Chapter 19 Notes

The Spanish-American War // U.S. Foreign Policies and World War I

• Becoming a World Power– The New Imperialism

• After 1870, European powers, along with Japan, scrambled to dominate Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, justifying their imperialism as bringing "civilization" to the supposedly backward peoples of the non-European world.

– American Expansionism• Territorial expansion had been a part of American life

since well before independence. But the 1890s marked a significant turning point in America's relationship with the rest of the world.

• Most Americans who looked overseas were interested in expanded trade, not territorial possessions.

– The Lure of Empire• Religious missionaries spread the nation's influence

overseas during the late nineteenth century.

• A small group of late-nineteenth-century thinkers actively promoted American expansionism.– Alfred T. Mahan

• Hawaii was long sought after by Americans, and was annexed by the United States in 1898.

• The depression that began in 1893 heightened the belief that a more aggressive foreign policy was necessary to stimulate American exports.

• New, mass-circulation newspapers promoted nationalistic sentiments ("yellow press").

Alfred T. Mahan

Queen Liliuokalani

Sanford B. Dole

Roosevelt and the Panama Canal

• An Era of Intervention– "I Took the Canal Zone"

• Roosevelt was more active in international diplomacy than most of his predecessors.

• Roosevelt pursued a policy of intervention in Central America.» Panama

– The Roosevelt Corollary• The United States had the right to exercise "an international police

power" in the Western Hemisphere.» Dominican Republic

• Taft emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention.

» Dollar Diplomacy

– The "Splendid Little War"• Cuba had fought for independence since 1868.

• The United States went to war with Spain to win Cuba's liberty and freedom.– Teller Amendment

• Admiral George Dewey defeated a Spanish fleet at Manila Bay.

– Roosevelt at San Juan Hill• Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders took San Juan Hill in Cuba.

– An American Empire• In the treaty with Spain ending the war, the United States acquired

the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam.– Platt Amendment for Cuba

• America's interest in its new possessions had more to do with trade than with gaining wealth from natural resources or from large-scale American settlement.

• In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door policy with China.

Spheres of Foreign Influence in China

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

– The Philippine War• Many believed that American participation in the destruction of

Spanish rule would lead to social reform and political self-government.

• Emilio Aguinaldo led a fight against American colonialism.• The McKinley administration justified U.S. intervention because of

the obligation to its "little brown brothers."

– Citizens or Subjects?• American rule also brought with it American racial attitudes.

– "White man's burden"

• America's triumphant entry into the ranks of imperial powers sparked an intense debate over the relationship between political democracy, race, and American citizenship.

• The Foraker Act of 1900 declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory," different from previous territories in the West.

• In the twentieth century, the territories acquired in 1898 would follow different paths.– Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959.– Philippines got independence in 1946.– Puerto Rico is the "world's oldest colony" as a commonwealth.

“Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick”

Emilio Aguinaldo

Panama Canal Project (1904-1914)

Wilson and Mexico

– Moral Imperialism• Wilson promised a new foreign policy that would

respect Latin America's independence.

• Wilson's moral imperialism produced more military interventions in Latin America than any president before or since.

– Wilson and Mexico• The Mexican Revolution began in 1911.

• When civil war broke out in Mexico, Wilson ordered American troops to land at Vera Cruz.

» Mexicans greeted the marines as invaders rather than as liberators.

Main Causes of World War I

• Five Main Causes of World War I:

– M-Militarism

– A-Alliances

– N-Nationalism

– I- Imperialism

– A-Assassination

Alliance Systems

World War I (1914-1918/19)• America and the Great War

– War broke out in Europe in 1914.– The war dealt a severe blow to the optimism and self-

confidence of Western civilization.• Neutrality and Preparedness

» As war engulfed Europe, Americans found themselves sharply divided.

– Wilson proclaimed American neutrality, but American commerce and shipping were soon swept into conflict.

• Lusitania– By the end of 1915, Wilson embarked on a policy of

"preparedness."

• The Road to War» Wilson won the reelection in 1916 on the slogan "He kept us

out of war."– Germany resumed submarine warfare.– The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted in 1917.

Pre- WWI Europe

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Zimmerman Note (Telegram)

Trench Warfare

• A type of warfare carried out in a network of dug out trenches; dangerous and unsanitary conditions.

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

Conditions in the Trenches

Conditions in the Trenches

Trench Foot

Trench Foot

Weapons Used:

• Poison Gas

• Armored Tanks

• Flame Thrower/Grenades

• Gatlin Gun (Machine Guns)

• Mortar Shells/Rounds

• Landmines/No Man’s Land

Technological Developments

New Technology:

• Chemical Warfare-Poison Gas

• Armored Tanks

• Zeppelins

• Armed Airplanes

• U-Boats

“Commercial” Break- WWI in Pop Culture

WWI Recap/Overview

The Russian Revolution

– In Russia, the communist Bolsheviks had taken over in late 1917. By early 1918, Russia had pulled out of the war. With the Eastern Front now dormant, the result was that German soldiers could now relocate over to the Western Front.

