Chapter 2-Culture(1) Inter National Business

8/3/2019 Chapter 2-Culture(1) Inter National Business

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BMGMT 2103 International Business Strategy 1

DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE



Learning Objectives

• 1. Know what is meant by the culture of a society.

• 2. Identify the forces that lead to differences in social culture.

• 4. Identify the business and economic implications of differences in culture.

• 5. Understand how differences in social culture influence values in the

workplace.•

• 6. Develop an appreciation for the economic and business implications of cultural change




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Definition of Culture• Is a learned set of shared

interpretations

• Is about beliefs, values, and norms

• Affects the behavior of a relatively

large group of people

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What is Culture?

• Culture is a system of values (abstract ideasabout what a group believes to be good, right,

and desirable) and norms (the social rules andguidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior inparticular situations) that are shared among agroup of people and that when taken together

constitute a design for living

• A society is a group of people who share a

common set of values and norms



DEFINITION OF CULTURE

• Culture is an integral part of everysociety. It is a learned pattern of behavior

and ways in which a person lives his orher life.

• Culture is essential for the existence of a

society, because it binds people together.




• Culture is something that a person learnsfrom his family and surroundings, and isnot ingrained in him from birth.

• It does not have any biological connectionbecause even if a person is brought up ina culture different from that in which hewas born, he imbibes the culture of thesociety where he grows up.




• It is also not a hidden fact that somepeople feel the need to follow the beliefs

and traditions of their own culture, eventhough they might be not subscribing tocertain ideologies within.




Values and Belief

• Values are socially agreed upon ideasabout what is right or wrong. When

sociologists speak of values, they are oftenreferring to cultural themes such asindividualism, nationalism, family, etc.

• Beliefs are ideas about the way the worldworks or should work



Values and Belief

• Beliefs are things ,not proven, but which youthink are true.

• Values are what you believe are important.(valuable).

• Values determine how you relate to the world.You value certain ideas, behaviours,attitudes,relationships, other intangibles.



Definition of Value

• Values are formed of the culture.

• A value includes the society behaviors such asperson freedom, democracy, truth, socialresponsibility, honesty, role of men and woman,

love, justice and marriage.

So these all are the part of the culture and theybecome the values of the society.

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WHAT IS NORMS

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NORMS• Norms can be defined as attitudes and

behaviours common to members of a particulargroup, or what they believe is ―normal‖.

• We have norms about how we speak. How youaddress your grandmother is probably differentto how you talk with your spouse, and this isalso different to how you speak to your boss, oryour children. Your choice of words, your tone,and your body language are all norm-based.



Norms

• Norms are established standards of behavior maintained by society.

• Norm specify behavioral expectations bydefining what are correct and incorrectways of responding to situations.

• Provide guidelines for behavior andexpectations from society

• There is strong social pressure to

conforms to norms



OFFICE NORMS



Values and Norms

•Norms are the attitudes and

behaviors of the members of that organization, and the

values are what are importantto those members.



Values and Norms

• Norms can be subdivided into

– folkways (the routine conventions of everyday life)

– mores (norms that are seen as centralto the functioning of a society and to itssocial life)



Folkways

• Norms that are expected but not insistedupon

• Example of Folkways

• 1. Correct manners.

• 2. Appropriate dress.

• 3. Proper eating behavior.

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Folkways

In western culture, folkways include wearing gender-appropriate clothing, respecting the privacy of

strangers, and eating food with the proper utensil.

Also, wear somber clothes to funerals, wear formalclothes to church, say please and thank you and helloand excuse me.

For example, belching loudly after eating dinner atsomeone else's home breaks an American folkway

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EXAMPLES OF FOLKWAYS

• In Japan, when you are eating dinner thetraditional Japanese style, when asked to sit at

the head of the table, you are to decline a fewtimes before accepting. Also, bring a gift to thehost of dinner showing your appreciation fortheir hospitality.

• In Western culture, A man who does not wear atie to a formal dinner party may raise an

eyebrow for violating folkways.





Example of Folkways

• Example of Japanese businessman andbusiness card exchange

• Example of time plays an important role inbusiness transaction

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Example of Folkways

• Staring at a person sitting across from youon the bus, standing really close to people,

facing towards everyone in the elevatorinstead of at the door, having aconversation with yourself in a public area.

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Folkways

• Violation of folkway is not a seriousoffence.

• People who violate are often referred to asill mannered.

• In US and Northern European cultures,

businessmen are very conscious abouttime.

