and marry her. Butbefore she started, she told her friend,Helena, what she was going to do.

Helena had been Demetrius’sweetheart long before his marriage withHermia had been thought of, and beingvery silly, like all jealous people, she couldnot see that it was not poor Hermia’s faultthat Demetrius wished to marry herinstead of his own lady, Helena. She knewthat if she told Demetrius that Hermia was going, as she was, to the wood outsideAthens, he would follow her, “and I canfollow him, and at least I shall see him,”she said to herself. So she went to him,and betrayed her friend’s secret.

Now this wood where Lysander was tomeet Hermia, and where the other two haddecided to follow them, was full of fairies,1

as most woods are, if one only had theeyes to see them, and in this wood on thisnight were the King and Queen of thefairies, Oberon and Titania. Now fairies arevery wise people, but now and then theycan be quite as foolish as mortal folk.Oberon and Titania, who might have beenas happy as the days were long, had thrownaway all their joy in a foolish quarrel. . . .

So, instead of keeping one happyCourt and dancing all night through in themoonlight, as is fairies’ use, the King withhis attendants wandered through one partof the wood, while the Queen with herskept state in another. And the cause of allthis trouble was a little Indian boy

º

401-407 CH7 WL-868876 1/17/05 9:13 AM Page 402

2ill: causing suffering or distress3moonbeams: rays of light from the moon4sprite: fairy

whom Titania had taken to be one ofher followers. Oberon wanted the child tofollow him and be one of his fairy knights;but the Queen would not give him up.

On this night, in a glossy moonlightglade, the King and Queen of the fairies met.

“Ill2 met by moonlight, proud Titania,”said the King.

“What! jealous, Oberon?” answeredthe Queen. “You spoil everything withyour quarreling. Come, fairies, let us leavehim. I am not friends with him now.”

“It rests with you to make up thequarrel,” said the King. “Give me that littleIndian boy, and I will again be yourhumble servant and suitor.”

“Set your mind at rest,” said theQueen. “Your whole fairy kingdom buysnot that boy from me. Come fairies.”

And she and her train rode off downthe moonbeams.3

“Well, go your ways,” said Oberon.“But I’ll be even with you before youleave this wood.”

Then Oberon called his favorite fairy,Puck. Puck was the spirit of mischief. . . .

“Now,” said Oberon to this little sprite,4

“fetch me the flower called Love-in-idleness. The juice of that little purpleflower laid on the eyes of those who sleepwill make them when they wake to love thefirst thing they see. I will put some of thejuice of that flower on my Titania’s eyes,and when she wakes, she will love the firstthing she sees, were it lion, bear, or wolf, orbull, or meddling monkey, or a busy ape.”

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While Puck was gone, Demetriuspassed through the glade followed bypoor Helena, and still she told him howshe loved him and reminded him of allhis promises, and still he told her that hedid not and could not love her, and thathis promises were nothing. Oberon wassorry for poor Helena, and when Puckreturned with the flower, he bade himfollow Demetrius and put some of thejuice on his eyes, so that he might loveHelena when he woke and looked on her,as much as she loved him. So Puck setoff, and wandering through the woodfound, not Demetrius, but Lysander, onwhose eyes he put the juice; but whenLysander woke, he saw not his ownHermia, but Helena, who was walkingthrough the wood looking for the cruel

Demetrius; and directly he saw her heloved her and left his own lady, under thespell of the crimson flower.

When Hermia woke she foundLysander gone, and wandered about thewood trying to find him. Puck went backand told Oberon what he had done, andOberon soon found that he had made amistake, and set about looking forDemetrius, and having found him, putsome of the juice on his eyes. And the firstthing Demetrius saw when he woke wasalso Helena. So now Demetrius andLysander were both following her throughthe wood, and it was Hermia’s turn tofollow her lover as Helena had done before.The end of it was that Helena and Hermiabegan to quarrel, and Demetrius andLysander went off to fight. Oberon was

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5enameled: coated with a glassy substance6clapped: forcefully put

405

very sorry to see his kind scheme to helpthese lovers turn out so badly. So he said toPuck:

“These two young men are going tofight. You must overhang the night withdrooping fog, and lead them so astray, thatone will never find the other. When theyare tired out, they will fall asleep. Thendrop this other herb on Lysander’s eyes.That will give him his old sight and his oldlove. Then each man will have the ladywho loves him, and they will all think thatthis has been only a Midsummer Night’sDream. Then when this is done all will bewell with them.”