– Despite the Allies urging, America was late getting "over there." Partly that was due to the huge tasks of logistics, of organizing, and partly it was due to America's desire to train the troops and keep them under American officers.

– Americans began spilling over to Europe and first served as Allied replacements in the quieter sections. Others served in Belgium, Italy, and even Russia to prevent Russia from falling to Germany. • The Bolsheviks disliked these interventions by capitalists trying to

undermine their communist revolution.

World War I Battles

U.S. soldiers arrived en masse in the Spring of 1918. America's main roles in the war were (1) in stopping the German assault on Paris, (2) providing a much-needed boost to morale, and (3) providing supplies.

• American soldiers helped stop Germany at Château-Thierry, only 40 miles from Paris.

• Americans helped at the Second Battle of the Marne which started the German withdrawal.

• Americans helped stop Germany at the southern flank at St. Mihiel.

• General Pershing and the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) engaged in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the largest military endeavor in American history to that time. The numbers were huge, and with the machine gun in use, so were casualties.

• Sgt. Alvin C. York became a hero when he killed 20 Germans and captured 132 others, by himself.

Trench Warfare

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Speech

• The Fourteen Points– Russia pulled out of the war after the Lenin Revolution in

1917. (Also known as the Russian Revolution or the Bolshevik Revolution)

– Wilson issued the Fourteen Points in January 1918.

• They established the agenda for the peace conference that followed the war.

– When American troops finally arrived in Europe, they turned the tide of battle.

• Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points:– Wilson became the de facto moral leader of the war.

In January of 1918 he gave his Fourteen Points Address* to Congress.

– The Fourteen Points laid out Wilson's idealistic goals. Oddly, before ever entering the war, Wilson was laying out his goals for peace after the war. The main points were…• Abolishing secret treaties.• Freedom of the seas.• Removal of economic barriers between nations.• Reduction of armaments.• Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native

peoples.• "Self-determination" where groups choose their

government for themselves.• A committee called the League of Nations* to hopefully

settle international disputes peacefully. This was idealistic Wilson's most desired point.

– The War at Home

• The Progressives' War– Some Progressives viewed the war as the possibility of

reforming American society along scientific lines, instilling a sense of national unity and self-sacrifice, and expanding social justice.

• The Wartime State

– The war created a national state with unprecedented powers and a sharply increased presence in Americans' everyday lives.

» Selective Service Act

» War Industries Board

» War Labor Board

Wartime at Home• The Propaganda War

– The Wilson administration decided that patriotism was too important to leave to the private sector.

– The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was created.

– The CPI couched its appeal in the Progressive language of social cooperation and expanded democracy.

– Freedom took on new significance.

– George Creel headed up the committee and was very successful using the following tactics:

• He sent out 75,000 "four-minute men" to give patriotic speeches.

• Posters were pasted everywhere saying things like "Battle of the Fences" or encouraging people to buy war bonds.

• Leaflets and pamphlets told of the idealistic goals of the war.

• Although radio and TV hadn't been invented yet, feature film movies were available to the public. Creel used movie shorts (often featuring America's first big movie star, Charlie Chaplin) or propaganda films like The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin or To Hell with the Kaiser.

• Songs helped sell the war too, especially Over There.

Propaganda

Global Connections from WWI

• Liberty in Wartime– Despite the administration's idealistic language of democracy and

freedom, the war inaugurated the most intense repression of civil liberties the nation has ever known.

• The Espionage Act– The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited not only spying and interfering

with the draft but also "false statements" that might impede military success.

– Eugene V. Debs was convicted in 1918 under the Espionage Act for delivering an antiwar speech.

» Debs ran for president while still in prison in 1920.

• Coercive Patriotism– Patriotism now meant support for the government, the war, and the

American economic system.

• The Sedition Act of 1918* sought to prosecute anyone engaging in "seditious" activity.– Essentially any activity interpreted as anti-government could be

prosecuted—a very general definition that could be applied widely.

– Both the Espionage and Sedition Acts pushed the boundaries of the First Amendment, and likely flat-out broke them.

– Notably, these two laws were very similar to the Alien and Sedition Acts of the 1790's, under President Adams‘ administration.

– The "Big Four" met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to settle terms of peace. The Big Four were Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau(France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.).

– Conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money or land, Wilson (the U.S.) wanted to heal wounds through Wilson’s League of Nations.