• .



Folkways

• They get irritated when time are wasted.

• But in Arab, Latin andMediterranean(Europe, Asia and Africa)culture, time is not as important as

interacting with people




Mores.

Are norms considered highly necessary to thewelfare of a society, often because they includethe most protected principles of people.

Each society demands obedience to its mores;violation can lead to severe penalties.



Mores.

• Mores - are the strong and importantnorms of a society. Violation of mores will

evoke severe punishment. (against the lawmost of the time.)

• Example of Mores

• 1. Bigamy

• 2. Incest

• 3. Cannibalism



Mores

• Central to the functioning of a society

• Greater significance than folkways

• Theft, adultery, incest, cannibalism

• America, drinking alcohol is widelyaccepted but not in Saudi Arabia, may leadto imprisonment.



Folkways and Mores

• Basically - folkways helps define

whats expected of you and whatsconsidered RUDE.

Mores define what's right andwhats wrong.



What do you think?

• (3). When giving flowers as gifts inWestern Europe, be careful not to give:

a) tulips and jonquilsb) daisies and lilacs

c) chrysanthemums and calla liliesd) lilacs and apple blossoms



What do you think?The doors in German offices and homes are

generally kept:

a) wide open to symbolize an acceptance and welcome of strangers and friends

b) slightly ajar to suggest that some people should knock before entering

c) half-opened suggesting that some people are welcomeand others are not

d) tightly shut to preserve privacy and personal space



What do you think?

• One wedding gift that should not be givento a Chinese couple would be:

a) a jade bowlb) a clock

c) a basket of orangesd) shifts embroidered with dragon patterns



What do you think?

• Which of these are an obscene gesture?

a) the okay sign in Brazilb) a hearty slap on the back in Switzerlandc) doing anything with the left hand in

Saudi Arabiad) thumb between second and third fingerin Japan



What do you think?

• (4). When doing business in Japan never:

a) touch someoneb) leave your chopsticks in the rice.c) take people to pricier restaurants than

they took youd) all of the above



Culture, Society,and the Nation-State

• A society can be defined as a group of people that share a commonset of values and norms

• There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society

and a nation-state – Nation- states are political creations that can contain a single

culture or several cultures

– Some cultures embrace several nations



The Determinants of Culture

• The values and norms of a culture are theevolutionary product of a number of factors at

work in a society including – prevailing political and economic philosophies

– a society‘s social structure

– the dominant religion, language, andeducation



The Determinants of Culture



Classroom Performance System

Abstract ideas about what a society believes to begood right and desirable are called

a) Attitudes

b) Norms

c) Valuesd) Mores



Social Structure

• A society's social structure is its basic socialorganization

Two dimensions to consider:

• the degree to which the basic unit of socialorganization is the individual, as opposed to the

group• the degree to which a society is stratified into

classes or castes



Individuals and Groups

• A group is an association of two or moreindividuals who have a shared sense of identityand who interact with each other in structured

ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other‘s behavior

• Groups are common in many Asian societies• Many Western countries emphasize the individual




• In societies where the individual is emphasized

– individual achievement and entrepreneurship

are promoted – but, this can encourage job switching,

competition between individuals in a companyrather than team building, and a lack of loyalty

to the firm




• In societies with a strong identificationwith the group

– cooperation and team work areencouraged and life time employment iscommon

–but, individual initiative and creativitymay be suppressed

EXAMPLE OF ONE COUNTRY WHICH

EMPHASISES GROUPS IS…… BMGMT 2103 International Business Strategy 42



Social Stratification

• All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basisinto social categories, or social strata-levels

(usually defined by characteristics such as familybackground, occupation, and income)

• Individuals born at the top of the social hierarchytend to have a better life than the lower ranking

• They are likely to have better education, health,

standard of living and work opportunities



Social Stratification

• For tens of thousands of years, humans lived in smallhunting and gathering societies. These bands of peopleshow little signs of inequality.

• As societies became more complex, major changes cameabout, these changes elevated certain categories of thepopulation by giving them more power, money, andprestige.

• Social Stratification- a system by which a societyranks categories of people in a hierarchy.



A ―Basic‖ Example of Stratification

Upper Class –Small percentage, butown most of the money/wealth.

Middle Class – white collar occupations. Largest innumber and most often used as symbol of

American culture (along with upper class). Theseare the people you see in sitcoms !

Lower ―Underclass‖ – Low or noincome.



What is social stratification?