So Puck went and did as he was told,and when the two had fallen asleepwithout meeting each other, Puck pouredthe juice on Lysander’s eyes. . . .

Meanwhile Oberon found Titaniaasleep on a bank. . . .There Titania alwaysslept a part of the night, wrapped in the

enameled5 skin of a snake. Oberonstooped over her and laid the juice on hereyes. . . .

Now, it happened that when Titaniawoke the first thing she saw was a stupidclown, one of a party of players who hadcome out into the wood to rehearse theirplay. This clown had met with Puck,who had clapped6 [a donkey’s] head onhis shoulders so that it looked as if itgrew there. Directly Titania woke and saw this dreadful monster, she said,“What angel is this? Are you as wise asyou are beautiful?”

“If I am wise enough to find my wayout of this wood, that’s enough for me,”said the foolish clown.

“Do not desire to go out of the wood,”said Titania. The spell of the love-juice wason her, and to her the clown seemed themost beautiful and delightful creature on allthe earth. “I love you,” she went on. “Comewith me, and I will give you fairies to attendon you.”

So she called four fairies, whosenames were Peaseblossom, Cobweb,Moth, and Mustardseed.

“You must attend this gentleman,”said the Queen. “Feed him with apricots,and dewberries, purple grapes, green figs,and mulberries. Steal honey-bags for himfrom the humble-bees, and with the wingsof painted butterflies fan the moonbeamsfrom his sleeping eyes.” . . .

“Would you like anything to eat?” saidthe fairy Queen.

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406

“I should like some good dry oats,”said the clown—for his donkey’s headmade him desire donkey’s food—“andsome hay to follow.”

“Shall some of my fairies fetch younew nuts from the squirrel’s house?”asked the Queen.

“I’d rather have a handful or two ofgood dried peas,” said the clown. “Butplease don’t let any of your people disturbme, I am going to sleep.”

Then said the Queen, “And I will windthee in my arms.”

And so when Oberon came along hefound his beautiful Queen lavishing kissesand endearments on a clown with adonkey’s head. And before he released herfrom the enchantment, he persuaded her togive him the little Indian boy he so muchdesired to have. Then he took pity on her,and threw some juice of the disenchantingflower on her pretty eyes; and then in amoment she saw plainly the donkey-headed clown she had been loving, andknew how foolish she had been.

Oberon took off the [donkey’s] headfrom the clown, and left him to finish his

sleep with his own silly head lying on thethyme and violets.

Thus all was made plain and straightagain. Oberon and Titania loved each othermore than ever. Demetrius thought of noone but Helena, and Helena had never hadany thought of anyone but Demetrius. Asfor Hermia and Lysander, they were asloving a couple as you could meet in aday’s march, even through a fairy-wood. Sothe four [mortals] went back to Athens andwere married; and the fairy King andQueen live happily together in that verywood at this very day.

º

1. How did Demetrius and Lysander fall in love with Helena?

2. How did the story get its title, A Midsummer Night’s Dream?

3. Understanding Form How would this story have been different as a play? What arethe benefits to performing it as a play? What are the difficulties?

4. Predict What do you think might have happened if Oberon had not interfered withthe conflict among the four young people?

5. Read to Write What lesson do you think William Shakespeare was trying to tell inthis story? What have each of the main characters learned at the end of the story?Write an essay explaining your answers. CA 7WA2.2

CA 7RL3.2

CA 7RL3.1

Responding to the Literature

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Are you interested in reading more about the Renaissance, the Reformation, or the adventures of the Age of Exploration?

