Chapter 13 A: Jacksonian Democracy

Era of Good Feeling ENDS• Corrupt Bargain (1824)Jackson (Dem-Republican) (reform and expansion) (South and West)Crawford (Republican)Clay (Republican) (architect of the American System / Speaker of the House)Q. Adams (National - Republican) (Northeast)*John C. Calhoun appeared as Vice President for Both Adams and Jackson

Story: Electoral College was not won and the popular vote went to Jackson (followed by Quincy Adams, Crawford then Clay)

Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) (12th Amendment) had to appoint from the top 2 vote getters - Secret Meeting = Clay and Adams (no proof)Clay Appoints Quincy Adams as President and, in return, Clayis appointed Secretary of StateBenefit: history shows 3 of 4 secretary of states became President

Appearance: John Quincy Adams “BRIBED” Henry Clay and angry Jacksonians claimed Quincy Adams had stolen the Presidency

John Quincy Adams as President:1824-1828

John Q. Adams’ Platform(1) Internal Improvements (2) National University (3) Observatory*all promoted by rising tariffs / Benefit to scholars / not farmers(2) eased up voting requirements (suffrage)/ enlarging the voting population*****BEFORE 1824 = ownership of land proved you could vote! • Left out: freed African Americans and women• Less requirements for voting = the ability for certain groups to express opinions!In turn – larger voter population***** This fell into the lap of Andrew Jackson – since he was for the “commoner or

the poor statesman”Success in 1828 for Jackson “People’s Choice” - 1828 election is considered the first Modern Presidency Election (kissing babies

and shaking hands, mudslinging, parades, bbqs, buttons, etc.). Adams was reserved and cold-hearted…Jackson was the opposite

Jackson as President in 1828 THE SPOILS SYSTEM

“OLD HICKORY” – nicknamed due to his sturdiness, loyalty, and roughness *********SPOILS SYSTEM********• to throw out former appointees and replace them with personal friends! (from Q. Adam’s

presidency)• Support for Jackson – get a job!• “To the Victor Belong the Spoils” – meaning if you win the Presidency, you can do WHATEVER

you want!• “kitchen cabinet” **** No longer an issue in the U.S because of the Pendleton Civil Service Act – most significant and pressured legislationPassed in the Gilded (corruption) age of American history. - P.C.A. = government jobs are based on a “MERIT system”

Rationale / defense for the Spoils System:(1) People can approach the government(2) Assured loyalty to the president

(3) Change is GOOD for the government“Throw their rascals out, and gett our rascals in”

*Most famous victim: Samuel Swartwort – Customs Collector in New York, left for England with his accounts more than a million dollars short

Rising Tariffs and South Carolina Exposition

• Originally known as Madison’s Tariff of 1816, after years of raising this tariff, the South began to resent the North, the rich, and the Federal government.

Benefits/Reactions / Drawbacks:NORTH = Eliminated British Competition / manufacturing boom / new factoriesSOUTH = Forced the South to buy finished goods from the North

Protests: Flags flown at half-mast (death of unity)WEST = Rising property values / high populations

South Carolina ExpositionSecretly written by John C. Calhoun (VP of Andrew Jackson) – strengthened the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions!

This pamphlet urged NULLIFICATION Leads to what is known as the Nullification Crisis IMPORTANT: Never used “nation” but ConfederacyTension rises between Jackson and Calhoun

Jackson and Congressional response to Nullification and S.C. Expo.

• Andrew Jackson threatens to “HANG” Southern leaders if their people DO NOT pay into the Tariff (tax) / start war on his own

Henry Clay’s Tariff Compromise(*)The “YANKEE Tariff” will DECREASE after 8 years (North

gets what it wants now, but in the end, the South will feel the relief of tariff pressure)

The Force Bill of 1833 (THE BLOODY BILL)Congress granted power to the president to use any force

necessary to collect the “FEDERAL” tax from the South during this “Nullification Crisis”