―A system by which a society ranks categoriesof people in a hierarchy‖

1.A trait of society, not of individuals.2.Carries over from generation to generation.3.Universal (seen in all societies) but changes

from society to society.4.Not only a system of material inequality, but

also a system of beliefs.



What is social stratification?

Caste System(Closed) Class System (Open)

• Based on ascription/birth(remember the differencebetween ascribed and

achieved status)• People can easily

differentiate castes

• No social mobility

• You interact and marrywith people of the sameposition

Based on both birth andachievement (both

ascribed and achievedstatus)

People can move up (orsometimes down) insocial position basedupon merit



SOCIAL MOBILITY

• Social Mobility- The extend they can move out fromthe strata into which they are born.

• Varies from society to society.

• Social stratification involves not just inequality butbeliefs.

• If falls into two categories• 1) CASTE SYSTEM

• 2)CLASS SYSTEM



Caste System

• A Caste System- is a social system based on ascription, or birth.

• A pure caste system is closed because birth alone determines one‘sdestiny, with little or no opportunity for social mobility based oneffort.

• First, traditional caste groups have specific occupations, sogenerations of a family perform the same type of work.

• Second , maintaining a rigid social hierarchy depends on peoplemarrying within their own categories; ―mixed‖ marriages would blurthe ranking of children.

• Endogamy- marriage between people of the same social category.• Third , caste norms guide people to stay in the company of ―their

own kind.‖

• Fourth , caste systems rest on powerful cultural beliefs.

INDIA CASTE SYSTEM



INDIA CASTE SYSTEM

Shudras

Vaishyas

Kshatriyas

Outcasts [Harijan ] Untouchables

Brahmins SocialHierarchy



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Social Systems

• Caste system was also seen in the South Africansystem

• Apartheid —system of laws that placed everyone in the country into a racial category andeach had an identity card

• Categories were Black, colored, Indian, or white

• Determined where you could play, travel, learn,work, eat, sleep or be buried

• Apartheid —means apartness

• 14% of the whites dominated 86% of non-whites

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Class System

Class System- social stratification based on both birth andindividual achievement, less rigid form.

It is a system whereby the social mobility is possible. A person can change his fate by his or her own achievement or luck.

Eg, Britain has a more rigid class system than US-they break in toupper class, middle class and lower class.

Upper class send their children to selected private schools.

These same private schools has close ties with prestigiousuniversities like Cambridge or Oxford.

So good schools means, good university

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Class System

• So good schools means, good university, gooduniversity means good job, good job means good

life.• These of the middle class sent their children to

state schools.

• But the modern British society are now slowlymoving towards a more classless society.

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Class System

• Upper Class –Small percentage, but ownmost of the money/wealth.

• Middle Class – white collar occupations. Largestin number and most often used as symbol of

American culture (along with upper class).These are the people you see in sitcoms !

• Lower ―Underclass‖ – Low or no income.



Religious and Ethical Systems

• Religion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals that areconcerned with the realm of the sacred

• Religions with the greatest following are

– Christianity (1.7 billion adherents)

– Islam (1 billion adherents)

– Hinduism (750 million adherents)

– Buddhism (350 million adherents)

– Confucianism also influences behavior andshapes culture in many parts of Asia



LANGUAGE

• Language is very important inInternational Business because the

managers would need to understand thelocal language in the country he/she plansto open up a business operation.

• General Motors changed the name of thecar from Chevrolet Nova to Caribe inPuerto Rico as ―no va‖ in Spanish means

―it doesn‘t go‖.



What do you think?

• _____ is the mother tongue of thelargest number of people in the world.

•

A. English•

B. Mandarin

• C. Japanese

• D. Spanish



Language

• Countries differ in terms of language or means of communication

• There are two forms language

– spoken – unspoken

• Language is one of the defining characteristics of culture



Spoken Language

Countries with more than one spoken language often have more than one culture

Chinese is the mother tongue of the largestnumber of people in the world, followed byEnglish and _S___.



Unspoken Language

• Interpersonal non-verbal messages arepresent in our posture, our dress, our

facial expression, our gesture, the toneand loudness of our voice, the way we usepersonal space, even our body odor!

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Unspoken Language

• Unspoken language refers to nonverbal cues

• Unspoken language such as facial expressions

and hand gestures can be important forcommunication

• Many nonverbal cues are culturally bound andbecause they may be interpreted differently, can

result in misunderstandings



Unspoken Language

Example As an example in the UK, a hand over heartgesture is used as a sign of respect towards flags, whensinging the national anthem and in other situations

requiring a demonstration of respect. In the US, it is usedspecifically as a part of the pledge of allegiance. It mayalso indicate shock or hurt.

In the Philippines, the Filipinos usually greet one anotherwith an ‗eyebrow flash‘ which is merely a quick lifting of the eyebrows. This would have no effect in the US wherea firm handshake is expected.



Non-Verbal Gestures



Unspoken Language

• In Australia listeners are taught to focus on the speaker‘seyes for effective communication whilst in

• India this will be determined by the genders involved:there it is not considered appropriate for a man to focuson the eyes of a female colleague during a conversation.

•

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Unspoken Language

• In US thumbs up means ―it‘s all right‖ but in Greece thesign is obscene.

• In US, business transaction involves a distance of 5-8feet, in Latin it is 3-5 feet.

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Education

• Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn manyof the language, conceptual, and mathematical skills that areindispensable in a modern society.

• Values and Norms are taught directly and indirectly in school, respectfor others, honesty, neatness, being on time shapes a person‘scharacter.

• In a globalized world, knowledge/education is important aspect of national competitive advantage.

• Take the example of Japan, after the World War 11, had nothing but apool of skilled and educated human resource.



Education

• Besides that, a good education is also animportant guiding factor for the location choices

of global industries.• The recent trend to outsource BPO to India, is

due to a significant number of trained, Englishspeaking engineers in India.

• There is no point in placing a production facilityin a country where high labor skills are requiredno matter how attractive a country might be.

Cultural Factors



Cultural Factors

• Never touch the head of a Thai or pass an object over it.

The head is considered sacred in Thailand

• Avoid using triangular shapes in Hong Kong, Korea and

Taiwan. It is considered a negative shape.

• The number 7 is considered bad luck in Kenya, good luck inCzech Republic and has magical connotation in Benin, Africa

• The number 10 is bad luck in Korea

• The number 4 is means Death in Japan

• Red represents witchcraft and death in many African countries

Cultural Difference between Japanese and American Individual



lifestyles

American

A Culture of self-expression

Japanese

A Culture of Self restrain

Cultural

Background

Clear expression of Joy

and sorrow

Ambiguous of joy

and sorrowReticence

Unequivocal expression

of “Yes/No”.

Equivocal expression

of “Yes/No”.

Modesty

Strong self-assertion Weak self-assertion ReserveStrong Personality Weak Personality Punctiliousness

Excellent Negotiating skill Poor Negotiating skill Politeness

Priority of self-interest Priority of harmony

with others Obligation

Cultural Difference between Japanese and American



Social Life

American Society Japanese Society

Dignity of Individuals “In the same boat” concept

Dignity of individuals Human relation oriented

Individuals work ethic Dependence on the group

Great individuals freedom Lack of individuals freedomRespect for rules Low regard for rules

A open and transparent

society

A close society, lacking in

transparency

Multi-cultural society Mono-cultural societyA society excelling in creativity

and versatility

An orderly and uniform

society

Individual decisions over consensus Dependence on consensus

A society which pursue that ideal A society which pursue harmony

with reality



Cultural Differences between Japanese and American

Business

American Business

Game concept: Business is a game in

pursuit of profits under the rules of laws

and contracts

Efficiency-oriented and approximate

accuracy simplicity, clarity, and quickness

Quantity-oriented

Short-term performance evaluation

Easy layoffs, dismissals of employees, and

selling of businesses

Japanese Business

Mutual trust-oriented business:

business is based on trusting relationship

among people rather than the rules of game

Highly precision-oriented and

perfectionism-high dependency on human

awareness

Quality-oriented

Mid-to-long term evaluations

Job security

SOURCE : Norihiko Shimizu, “Today’s Taboos may be

gone tomorrow,’ Tokyo Business, February 1995, p.51.

How Differences in Social Values

http://www.uww.edu/



How Differences in Social ValuesInfluences Values in Workplace

The most famous study undertaken to answerthis question was done by Geert Hofstede who

isolated four dimensions that he believedsummarized different cultures

1. Power distance2. Individualism versus collectivism

3. Uncertainty avoidance4. Masculinity versus femininity



Ethnocentrism

• Belief that one's cultural values,beliefs and norms are better

than those of another cultureare



Country Profile



Power Distance

High Power Distance

• Order of inequality

• Special privileges

• Subordinates aredifferent fromsuperiors

• Boss should know all

Low Power Distance

• Minimize inequalities

• Equal rights• Subordinates and

superiors are equals

• Ok for boss to ask

subordinates foranswers



Power Distance Comparisons

81

61

54

49

4038

35

28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

M e x

i c o

T a

i w a n

J a p a n

S o u

t h A f r i c a

U S A

N e t h e r l a n

d s

G r e a

t B r i t a n

I r e l a n

d

High

Low

Average = 51

High Power Distance Employee



High Power Distance EmployeeExpectations

• Wrong to disagree with the boss

• Paternalistic (father-like)management style

• Boss should know all the answers

• Boss should have more privileges

http://_pages/0511-0809-2219-3636.html



POWER DISTANCE • This dimension measures the extent to which lower-level

members of organizations and institutions expect, acceptand follow the authority and power that their upper-levelleaders hold.

High Ranking's. Austria, Australia, Denmark, New Zealand,US , Canada

• Low Ranking: Malaysia, Philipines, Mexico, Indonesia,Panama

• lower-level members share in decision-makingresponsibilities and often call their superiors by their firstnames – something unheard of in high power distancecultures.

http://_pages/0511-0809-2219-3636.html

http://_pages/0511-0809-2219-3636.html



What do you think?

• Do you think it is ok for employees to disagree andeven argue with their boss?

• Do you prefer a boss who lays out the rules clearly

and specifically to you in written format or do youprefer one that only sets out basic rules and assumesyou will perform appropriately? Why?

• If you needed a marketing plan, would you hire a

hospitality marketing specialist, a general marketingspecialist or would you do it yourself?

• How do you react when your boss tells you s/he isgoing to make changes in the way things are done?



Uncertainty Avoidance

High

• Avoid risks

• Dissonance is

dangerous• Time is money

• Need written rules

and regulations• Believe in experts

Low

• Willing to take risks

• Accept

disagreements• Time is free

• Prefer commonsense to rules

• Logic and commonsense better thanexpert opinions

Uncertainty Avoidance



112

92

82

69

53 4946

3529

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

G r e e c e

J a p a n

M e x i c o

T a i w a n

N e t h e r l a n d s

S o u t h A f r i c a

U S A

G r e a t B r i t a i n

H o n g K o n g

Average=64High avoidance of risk Willing to take risks



Individualism Collectivism

• Responsible for self and immediatefamily

• Identity based onthe individual

• Autonomy, variety,pleasure and

individual financialsecurity

• Individual decisions

• Extendedfamilies, loyalty,protection

• Identity in thesocial system

• Expertise, order,duty, security

provided by thein-group

• Group decisions

Individualistic



Collective Average =51

89

80

46

3025

17

91

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U S A

G r

e a t B r i t a i n

N

e t h e r l a n d s

J a p a n

M e x i c o

H o n g K o n g

T a i w a n



Collective

Individualistic



What do you think?



1. Do you live to work or work to live?2. What are your feelings about who should do what at

home? How do you view the responsible of each

spouse for taking care of the children?

3. Do you feel a sense of responsibility to help when you

see a homeless person begging? What is your

philosophy on giving to the poor?

4. Would you take your family out of a home and

community they love where they are surrounded by

friends and family for a new position that offers you a

considerably higher salary?

5. How would you rank yourself on the

masculine/feminine continuum?

6. How do your feelings contrast with others you know?

What do you think?



Masculine/Feminine

Masculine

• Material success

• Ambition,assertive

• Competitive

• Live to work

• Women arenurturers

• Achievement

Feminine

• Quality of life

• Relationships

• Concern for weak

• Work to live

• Men & Women

nurture• Disapprove of

high achievers

Masculine Feminine



95

6966

63 62

57

45

14

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

J a p a n

M e x i c o

G r e a t B r i t a i n

S o u t h A f r i c a

U S A

H o n g K o n g

T a i w a n

N e t h e r l a n d s

S w e d e n

Masculine Feminine Average = 51

Recognizing the Highest Rank



g g g

Recognizing the HighestRank

Recognizing Rank by

Car Manners

• His business cards willbe presented by a

subordinate.• He drinks his tea first.

• He speaks last andspeaks the least.

• Climbing stairs, thehighest rank walks last.

• The highest rank sitsdeepest I the back seat.

• When the owner isdriving, the highestranked sits in thepassengers seat.

• Source: Japan External TradeOrganization



Accurate or Not?