If so, check out these other great books.

Nonfiction

Renaissance by Alison Cole offers a glimpse into the Renaissance period.You will explore artwork, paintings, and sculptures created by the mostfamous artists in the world. The content of this book is related toHistory–Social Science Standard WH7.8.

Historical Fiction

A Murder for Her Majesty by Beth Hilgartner tells the story of a young girlwho witnesses the murder of her father and hides in the cathedral, disguisingherself as a boy in the choir. There she encounters mystery and adventure asshe finds clues about her father’s death. The content of this book is related toHistory–Social Science Standard WH7.9.

Biography

Behind the Mask: The Life of Queen Elizabeth I by Jane Resh Thomasrecounts the life of this amazing young English queen. Follow Elizabeth as sheovercomes many obstacles to maintain her power and right as queen. The con-tent of this book is related to History–Social Science Standard WH7.9.

Nonfiction

The Longitude Prize by Joan Dash tells of the dangers of early sailing and anamazing invention that changed the world. The story follows the inventor andhis innovative clock that could survive the wild seas. The content of this book isrelated to History–Social Science Standard WH7.11.

401-407 CH7 WL-868876 1/17/05 9:14 AM Page 407

c. 1494Leonardo

begins paintingThe Last Supper

1512Michelangelofinishes paintingSistine Chapel

1576Titian, thegreat Venetianpainter, dies

1400 1500 16001400 1500 1600



Looking Back, Looking AheadNew ideas about art created a

whole new way of painting andsculpture. In this section, you willlearn about how artists in Italycreated the Renaissance and howtheir ideas spread in Europe.

Focusing on the • Renaissance artists used new

techniques to produce paintings thatshowed people in an emotional andrealistic way. (page 409)

• Renaissance ideas and art spreadfrom Italy to northern Europe.(page 412)

Locating PlacesFlanders (FLAN•duhrz)

Meeting PeopleSandro Botticelli (SAHN•droh

BAH•tuh•CHEH•lee)Raphael Sanzio (RA•fee•uhl

SAHNT•syoh)

Michelangelo Buonarroti (MY•kuh•LAN•juh•LOH BWAW•nahr•RAW•tee)

Titian (TIH•shuhn)Jan van Eyck (van EYEK)Albrecht Dürer (AHL•brehkt

DUR•uhr)

Content Vocabularychiaroscuro (kee•AHR•uh•SKYUR•

oh)fresco (FREHS•koh)

Academic Vocabularydifferentiate (DIHF•uh•REHN•

shee•AYT)perspective (puhr•SPEHK•tihv)

Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create adiagram to show features ofRenaissance art.

Renaissance Art

Art

(cr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Art Resource, NY, (others)Mary Evans Picture Library

408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 5/18/06 7:54 AM Page 408

Comparing ArtComparing Art

WH7.8.5 Detail advances made in literature, the arts, science, mathematics, cartography, engineering, and the understanding ofhuman anatomy and astronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg,William Shakespeare).

Artists in Renaissance ItalyRenaissance artists used new tech-

niques to produce paintings that showed people inan emotional and realistic way.

Reading Connection Have you ever had trouble mak-

ing your drawings look real and three-dimensional?

Read to learn how Renaissance artists learned to make

their art look natural and real.

During the Renaissance, wealthy Italianfamilies and church leaders paid artists tocreate paintings, sculptures, and buildingsfor display throughout their cities. Thepope himself funded many works of art todecorate the Vatican. Renaissance artistsfollowed the models of the ancient Romansand Greeks but expressed humanist ideas.

What Was New About Renaissance Art?If you compare medieval and Renaissancepaintings, you will see major differences in

their styles. When a medieval artistdepicted the birth of Jesus, he wanted toremind Christians about their belief thatJesus was born to save the world. Becauseof this, medieval artists did not try to maketheir works look truly realistic. Instead,their images were intended to have a moresymbolic meaning that viewers were sup-posed to interpret.