– Wilson’s big dream was the League of Nations to "end all wars." He'd "sell the ranch" to get the League. So he bargained with Britain and France.• Britain and France agreed to go along with the League,

Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with punishment.• The War Guilt Clause* was included doing two things: (1) it

formally placed blame on Germany, a proud and embarrassed people, and (2) it charged Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion.

The Treaty of Versailles (1919)

– Meanwhile, back in the U.S., opposition to the Treaty of Versailles was growing. A 2/3 vote by the U.S. Senate is needed to approve a president's treaty. A group, led by William Borah and Hiram Johnson, desired isolation and/or it would be unwise to turn American decision-making over to a group of foreign nations (the League of Nations).

– Europe noticed the American opposition—this put them in a better bargaining position. They set out to use their new power.• Clemenceau pressed for the Rhineland and Saar regions (in between France

and Germany). This went against Wilson's idea of "self-determination." Wilson agreed to:

– Let France occupy the region for 15 years, then let the people vote: France or Germany? (they voted Germany).

– The "Security Treaty" saying the U.S. and England would come to France's aid if they ever needed help.

• Italy wanted the strategic seaport of Fiume. Again, this interfered with self-determination. Talks broke down and Italy turned against Wilson.

• Japan wanted China's Shantung peninsula and German islands in the Pacific. Yet again, this was not self-determination. Wilson eventually agreed to let Japan keep the islands and the peninsula on the promise that the Shantung would go back to China later on.

– The Seeds of Wars to Come

» German resentment over the terms of the peace treaty helped to fuel the rise of Adolf Hitler.

» A new anti-Western nationalism and anticolonial nationalism emerged in non-European nations.

– The Treaty Debate

» Wilson viewed the new League of Nations as the war's finest legacy.

» Opponents viewed the league as a threat designed to deprive the country of its freedom of action.

» On its own terms, the war to make the world safe for democracy failed.

Did WWI Lead to WWII?

Prohibition

• Prohibition– The campaign to ban intoxicating liquor had a variety of

supporters and gained momentum.

– Like the suffrage movement, prohibitionists came to see national legislation as their best strategy.

» Eighteenth Amendment- Prohibited the sale/manufacturing of alcoholic beverages

Race in the U.S. during WWI

• The "Race Problem"– The "race problem" had become a major subject of public

concern.

– Eugenics, which studied the alleged mental characteristics of different races, gave anti-immigrant sentiment an air of professional expertise.

– Americanization meant the creation of a more homogenous national culture.

» Israel Zangwill's The Melting Pot

– A minority of Progressives questioned Americanization efforts and insisted on respect for immigrant subcultures.

» Randolph Bourne

Dictionary of the Races or Peoples (1911)

– The Anti-German Crusade

» German-Americans bore the brunt of forced Americanization.

» The use of German and expressions of German culture became targets of prowar organizations.

– Toward Immigration Restriction

» The war strengthened the conviction that certain kinds of undesirable persons ought to be excluded altogether.

• IQ test introduced in 1916

– Groups Apart: Mexicans and Asian-Americans

» The war led to further growth of the Southwest's Mexican population.

» The policies toward Asian-Americans were even more restrictive than those against Mexicans.

• Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

– The Color Line

» The freedoms of the Progressive era did not apply to blacks.

» Progressive intellectuals, social scientists, labor reformers, and suffrage advocates displayed a remarkable indifference to the black condition.

– Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race

» Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine with him at the White House.

» Wilson's administration imposed racial segregation in federal departments in Washington, D.C.

• Birth of a Nation

– W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protest

» Du Bois tried to reconcile the contradiction between what he called "American freedom for whites and the continuing subjection of Negroes."

• The Souls of Black Folk (1903)

» In some ways, Du Bois was a typical Progressive who believed that investigation, exposure, and education would lead to solutions for social problems.

• The Niagara movement sought to reinvigorate the abolitionist tradition.

» Du Bois was a cofounder of the NAACP.

• Bailey v. Alabama (1911)

– Closing Ranks

» Most black leaders saw American participation in the war as an opportunity to make real the promise of freedom.

» During World War I, "closing ranks" did not bring significant gains.

– The Great Migration

» The war opened thousands of industrial jobs to black laborers for the first time, inspiring a large-scale migration from the South to the North.

• Half a million blacks migrated north.

» Many motives sustained the Great Migration.

– Racial Violence, North and South

» Dozens of blacks were killed during a 1917 riot in East St. Louis, Missouri.

» Violence was not confined to the North.

– The Rise of Garveyism

» Marcus Garvey launched a separatist movement.

• Freedom for Garveyites meant national self-determination.

The Great Migration

Marcus Garvey

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