Life Span Chapter 2: Culture. Culture Learned patterns of behavior Thinking Decisions Actions.
Chapter 2 Culture
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Culture
CULTURE
Chapter 2
What is Culture?
Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior Passed from One Generation to the Next Material Culture – the material objects that
distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
Nonmaterial Culture – (also called symbolic culture) a group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations
What is Normal, Natural, or Usual? Our speech, our gestures, our beliefs, and our customs,
are usually taken for granted. We assume that they are “normal”, and we almost always follow them without question.
Culture as Lens Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive
and evaluate what is going on around usCulture Shock – the disorientation that
people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for granted assumptions about life
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations
Ethnocentrism – the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors.
….not to be confused with
Cultural Relativism – not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
Cultural Diversity in the United States - Example
Arrival of the Hmong (page 40)The Trip OverThe New HomeThe New RulesIsolation and the Re-gathering
Components of Symbolic Culture
Symbolic Culture – another term for nonmaterial culture
Symbol – something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
Gestures – the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
Language – a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
Components of Symbolic Culture
Gestures (page 44) Conveying messages without words Gestures’ meaning differ among cultures Can lead to misunderstandings
Components of Symbolic Culture
Language Allows human experience to be cumulative Provides social or shared past Provides social or shared future Allows shared perspective Allows complex, shared, goal-directed behavior
Language and Perception:Sapir-Whorf
Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis - Edward Sapir’s and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving Language Has Embedded Within It Ways of Looking at
the World Sapir-Whorf Reverses Common Sense Example: (page 48) Hebrew only has one word for
jam and jelly so this man never perceived or “saw”the difference until learning it in English
Values, Norms, and Sanctions
Values – The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
Norms – expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
Sanctions – expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms Positive Sanction – a rewards or positive reaction
following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize Negative Sanction – an expression of disapproval for
breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
Folkways and Mores
Folkways – norms that are not strictly enforced Example: walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk
Mores – norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group Example: a person who kills or rapes another person has
violates some of society’s most serious mores
Taboo – a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated Example: eating human flesh or having sex with one’s
parents
Subcultures and Countercultures
Subculture – The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
Counterculture – a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in oppsition to the broader culture
Pluralistic Society – a society made up of many different groups
Values in U.S. Society (a pluralistic society)Page 52
Romantic LoveRomantic LoveRomantic LoveRomantic LoveDemocracyDemocracyDemocracyDemocracyScience and Science and TechnologyTechnology
Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology
ReligiosityReligiosityReligiosityReligiosityFreedomFreedomFreedomFreedomEfficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality
Efficiency and Efficiency and PracticalityPracticality
EducationEducationEducationEducationHumanitarianismHumanitarianismHumanitarianismHumanitarianismActivity and WorkActivity and WorkActivity and WorkActivity and Work
Racism and Group Racism and Group SuperioritySuperiority
Racism and Group Racism and Group SuperioritySuperiorityMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortMaterial ComfortIndividualismIndividualismIndividualismIndividualism
EqualityEqualityEqualityEqualityProgressProgressProgressProgressAchievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess
Achievement and Achievement and SuccessSuccess
Emerging Values (page 57)
1) Leisure2) Self-fulfillment3) Physical Fitness4) Youthfulness5) Concern for the Environment
Value Cluster – values that together form a larger whole
Value Contradiction – values that contradict one another; to follow one means to come into conflict with the other
Values and Culture (page 58)
Culture Wars: When Values ClashValue as Blinders“Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture
Ideal Culture – the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them
Real culture – the norms and values that people actually follow
Cultural Universals
Cultural Universal – a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group For example, some activities are universal - courtship,
marriage, funerals, games However, specific customs associated with activities
differ between groups
Technology in the Global Village
Sociobiology – a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior Controversial View of Human Behavior Biology Cause of Human Behavior Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Sociologists and Social Biologists on
Opposite Sides
Technology in the Global Village
The New Technology - New Tools Technology – in it narrow sense, tools; its broader sense
includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
New Technology – the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change Cultural Lag – Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging
behind technological innovations Cultural Diffusion – the spread of cultural characteristics
from one group to another
Technology and Cultural Leveling Cultural Leveling – the process by which cultures become
similar to one another; refers to the process by which U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations