Chapter 3

Federalism: National and State SovereigntyThe argument for federalism

Authority divided into two levels: national and regionalProtects libertyModerates government power by sharingStrengthens the union

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Federalism: National and State SovereigntyThe powers of the nation and states

National: enumerated powers Seventeen powers, including measures for secure defense and

stable commerce Supremacy clause

National: implied powers “Necessary and proper” / “elastic” clause: make laws in support

of enumerated powers

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Federalism: National and State SovereigntyThe powers of the nation and states

Tenth Amendment established reserved powers: powers not delegated to the national government are reserved for the states

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Insert Figure 3-1Federalism as a Governing System:

Examples of National, State, and Concurrent Powers

Federalism in Historical PerspectiveAn indestructible union (1789–1865)

The nationalist view: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); clear ruling in favor of national power and supremacy clause

The states’-rights view: the Dred Scott decision (1857); ruling for states rights in conflict over legality of slavery

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Federalism in Historical PerspectiveDual federalism and laissez-faire capitalism (1865–1937)

Dual federalism: separation of national from state powerThe Fourteenth Amendment and state discretionJudicial protection of business: Supreme Court limited

national powerNational authority prevails

The economy had become a national one Brown v. Board of Education (1954) National citizenship

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Contemporary FederalismInterdependency and intergovernmental relations

Cooperative federalism: shared policy responsibilities National, state, and local levels work together Joint funding, administration, and determination of programs

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Insert Figure 3-2Federal, State, and Local Shares of Government Tax Revenue

Contemporary FederalismGovernment revenues and intergovernmental relations

Fiscal federalism: federal funds used for state programsCategorical grants: federal funds restricted to certain state

programsBlock grants: federal funds for state programs addressed to

a general concern

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Insert Figure 3-3Federal Grants to State and Local Governments

Contemporary FederalismDevolution: the idea that American federalism can be

strengthened by a partial shift of power from national government to states

Belief held more strongly by Republicans than DemocratsDramatically increased with Republican Revolution of 1994Supreme Court has advanced devolution, especially in latter

decades of twentieth centuryDevolution movement ended with presidency of George W.

Bush: education and security policy

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The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries of Federal-State PowerRoosevelt’s “New Deal”—jobs during the Great

DepressionLyndon Johnson’s “Great Society”—increased social

services in 1960sRepublican Revolution—rolled back federal authority in

1990sRecent public backing of huge federal stimulus in 2009

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