Renaissance artists differentiated theirwork from medieval artists in many ways.For example, instead of focusing on sym-bols, Renaissance artists tried to show peo-ple as they would appear in real life. Theyalso tried to show people’s emotions. ARenaissance artist painting a scene of thebirth of Jesus might try to show how ten-der Mary looked with her tiny baby.

Renaissance painters also used newtechniques. The most innovative was per-spective. Perspective is a method thatmakes a drawing or painting look three-

409

Cimabue’s Maesta (left) is a typical medieval painting. Its main subjects, Mary and the baby Jesus, arelarger than the rest. In contrast, Renaissance paintings, such as Botticelli’s Madonna of the Eucharist(right), show people as more lifelike and three-dimensional. How else do the two paintings differ?

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408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:18 PM Page 409

Art of the RenaissanceArt of the Renaissance

dimensional. Artists had tried to use per-spective before, but Renaissance artistsperfected it. Using perspective, objects in ascene appear to be at different distancesfrom the viewer.

To make their paintings more realistic,Renaissance artists also used a techniquecalled chiaroscuro (kee •AHR •uh •SKYUR •oh).Chiaroscuro softened edges by using lightand shadows instead of stiff outlines toseparate objects. In Italian, chiaro means“clear or light,” and oscuro means “dark.”Chiaroscuro created more drama and emo-tion in a painting.

Renaissance Artists The artistic Renaissancelasted from about 1350 to 1550. FamousRenaissance artists include SandroBotticelli (SAHN •droh BAH •tuh •CHEH • lee),Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio (RA•fee•uhl SAHNT•syoh), Michelangelo Buonarroti(MY•kuh•LAN•juh•LOH BWAW•nahr•RAW•tee),and Titian (TIH•shuhn).

Born around 1445, Botticelli became afamous artist in Florence. He sometimespainted on wet plaster with watercolorpaint. A painting done this way is called afresco (FREHS•koh), which in Italian means“fresh.” Frescoes were painted in churchesall over Italy. In 1481 Botticelli painted threefrescoes for the pope in the Sistine Chapel.

Botticelli’s works also included manyscenes of classical mythology. His imageswere much more realistic than those ofmedieval artists. However, he focused on thescene’s emotion and did not try to be accurate.

Although Leonardo became a greatinventor, he trained as an artist. Training inworkshops was an old tradition, but duringthe Renaissance, individual artists began todo something no medieval artist haddone—they signed their own work.

One of Leonardo’s most famous works isThe Last Supper, which he began painting in1494 on a wall behind a church altar. In thispainting of Jesus and his disciples, Leonardo


Michelangelo’s Moses is an example ofRenaissance realism. It shows Moses in greatdetail, making him almost come to life.How did Michelangelo make Moses look real in this work?

School of Athens by Raphael

408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:19 PM Page 410

was able to reveal human emotions throughsmall differences in how each disciple held hishead or the disciple’s position in relation toJesus. Leonardo demonstrated this skill againin the Mona Lisa. People still argue about whatthe woman in the portrait is thinking—what isthe mystery behind her smile?

Although Raphael worked at the sametime as Leonardo, he was much younger.Even as a young man, Raphael workedwith ease and grace and became known asone of Italy’s best painters. Italians espe-cially loved the gentle Madonnas hepainted. He also painted many frescoes inthe Vatican Palace. Perhaps his best-knownpainting is the School of Athens, whichdepicts a number of Greek philosophers.

Another great Renaissance artist wasMichelangelo. Like many other artists of thetime, Michelangelo painted, sculpted, anddesigned buildings. He painted one of thebest-known Renaissance works—the ceil-ing of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

Although he painted many outstandingworks, Michelangelo was a sculptor at

heart. He believed his talents were inspiredby God. He carved his statues to show perfect versions of human beings as a sym-bol of God’s beauty and perfection.Michelangelo’s best-known sculpture is the13-foot-tall statue David. The sculptor madeDavid seem calm, yet ready for action. Alsoimpressive is Michelangelo’s statue Moses,finished around 1515. The huge figureappears both wise and powerful.

One of the great artists of the lateRenaissance was Titian, a painter fromVenice. By the time he died in 1576, Titianhad gained the title of count, many riches,and received many honors for his works.

Titian painted many portraits as well asreligious and mythological scenes. He alsopainted scenes that came from his imagina-tion. Titian used rich colors that were oftencontrasted with extremely dark shadows.His works influenced later artists.

Compare and ContrastWhat were some of the differences betweenmedieval and Renaissance artists?


The Holy Family and a Shepherd by Titian

The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini andGiovanna Cenami by Jan van Eyck

408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:20 PM Page 411

WH7.8.5 Detail advances made in literature, the arts, science, mathematics, cartography, engineering, and the understanding ofhuman anatomy and astronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg,William Shakespeare).

The Life of a Renaissance Artist If ayoung boy in Renaissance Italy wantedto be an artist, he would become anapprentice at a workshop run by anestablished artist. The main job ofapprentices was preparing materials.Apprentices used minerals, spices, eggyolk, and other everyday materials tomix paints. They readied wax and clayfor sculpture modeling. Eventually,apprentices became assistants. Talentedassistants could become masters oftheir own workshops.

Master artists could afford to haveworkshops because of the patronagesystem in Italy. Patrons—people who pay to support someone else’s work—would commission, or hire, an artist tocomplete a project.

Connecting to the Past1. What was the main job of apprentices?

2. Does the patronage system or theapprentice system exist today? If so,in what fields?

The Renaissance SpreadsRenaissance ideas and art spread from

Italy to northern Europe.

Reading Connection If you were a Canadian artist,

would your painting look different than if you lived in

Arizona? Read to learn how the Renaissance changed as

it moved into northern Europe.

In the late 1400s, the Renaissance spreadto northern Europe. The NorthernRenaissance refers to the art in places weknow today as Belgium, Luxembourg,Germany, and the Netherlands. Like Italianartists, northern artists wanted their worksto have greater realism, but they used dif-ferent methods. One important methodthey developed was oil painting. Firstdeveloped in Flanders (FLAN • duhrz)—aregion that is in northern Belgium today—oils let artists paint intricate details and sur-face textures, like the gold braid on a gown.

Who Was Van Eyck? Jan van Eyck(van EYEK) was a master of oil painting. Infact, some credit him with having createdthis method of painting. Van Eyck learnedhow to mix and blend his oil paints to cre-ate brilliant colors. Some thought the colorsin his work sparkled like jewels or stainedglass.

In one of his best-known paintings, anewly married couple stands side by side ina formal bedroom. Van Eyck showed everyfold in their rich gowns and every detail ofthe chandelier above their heads. The paint-ing is also visually appealing because of thebalance in color and space between the cou-ple and the other objects in the room.

The Engravings of Dürer AlbrechtDürer (AHL•brehkt DUR•uhr) of Germany isperhaps one of the greatest artists of theNorthern Renaissance. Dürer was able to

Renaissance painter and apprentice

The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY

408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 8/23/05 4:57 PM Page 412

Reading SummaryReview the • Renaissance artists used

chiaroscuro and perspective toproduce paintings that showedpeople in an emotional and real-istic way.

• Renaissance ideas and art spreadfrom Italy to northern Europewhere artists such as Van Eyckand Dürer became popular.

1. Explain the artistic techniquesof perspective and chiaroscuro.

2. What were some of the impor-tant artists and ideas to comeout of the NorthernRenaissance?

Critical Thinking3. Summarizing Information

Draw a chart like the onebelow. Use it to describe theartistic work and techniques ofeach artist listed.

4. How did artistsdifferentiate their work frommedieval art? What new tech-niques did they use?

5. Descriptive Writing Choosea painting or sculpture shownin this section. In a short essaydescribe the work and explainhow it demonstratesRenaissance techniques orcharacteristics.