• However Hofstede‘s work has beencriticized for a number of reasons

• He assumes that there is one to onecorrespondence between culture andnation state, but many countries has more

than one culture• Secondly, this research was undertaken by Americans and Europeans so the result

might be shaped or biased towards their



Culture and the Workplace

Hofstede‘s Four Dimensions



Classroom Performance System

Which of Hofstede‘s dimensions measures theextent to which different cultures socialize theirmembers into accepting ambiguous situations andtolerating uncertainty?

a) Individualism versus collectivism

b) Uncertainty avoidance

c) Masculinity versus femininity

d) Power distance



Cultural Change

• Culture evolves over time, although changes invalue systems can be slow and painful for asociety

• Social turmoil is an inevitable outcome of culturalchange

• As countries become economically stronger,

cultural change is particularly common



Implications for Managers

Differences in culture imply that

1. there is a need for managers to develop cross-

cultural literacy2. there is a connection between culture and

national competitive advantage

3. there is a connection between culture and ethics

in decision making (discussed in the nextchapter)



Cross-Cultural Literacy

• Individuals and firms must develop cross-culturalliteracy

• International businesses that are ill informedabout the practices of another culture areunlikely to succeed in that culture

• Individuals must also beware of ethnocentricbehavior (a belief in the superiority of one's ownculture)



Culture and Competitive Advantage

• For international companies, the connectionbetween culture and competitive advantage isimportant because

– the connection suggests which countries arelikely to produce the most viable competitors

– the connection has implications for the choiceof countries in which to locate productionfacilities and do business



Outline why the culture of acountry might influence the costsof doing business in that country.

Illustrate your answer withexamples.



Let‘s see how much you know……

QUIZ TIME!



1. In all but one of the following countries it is

expected that you bring a gift to a businessmeeting. In which country is it NOT expected?

• China

• Japan• Czech Republic

• Denmark

• Bolivia

1. In all but one of the following countries it is expectedthat you bring a gift to a business meeting In which



that you bring a gift to a business meeting. In whichcountry is it NOT expected?

• China

• Japan

• Czech Republic

• Denmark

• Bolivia

2 In Saudi Arabia which is considered a popular



2. In Saudi Arabia, which is considered a populargesture of friendship between men?

• a high-five

• holding hands while walking

• a handshake

• winking

• a hug or kiss on the cheek

2 In Saudi Arabia which is considered a popular



2. In Saudi Arabia, which is considered a populargesture of friendship between men?

• a high-five

• holding hands while walking

• a handshake

• winking

• a hug or kiss on the cheek

3 In Great Britain tapping your nose indicates that



3. In Great Britain, tapping your nose indicates thatsomething is:

• confidential

• smelly

• inappropriate

• very important

• incredibly boring

3 In Great Britain tapping your nose indicates that



3. In Great Britain, tapping your nose indicates thatsomething is:

• confidential

• smelly

• inappropriate

• very important

• incredibly boring

4. Which of the following is/are associated withdeath and should not be given as gifts in the



death and should not be given as gifts in theChinese culture?

• clocks

• straw sandals

• a handkerchief

• a stork or a crane

• all of the above

4. Which of the following is/are associated withdeath and should not be given as gifts in the



death and should not be given as gifts in theChinese culture?

• clocks

• straw sandals

• a handkerchief

• a stork or a crane

• all of the above

5. When treating a client to a business meal inChina, the most appropriate tipping strategy would



China, the most appropriate tipping strategy wouldbe:

• 15% tip

• the more the better

• 20% tip

• no tip at all

• 50% tip

5 When treating a client to a business meal in China the



5. When treating a client to a business meal in China, themost appropriate tipping strategy would be:

• 15% tip

• the more the better

• 20% tip

• no tip at all

• 50% tip

6. When doing business in Iran, a woman should



6. When doing business in Iran, a woman shouldcover their:

• Mouth

• Feet

• Eyes

• Arms and Legs

• Arms, Legs and Hair

6. When doing business in Iran, a woman should



6. When doing business in Iran, a woman shouldcover their:

• Mouth

• Feet

• Eyes

• Arms and Legs

• Arms, Legs and Hair



WHY IS CULTURE IMPORTANT?





• It is definitely because it gives an individual aunique identity. The culture of a communitygives its people a character of their own.

• Culture shapes the personality of a community.

• The language that a community speaks, the artforms it hosts, its staple food, its customs,

Chapter 2-Culture(1) Inter National Business

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 2-Culture(1) Inter National Business