Native AmericansUnder Washington and ‘then’ Jackson

Native American trends / issues under WashingtonWashington:(1) Recognized tribes and would only take land through formal treaties(2) Much respect and admiration for Native Americans(3) “Civilizing” / “Christianizing” Native Americans*Think of perception to the rest of the worldASSIMILATION1787 – Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians Goal = send missionaries to invest time and God into the lives of Indians Congressional response: $20,000 for promotion in the advancement of

literacy, agriculture and vocational instruction

Native AmericansUnder Washington and ‘then’ Jackson

• During Jackson’s Presidency: 125,000 Indians East of the Mississippi RiverJackson:(1) Assimilation WILL NOT work(2) “FORCED” removal / push them West of the Mississippi River / Relocation*Cherokee in Georgia gradually abandoned their lifestyle and adopted the

following:(*) Cherokee alphabet, government and cotton planters (assimilation)..leads to

the 5 “Civilized” tribes(1)Cherokee (2) Creek (3) Chickasaw (4) Choctaw (5) Seminole

Addition: 1808 – Cherokee National Council – written legal code 1827 – Written Constitution = 3 branches of government

Reactions from Georgia: Claimed the above was illegal.

Native American and White Settler Relationship Worcester V. Georgia (1832)

Cherokee Fight BackWorcester V. Georgia (1832)Story: The state of Georgia claims the Cherokee council was illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over the Cherokee

Samuel Worcester (MISSIONARY) refused to move our of Georgia! (NO LICENSE)

RESULT OF CASE:

The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community" with self-government "in which the laws of Georgia will have no force."

American Indian affairs are controlled by the NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and not the statesJackson’s thoughts on John Marshall’s decision“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!”*Tension between President and Supreme Court

Overturned in 1992 by Bill Clinton

Indian Removal

Indian Removal Act (1830) - forced removal of American Indians into OklahomaIndian removal (1830-1835)White “Defense” – this is a gift / you are absolutely “free” of White encroachmentTrail of Tears famous trail from Georgia to Oklahoma(4,000 Indians of 15,000 died) Bureau of Indian Affairs (1836) - established to administer relations with Native Americans and White AmericansBlack Hawk War (Location: Illinois / Wisconsin) - Sauk and Fox tribes “resisted eviction” while Seminoles escape to the everglades in FloridaCivil War connection: Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi.

BANK WAR / Hydra of CorruptionAndrew Jackson held the common western view of a distrust in banks. Jackson DOES NOT HATE ALL BANKS! – just monopolistic ones (BOUS)The B.O.U.S. (Northern) minted "hard money" (actual metal money) Hard Money = stability in the economyThe Southern farmers preferred "soft money" (paper money) that would lead to (1) healthier private/wildcat banks, and (2) make loans easier to pay off.Nicholas Biddle (Czar Nicholas I)B.O.U.S. president carried out bank policies of (a) coining hard money (b) Banks notes held more value than smaller state banks (Pet Banks)

Why does Jackson hate the B.O.U.S????(1) Only helped the privileged(2) B.O.U.S. = unfair to state banks(3) Stockholders earned interest, not average taxpayerDaniel Webster and Henry Clay USE Jackson as a PAWN (Bank was set to expire in 1836 but………) - re charters the Bank in 1832, HOPING Jackson will reactIF JACKSON VETOES: Upset the NorthIF JACKSON SIGNS: Upset the South AND WestJackson’s Action to Bank of the U.S. – VETOES and claimsJackson’s VETO Defense: harmful to the nation!

“The Bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!”*Remember McCulloch V. Maryland*** Initial steps to destroy the Bank of U.S. = Take deposits OUT and put them into “pet” or Wildcat banks (done while Congress was in recess)

1832 Presidential Election / Death of Bank of the United States

Important Issues(1) Jackson is re elected(2) Emergence of the FIRST 3rd Party in American political history

(Anti-Masonic / anti-Jackson / Jackson was a Mason )(3) National Nominating Conventions = American people voted forParty Candidate / not a back-room shady group

DEATH OF B.O.U.S. = After re election, Jackson begins taking out or “redirecting” federal deposits in the B.O.U.S. and places them in “Pet Banks”

*Burying the bank for good!” - *Secretary of Treasury(Jackson fired S.o.T that didn’t agree to do it!)- Found a S.o.T to redirect funds into Pet Banks while Congress was in recess- “Biddle’s Panic” – Nicholas Biddle quickly withdrew the funds (that

he could grab) to cause a panic to show the importance of the bank to the United States!

Whigs

Whigs – separate, alternative political party that HATED Jackson (Did not like way he handled the bank issues)

a) Disgruntled Jacksoniansb) LOVED the American System, especially Internal

Improvements, but the rich should pay for them, not the South!Deemed Jackson “King Andrew I”1836 – Martin Van Buren (President) focused on

becoming for the “common man” and the claimed the Democrats stood for “Corruption”