6. Creating MapsCreate a map that shows the dif-ferent countries that were influ-enced by the Renaissance. Coloreach country to show how farthe Renaissance spread.

CA CS3.

CA 7WA2.0

CA HI2.

CA 7RC2.0

What Did You Learn?

Study Central Need help understandingRenaissance humanism and literature? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.


Leonardo da Vinci

Michelangelo

Jan van Eyck

Albrecht Dürer

master both perspective and fine detail. Heis considered a master painter but is bestknown for his engravings. An engraving ismade from an image carved on metal,wood, or stone. Ink is applied to the sur-face, and then the image is printed onpaper.

Dürer printed many copies of his engrav-ings and sold them throughout Germany,earning him great wealth. His FourHorsemen of the Apocalypse is an example ofa woodcut, or a print made from a woodengraving. The image draws on a passagefrom the Bible. Like many artists, Dürerinterpreted the passage and drew upon hiscreative abilities to create a strong visualimage. The woodcut depicts four horsemenriding to announce the end of the world.

Compare How did theNorthern Renaissance differ from the ItalianRenaissance?

Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

(l)The Art Archive/Manoir du Clos Luce/Dagli Orti, (c)Baldwin H. Ward & Kathryn C. Ward/CORBIS, (r)Alinari Archives/CORBIS

408-413 Ch7 S3-868876 7/11/05 11:21 PM Page 413



Calumny

by Botticelli

In this painting Botticelli usedGreek and Roman imagery to tella symbolic story. The people inthe painting represent emotionsor ideas. In the center Calumny,preceded by Jealousy (pointing),drags Innocence to be judged byKing Midas. The figures speak-ing into the king’s ears areSuspicion and Deceit. Thehooded figure on the left repre-sents Remorse.

Renaissance ArtRenaissance artists borrowed heavily from Greek and Roman

works. They studied the ancient artists for ideas on proportionand presentation. However, as the ideas of humanism began tospread, Renaissance artists began to approach art in new anddifferent ways. These included the use of perspective, emotion,and shadow.

Examine the images on pages 414 and 415, and answer thequestions that follow.

Calumny (KA•luhm•nee): lie that hurtsreputation

King Midas: king in Greek mythologyknown for being just

Deceit (dih•SEET): lying or trickeryRemorse: feeling bad about doing

something wrong

Reader’s Dictionary

Renaissanceartist and thinkerLeonardo da Vinci

WH7.8.5 Detail advancesmade in literature, the arts,science, mathematics,cartography, engineering, andthe understanding of humananatomy and astronomy (e.g., byDante Alighieri, Leonardo daVinci, Michelangelo di BuonarrotiSimoni, Johann Gutenberg,William Shakespeare).

414-417 Ch7 CA-868876 1/17/05 9:43 AM Page 414


Calumny by Botticelli

1. How does the figure of Remorse convey thisemotion?

2. What do you think Suspicion and Deceit aresaying? Why?

Holy Family With Lamb by Raphael

3. Raphael used contrasting colors to direct theviewer’s eyes to the baby Jesus. What otherthings in the painting direct your eyes there?

4. The New Testament refers to Jesus as theLamb of God. How did Raphael show thisidea?

Pietà by Michelangelo

5. How does the Pietà demonstrate theRenaissance ideas of perspective andemotion?

6. How does the artist portray both the religiousand human sides of Mary?

Read to Write

7. How do these works of art reflect the ideas ofRenaissance artists that you have studied inthis chapter on pages 409–411? CA HR4.

Holy Family With Lamb

by Raphael

R aphael’s work is a great example ofRenaissance harmony and balance. He places theholy family in a pastoral, realistic setting, makingthem seem more human.

Pietà

by Michelangelo

Michelangelo’s Pietà, showing Mary holdingJesus just after his death, demonstrates exceptionalrealism and emotion. It was one of the first statuesto show a realistic view of death. The overallbeauty of the work gives it a sense of the divine.

414-417 Ch7 CA-868876 5/2/06 11:57 AM Page 415

Standard WH7.8

15. Predict Do you think the Italian city-states would have been famous centers ofwealth and art during the Renaissancewithout banking?

16. Compare and Contrast How was art ofthe Italian Renaissance similar to and dif-ferent from art of the NorthernRenaissance?

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.17. Place What geographical advantage does

Venice have over Milan? 18. Place Why might Mantua have been dis-

advantaged in terms of trade? 19. Movement If you traveled from the city

of Florence to the city of Venice, in whatdirection would you be going? CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA 7RC2.2

CA HI6.

Review Content VocabularyWrite True beside each true statement. Replacethe word in italics to make false statementstrue.___ 1. The doge was the leader of Venice.___ 2. In order to reach more people, Petrarch

wrote in English.___ 3. Balancing faith and reason was an

important part of being a humanist.___ 4. Italian city-states used seminaries to

make deals with each other.___ 5. Using florin, artists could draw more

realistic images.___ 6. Artists used chiaroscuro to soften edges

in their works.

Review the Section 1 • The Renaissance Begins

7. What was responsible for the new valuesand art of the Renaissance?

8. How did Italian city-states use their loca-tion to gain wealth?

9. What made nobles of the Renaissance dif-ferent from nobles of previous times?

Section 2 • New Ideas and Literature10. How were the humanists inspired by the

ancient Greeks and Romans?11. What invention helped spread literature

throughout Europe? How?Section 3 • Renaissance Art12. What new techniques did Renaissance

artists develop?13. Renaissance art and ideas began in Italy.

Where did they spread from there?

Critical Thinking 14. Making Connections Research Niccolò

Machiavelli’s theories of government. Whatgovernments today reflect Machiavelli’spolitical philosophy? CA HI2.


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Chamberlin Trimetric projection200 km0

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TyrrhenianSea

Mediterranean Sea

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Sicily

Sardinia

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MilanVenice

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Pisa Florence

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Siena

Italy c. 1500

414-417 Ch7 CA-868876 1/17/05 9:43 AM 6


Read to Write20. Narrative Writing Research

the life of merchants or shopkeepers beforeand during the Renaissance. Write a shortstory describing the lifestyle and positionof the group you chose. How did theirlives change when the Renaissance began?

21. Using Your Use informationfrom your foldable to create a collage.Choose one of the tabs from your foldableand create a colorful, detailed group ofimages that best represent the people andideas that were important during theRenaissance.

Using Academic Vocabulary22. Choose the word in Column A that most

closely matches a word in Column B.

A Bnetwork printexpert separatepublish professionaldebate systemcredit argumentdifferentiate recognition

Linking Past and Present23. Understanding Influences Renaissance

artists, architects, and writers were greatlyinfluenced by the ancient Greeks andRomans. Do you think people in those pro-fessions today are equally influenced bythe Greeks and Romans. Why or why not?

Reviewing Skills

24. Questioning Look backthrough Chapter 7. Make a list of artists orwriters who interest you. In order to learnmore about these people, write two tothree questions for each person. Use yourtextbook and other resources to answerthese questions.

25. Understanding the PastThe discovery of ancient Greek and Romanmanuscripts during the Renaissancegreatly influenced European artists andthinkers. Use your local library and theInternet to find out about more recent dis-coveries, such as the Rosetta Stone or theDead Sea Scrolls, that have influenced theway we think about history. Write an essay explaining the significance of the discovery. CA HI5.

CA HR1.

CA HI2.

CA 7WA2.1

Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for theChapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com

Select the best answer for eachof the following questions.

The invention of the printingpress

A encouraged new artistic meth-ods in painting.

B spread humanist ideas.C helped people sell their goods

in markets.D was based on early Greek and

Roman ideas.

During the Renaissance, Italy’swealth was based on

A the sale of artwork.B the spread of humanism.C trade and banking.D the power of the Church.

Chiaroscuro was used

A in writing.B in government.C in painting.D in the printing press.

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